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Berndsen ZT, Akhtar M, Thapa M, Vickers T, Schmitz A, Torres JL, Baboo S, Kumar P, Khatoom N, Sheikh A, Hamrick M, Diedrich JK, Martinez-Bartolome S, Garrett PT, Yates JR, Turner JS, Laird RM, Poly F, Porter CK, Copps J, Ellebedy AH, Ward AB, Fleckenstein JM. Repeat modules and N-linked glycans define structure and antigenicity of a critical enterotoxigenic E. coli adhesin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.593125. [PMID: 38766097 PMCID: PMC11100705 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.593125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause hundreds of millions of cases of infectious diarrhea annually, predominantly in children from low-middle income regions. Notably, in children, as well as human volunteers challenged with ETEC, diarrheal severity is significantly increased severity in blood group A (bgA) individuals. EtpA, is a secreted glycoprotein adhesin that functions as a blood group A lectin to promote critical interactions between ETEC and blood group A glycans on intestinal epithelia for effective bacterial adhesion and toxin delivery. EtpA is highly immunogenic resulting in robust antibody responses following natural infection and experimental challenge of human volunteers with ETEC. To understand how EtpA directs ETEC-blood group A interactions and stimulates adaptive immunity, we mutated EtpA, mapped its glycosylation by mass-spectrometry (MS), isolated polyclonal (pAbs) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from vaccinated mice and ETEC-infected human volunteers, and determined structures of antibody-EtpA complexes by cryo-electron microscopy. Both bgA and mAbs that inhibited EtpA-bgA interactions and ETEC adhesion, bound to the C-terminal repeat domain highlighting this region as crucial for ETEC pathogen-host interaction. MS analysis uncovered extensive and heterogeneous N-linked glycosylation of EtpA and cryo-EM structures revealed that mAbs directly engage these unique glycan containing epitopes. Finally, electron microscopy-based polyclonal epitope mapping revealed antibodies targeting numerous distinct epitopes on N and C-terminal domains, suggesting that EtpA vaccination generates responses against neutralizing and decoy regions of the molecule. Collectively, we anticipate that these data will inform our general understanding of pathogen-host glycan interactions and adaptive immunity relevant to rational vaccine subunit design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Berndsen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marjahan Akhtar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mahima Thapa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tim Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Baboo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nazia Khatoom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alaullah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa Hamrick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick T Garrett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Renee M Laird
- Operationally Relevant Infections Department, Naval Medical Research Command (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Operationally Relevant Infections Department, Naval Medical Research Command (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- Naval Medical Research Command (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James M Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Medicine Service, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Saint Louis Missouri, USA
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Tomeh R, Nemati A, Hashemi Tabar G, Tozzoli R, Badouei MA. Antimicrobial resistance, β-lactamase genotypes, and plasmid replicon types of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from different animal hosts. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae059. [PMID: 38467395 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The primary objective of this study was to analyze antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with a particular focus on β-lactamase genotypes and plasmid replicon types of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains originating from various animal hosts. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 84 STEC strains were isolated from cattle (n = 32), sheep/goats (n = 26), pigeons (n = 20), and wild animals (n = 6) between 2010 and 2018 in various regions of Iran. The Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test and multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels were employed to elucidate the correlation between AMR and plasmid replicon types in STEC isolates. The predominant replicon types were IncFIC and IncFIB in cattle (46.8%), IncFIC in sheep/goats (46.1%), IncA/C in pigeons (90%), and IncP in wild animals (50%). STEC of serogroups O113, O26, and O111 harbored the IncFIB (100%), IncI1 (80%), and IncFIC + IncA/C (100%) plasmids, respectively. A remarkable AMR association was found between ciprofloxacin (100%), neomycin (68.7%), and tetracycline (61.7%) resistance with IncFIC; amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (88.8%) and tetracycline (61.7%) with IncA/C; ciprofloxacin (100%) with IncFIB; fosfomycin (85.7%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (80%) with IncI1. IncI1 appeared in 83.3%, 50%, and 100% of the isolates harboring blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaOXA β-lactamase genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The emergence of O26/IncI1/blaCTX-M STEC in cattle farms poses a potential risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwida Tomeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Ali Nemati
