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Zakaria L. An Overview of Aspergillus Species Associated with Plant Diseases. Pathogens 2024; 13:813. [PMID: 39339004 PMCID: PMC11435247 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus contains several species that are important plant pathogens. Plant pathogenic Aspergillus spp. affect agricultural crops in the field as well as after harvest, often associated with corn ear rot, cotton boll rot, peanut yellow mold, black mold of onion and garlic, fruit rot on grapes, pomegranates, olives, citrus, and apples. Coffee berries and coffee beans as well as tree nuts are also frequently infected by Aspergillus spp. Some of the plant pathogenic Aspergillus spp. are also mycotoxigenic, produced mycotoxin in the plant tissues leading to contamination of agricultural products. Over the years, reports of plant diseases caused by Aspergillus in various crops have increased, suggesting they are commonly encountered plant pathogens. This review focuses on agricultural crops or cultivated plants infected by Aspergillus spp. The compilation of plant pathogenic Aspergillus spp. provides information to mycologists, particularly those involved in plant pathology and crop protection, with updated information on plant diseases caused by various species of Aspergillus. The updated information also includes the locality or location, province, state and the country. The knowledge on the prevalence and geographic distribution of plant pathogenic Aspergillus spp. is beneficial in the application of crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latiffah Zakaria
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Medina-Armijo C, Yousef I, Berná A, Puerta A, Esteve-Núñez A, Viñas M, Prenafeta-Boldú FX. Characterization of melanin from Exophiala mesophila with the prospect of potential biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1390724. [PMID: 38812984 PMCID: PMC11134573 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1390724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Introducion Fungal melanin is an underexplored natural biomaterial of great biotechnological interest in different areas. This study investigated the physical, chemical, electrochemical, and metal-binding properties of melanin extracted from the metallotolerant black fungus Exophiala mesophila strain IRTA-M2-F10. Materials and methods Specific inhibitory studies with tricyclazole and biochemical profiling of whole cells by synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-transform infrared spectral microscopy (SR-FTIRM) were performed. An optimized extraction protocol was implemented, and purified fungal melanin was characterized using an array of spectrophotometric techniques (UV-Vis, FTIR, and EPR) and by cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. The metal-binding capacity of melanin extracts was also assessed by using Cr(VI) as a model heavy metal. Results Inhibitory studies indicated that 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene may be the main precursor molecule of E. mesophila melanin (DHN-melanin). The biochemical characterization of fungal melanin extracts were benchmarked against those from two melanins comprising the precursor molecule L-3,4-dihydroxiphenylalanine (DOPA-melanin): extracts from the ink of the cephalopod Sepia officinalis and DOPA-melanin synthesized in the laboratory. The CV results of melanin extracts incubated with and without cell suspensions of the electroconductive bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens were indicative of novel semiquinone/hydroquinone redox transformations specific for each melanin type. These interactions may play an important role in cation exchange for the adsorption of metals and in microbial interspecies electron transfer processes. Discussion The obtained results provided further evidence for the DHN-nature of E. mesophila melanin. The FTIR profiling of melanin extracts exposed to Cr(VI), compared to unexposed melanin, resulted in useful information on the distinct surface-binding properties of fungal melanin. The parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlicht isotherms for the adsorption of Cr(VI) were determined and compared to bibliographic data. Altogether, the inherent properties of fungal melanin suggest its promising potential as a biomaterial for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy Medina-Armijo
- Program of Sustainability in Biosystems, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- MIRAS Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Anna Puerta
- Program of Sustainability in Biosystems, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Abraham Esteve-Núñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Viñas
- Program of Sustainability in Biosystems, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc X. Prenafeta-Boldú
- Program of Sustainability in Biosystems, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, Catalonia, Spain
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Zhou Y, Zhao L, Chen Y, Dhanasekaran S, Chen X, Zhang X, Yang X, Wu M, Song Y, Zhang H. Study on the control effect and physiological mechanism of Wickerhamomyces anomalus on primary postharvest diseases of peach fruit. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110575. [PMID: 38244385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Brown rot, aspergillosis and soft rot are the primary diseases of postharvest peach fruit. Our study aimed to investigate the biocontrol effect of Wickerhamomyces anomalus on the primary postharvest diseases of peach fruit and to explore its underlying physiological mechanism. The findings demonstrated that W. anomalus had an obvious inhibitory effect on Monilinia fructicola, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer. At the same time, W. anomalus can grow stably on the wound and surface of peach fruit at 25 °C and 4 °C and can form biofilm. W. anomalus increased the activity of resistance-related enzymes such as PPO, POD, GLU and the content of secondary metabolites such as total phenols, flavonoids and lignin in peach. Furthermore, the application of W. anomalus led to a reduced MDA level in peach fruit and increased activity of the active oxygen-scavenging enzyme system. This increase involved various antioxidant defense enzymes such as SOD and CAT, as well as ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) enzymes, including APX, GPX, GR, DHAR, and MDHAR. Our findings demonstrate that W. anomalus exerts its biocontrol effect by growing rapidly, competing with pathogens for nutrition and space, and enhancing the disease resistance and antioxidative capabilities of the peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaqi Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Solairaj Dhanasekaran
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifei Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzheng Yang
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China; College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Maoyu Wu
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Koehler A, Heidrich D, Pagani DM, Corbellini VA, Scroferneker ML. Melanin and chromoblastomycosis agents: Characterization, functions, and relation with antifungals. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:203-211. [PMID: 33576034 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are a diverse group of dark pigments with similar properties. In fungi, the most studied is the dihydroxynaphtalene (DHN)-melanin, present in several species including all the chromoblastomycosis agents, a chronic, disabling, and recalcitrant subcutaneous mycosis. It is synthesized in a pathway known as the pentaketide pathway, which has the agrochemical tricyclazole as an inhibitor, widely used in in vitro studies because it does not prevent the growth of fungi. There are different methodologies for qualitative and quantitative analyses of DHN-melanin, which made it possible to discover its important structural and antioxidant functions, with melanin acting as a protective factor against the host's immune system. Also, it can interact with some of the main antifungals of medical interest, reducing its activity and the susceptibility of fungi to these agents. This review aims to discuss the aspects of DHN-melanin, focusing on chromoblastomycosis, bringing the main findings of the published scientific studies, and highlighting the need for further research to understand this important fungal pathogenicity and a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Koehler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daiane Heidrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Danielle M Pagani
- Department of Microbiology, Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valeriano A Corbellini
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria L Scroferneker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Katoch S, Patial V. Zebrafish: An emerging model system to study liver diseases and related drug discovery. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:33-51. [PMID: 32656821 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model for studying liver-associated disorders. Liver damage is a crucial problem in the process of drug development and zebrafish have proven to be an important tool for the high-throughput screening of drugs for hepatotoxicity. Although the structure of the zebrafish liver differs to that of mammals, the fundamental physiologic processes, genetic mutations and manifestations of pathogenic responses to environmental insults exhibit much similarity. The larval transparency of the zebrafish is a great advantage for real-time imaging in hepatic studies. The zebrafish has a broad spectrum of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which enable the biotransformation of drugs via similar pathways as mammals, including oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis reactions. In the present review, we appraise the various drugs, chemicals and toxins used to study liver toxicity in zebrafish and their similarities to the rodent models for liver-related studies. Interestingly, the zebrafish has also been effectively used to study the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease. The genetic models of liver disorders and their easy manipulation provide great opportunity in the area of drug development. The zebrafish has proven to be an influential model for the hepatic system due to its invertebrate-like advantages coupled with its vertebrate biology. The present review highlights the pivotal role of zebrafish in bridging the gap between cell-based and mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Katoch
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
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Wang N, Shen C, Wang T, Liu Z, Dai J, Fei Z. Adsorption of o-tolylthiourea on two polar-modified hyper-cross-linked resins: Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Qi J, Pang Y, An P, Jiang G, Kong Q, Ren X. Determination of metabolites of Geotrichum citri-aurantii treated with peppermint oil using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12745. [PMID: 31353560 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sour rot is a leading disease of citrus fruit caused by the postharvest pathogen Geotrichum citri-aurantii. It has been reported that essential oils can be used as substitutes for synthetic fungicides to control the pathogen. In this study, changes in metabolites and antifungal effects of G. citri-aurantii treated with peppermint oil (PO) were investigated. The inhibition rate of the mycelial growth increased as the PO concentration increased, and 6 μl PO/disk resulted in a radial growth inhibition of 79.2%. The electrical conductivity of G. citri-aurantii treated with PO increased compared to the control. By comparing the metabolic profiles of treated and untreated G. citri-aurantii cells, a total of 53 distinct metabolites 9 were up-regulated and 44 were down-regulated were found, including 16 lipid metabolites, 6 carbohydrate metabolites, 2 amino acid metabolites, 5 alcohols, 2 glycoside metabolites, and 3 ketone metabolites, etc, and these metabolites are involved in 25 major metabolic pathways. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chemical fungicides can effectively control G. citri-aurantii during fruit postharvest period. However, synthetic chemical fungicides have gradually led to buildup of resistance of fungil, which seriously causes the frequent of food-borne diseases. PO extracted from natural plants can be used as natural additive in many foods due to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Therefore, PO can be considered as a promising bacteriostatic agent for the defense of G. citri-aurantii during fruit postharvest period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Qi
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaxing Pang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peipei An
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoshan Jiang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingjun Kong
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueyan Ren
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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