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hashemi Tabar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Rosangela Tozzoli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Mahdi Askari Badouei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
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Debnath A, Sabui S, Chatterjee NS. Structural and functional characterization of colonization factors AIBI-CS6 and AIIBII-CS6 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 203:106201. [PMID: 36400365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over time, the structure and function of the broadly dispersed colonization factor (CF) CS6 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) have become more significant. CS6 is composed of tightly-associated subunits, CssA and CssB which due to presence of natural point mutation gave rise to CS6 subtypes. In contrast to the other ETEC CFs, CS6 is an afimbrial, spherical-shaped oligomers of (CssA-CssB)n complex where 'n' is concentration dependent. In this study, we have compared AIBI-CS6 and AIIBII-CS6 structurally and functionally. The Mw of CssAI was 18.5 kDa but Mw of CssAII was 15.1 kDa. Both CssBI and CssBII had Mw of 15.9 kDa. The substitution of Gly39 with Ala39 in CssAI leads to reduction in Mw from 18.5 to 15.1 kDa. Due to higher Mw of CssAI, the size of AIBI concentration-dependent oligomers should be higher. However, the Mw of AIIBII oligomers were higher and AIIBII also showed higher oligomeric forms compared to AIBI both in native PAGE and electron microscopy. The oligomers of both subtypes could withstand greater temperatures and denaturant concentrations. In terms of cellular response, the levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in case of AIBI-CS6 expressing ETEC as compared to AIIBII-CS6 expressing ETEC both in vitro and in vivo. When inflammatory cytokines were evaluated after infecting suckling mice with these ETEC strains, the results were consistent. In conclusion, even though there was subtle structural difference between AIBI-CS6 and AIIBII-CS6 due to natural point mutations but ETEC strains expressing these subtypes displayed great variability in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Debnath
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Kolkata, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
| | - Subrata Sabui
- University of California-Irvine, VAMCLB-151, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Nabendu Sekhar Chatterjee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences at Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Lu X, Wu D, Zhao X, Zhang M, Ren K, Zhou N, Zhao Y, Qian W. Effect of ethanolamine utilization on the pathogenicity and metabolic profile of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:8195-8210. [PMID: 36370159 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogenicity is greatly affected by nutrient recognition and utilization in the host microenvironment. The characterization of enteral nutrients that promote intestinal pathogen virulence is helpful for developing new adjuvant therapies and inhibiting host damage. Ethanolamine (EA), as a major component of intestinal epithelial cells and bacterial membranes, is abundant in the intestine. Here, we provide the first demonstration that the critical human and porcine pathogen enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) can utilize EA as a nitrogen source, which affects its virulence phenotype. We found that compared with that in M9 medium (containing NH4Cl), EA inhibited ETEC growth to a certain extent; however, the relative expression levels of virulence-related genes, such as ltA (3.0-fold), fimH (2.9-fold), CfaD (2.6-fold), gspD (3.6-fold), and qesE (1.3-fold), increased significantly with 15 mM EA as a nitrogen source (P < 0.05), and the adhesion efficiency of ETEC to Caco-2 cells increased approximately 4.2-fold. In Caco-2 cells, the relative cell viability decreased from 74.8 to 63.4%, and the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) cells decreased to 74.8% with intestinal EA (4 mM). In addition, the relative expression levels of proinflammatory factors, such as TNF-α (3.2-fold), INF-γ (2.9-fold), and IL-1β (1.98-fold), in ETEC-infected Caco-2 cells were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) under EA exposure; however, the above virulence changes were not found in ΔeutR and ΔeutB ETEC. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based untargeted metabolomics approach was then employed to reveal EA-induced metabolic reprogramming related to ETEC virulence. The data showed that most metabolites related to carbohydrate, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, shikimic acid metabolism, and serine metabolism in ETEC exhibited a decreasing trend with increases in the EA concentration from 0 to 15 mM, but the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels in ETEC increased in a dose-dependent manner under EA exposure. Our data suggest that the intestinal EA concentration can significantly affect the virulence phenotype, metabolic profile, and pathogenicity of ETEC. KEY POINTS: • ETEC growth and virulence gene expression could be regulated by ethanolamine. • The intestinal concentration of EA promoted the damaging effect of ETEC on the host epithelial barrier. • The promoting effect of EA on ETEC toxicity may be related to BCAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Dingyan Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Ke Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Ningning Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
| | - Weisheng Qian
- Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China.
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Clinical and Molecular Analysis of ST11-K47 Carbapenem-Resistant Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Strain Causing Liver Abscess. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060657. [PMID: 35745510 PMCID: PMC9227846 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae has been the predominant pathogen of liver abscess, but ST11-K47 carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-hvKP) has rarely been studied as the causative organism. We identified an ST11-K47 CR-hvKP (HvKp-su1) from the drainage fluid of a liver abscess in a Chinese man who was diagnosed with liver abscess combined with diabetes, pneumonia, pleural infection, abdominal abscess, and splenic abscess. HvKp-su1 was non-hypermucoviscous and lacked the magA and rmpA genes and pLVPK plasmid but exhibited high virulence, with a high mortality rate (90%) to wax moth larvae (G. mellonella), similar to the hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC43816 (91.67%). Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis indicated that HvKp-su1 possesses a plasmid similar to a type of pLVPK-like plasmid (JX-CR-hvKP-2-P2), which is an uncommon plasmid in CR-hvKP. HvKp-su1 carried multiple resistance genes, including blaKPC-2. blaTEM-1, blaSHV-55, and blaCTX-M-65; hypervirulence genes such as aerobactin (iutA), salmochelin (iroEN), and yersiniabactin (ybtAEPQSTUX); and the type 3 fimbriae-encoding system (mrkACDF). Moreover, v_5377 and v_5429 (cofT, CFA/III (CS8)) located on plasmid 1 were simultaneously predicted to be virulence genes. After the long-term combination use of antibiotics, the patient successfully recovered. In summary, our study clarified the clinical and molecular characteristics of a rare ST11-K47 CR-hvKP (HvKp-su1), raising great concerns about the emergence of ST11-K47 CR-hvKP with multidrug resistance and hypervirulence, and providing insights into the control and treatment of liver abscess caused by ST11-K47 CR-hvKP.
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Bai Z, Zhang S, Wang X, Aslam MZ, Wang W, Li H, Dong Q. Genotyping Based on CRISPR Loci Diversity and Pathogenic Potential of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852662. [PMID: 35308371 PMCID: PMC8924505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) can cause epidemic diarrhea worldwide. The pathogenic potential of different strains is diverse and the continuous emergence of pathogenic strains has brought serious harm to public health. Accurately distinguishing and identifying DEC with different virulence is necessary for epidemiological surveillance and investigation. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) typing is a new molecular method that can distinguish pathogenic bacteria excellently and has shown great promise in DEC typing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the discrimination of CRISPR typing method for DEC and explore the pathogenicity potential of DEC based on CRISPR types (CT). The whole genome sequences of 789 DEC strains downloaded from the database were applied CRISPR typing and serotyping. The D value (Simpson’s index) with 0.9709 determined that CRISPR typing had a higher discrimination. Moreover, the same H antigen strains with different O seemed to share more identical spacers. Further analyzing the strains CRISPR types and the number of virulence genes, it was found that there was a significant correlation between the CRISPR types and the number of virulence genes (p < 0.01). The strains with the largest number of virulence genes concentrated in CT25 and CT56 and the number of virulence genes in CT264 was the least, indicating that the pathway potential of different CRISPR types was variable. Combined with the Caco-2 cell assay of the laboratory strains, the invasion capacity of STEC strains of different CRISPR types was different and there was no significant difference in the invasion rate between different CRISPR type strains (p > 0.05). In the future, with the increase of the number of strains that can be studied experimentally, the relationship between CRISPR types and adhesion and invasion capacities will be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Bai
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqin Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Aslam
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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