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García-Giménez JL, García-Trevijano ER, Avilés-Alía AI, Ibañez-Cabellos JS, Bovea-Marco M, Bas T, Pallardó FV, Viña JR, Zaragozá R. Identification of circulating miRNAs differentially expressed in patients with Limb-girdle, Duchenne or facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophies. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:450. [PMID: 36575500 PMCID: PMC9793535 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a rare neuromuscular disease including a growing and heterogeneous number of subtypes with variable phenotype. Their clinical and histopathological characteristics frequently overlap with other neuromuscular dystrophies. Our goal was to identify, by a non-invasive method, a molecular signature including biochemical and epigenetic parameters with potential value for patient prognosis and stratification. RESULTS Circulating miRNome was obtained by smallRNA-seq in plasma from LGMD patients (n = 6) and matched-controls (n = 6). Data, validated by qPCR in LGMD samples, were also examined in other common muscular dystrophies: Duchenne (DMD) (n = 5) and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) (n = 4). Additionally, biochemical and clinical parameters were analyzed. miRNome analysis showed that thirteen differentially expressed miRs could separate LGMD vs control group by hierarchical clustering. Most of differentially expressed miRs in LGMD patients were up-regulated (miR-122-5p, miR-122b-3p, miR-6511a-3p, miR-192-5p, miR-574-3p, mir-885-3p, miR-29a-3p, miR-4646-3p, miR-203a-3p and miR-203b-5p) whilst only three of sequenced miRs were significantly down-regulated (miR-19b-3p, miR-7706, miR-323b-3p) when compared to matched controls. Bioinformatic analysis of target genes revealed cell cycle, muscle tissue development, regeneration and senescence as the most affected pathways. Four of these circulating miRs (miR-122-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-19b-3p and miR-323b-3p), together with the myomiR miR-206, were further analysed by qPCR in LGMD, DMD and FSHD. The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) revealed high area under the curve (AUC) values for selected miRs in all groups, indicating that these miRs have good sensitivity and specificity to distinguish LGMD, DMD and FSHD patients from healthy controls. miR-122-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-323-3p were differentially expressed compared to matched-controls in all groups but apparently, each type of muscular dystrophy showed a specific pattern of miR expression. Finally, a strong correlation between miRs and biochemical data was only found in LGMD patients: while miR-192-5p and miR-122-5p negatively correlated with CK, miR-192-5p positively correlated with vitamin D3 and ALP. CONCLUSIONS Although limited by the small number of patients included in this study, we propose here a specific combination of circulating miR-122-5p/miR-192-5p/miR-323-3 and biochemical parameters as a potential molecular signature whose clinical value for LGMD patient prognosis and stratification should be further confirmed in a larger cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Center for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain ,grid.429003.c0000 0004 7413 8491INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain ,grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain ,EpiDisease S.L. (Spin-Off CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena R. García-Trevijano
- grid.429003.c0000 0004 7413 8491INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain ,grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana I. Avilés-Alía
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Teresa Bas
- Institute for Health Research La Fe, IISLaFe, Valencia, Spain ,grid.84393.350000 0001 0360 9602Spine Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Center for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain ,grid.429003.c0000 0004 7413 8491INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain ,grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R. Viña
- grid.429003.c0000 0004 7413 8491INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain ,grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Banerji CRS, Zammit PS. Pathomechanisms and biomarkers in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: roles of DUX4 and PAX7. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13695. [PMID: 34151531 PMCID: PMC8350899 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is characterised by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. FSHD is linked to epigenetic derepression of the subtelomeric D4Z4 macrosatellite at chromosome 4q35. Epigenetic derepression permits the distal-most D4Z4 unit to transcribe DUX4, with transcripts stabilised by splicing to a poly(A) signal on permissive 4qA haplotypes. The pioneer transcription factor DUX4 activates target genes that are proposed to drive FSHD pathology. While this toxic gain-of-function model is a satisfying "bottom-up" genotype-to-phenotype link, DUX4 is rarely detectable in muscle and DUX4 target gene expression is inconsistent in patients. A reliable biomarker for FSHD is suppression of a target gene score of PAX7, a master regulator of myogenesis. However, it is unclear how this "top-down" finding links to genomic changes that characterise FSHD and to DUX4. Here, we explore the roles and interactions of DUX4 and PAX7 in FSHD pathology and how the relationship between these two transcription factors deepens understanding via the immune system and muscle regeneration. Considering how FSHD pathomechanisms are represented by "DUX4opathy" models has implications for developing therapies and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Hangül C, Yücel OK, Toylu A, Uysal H, Berker Karaüzüm S. A Novel Coincidence: Essential Thrombocythemia with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Turk J Haematol 2020; 37:306-307. [PMID: 32812416 PMCID: PMC7702655 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2020.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Hangül
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Orhan Kemal Yücel
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aslı Toylu
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sibel Berker Karaüzüm
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Antalya, Turkey
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Rehn JA, O’Connor MJ, White DL, Yeung DT. DUX Hunting-Clinical Features and Diagnostic Challenges Associated with DUX4-Rearranged Leukaemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102815. [PMID: 33007870 PMCID: PMC7599557 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DUX4-rearrangement (DUX4r) is a recently discovered recurrent genomic lesion reported in 4–7% of childhood B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) cases. This subtype has favourable outcomes, especially in children and adolescents treated with intensive chemotherapy. The fusion most commonly links the hypervariable IGH gene to DUX4 a gene located within the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4. DUX4r is cryptic to most standard diagnostic techniques, and difficult to identify even with next generation sequencing assays. This review summarises the clinical features and molecular genetics of DUX4r B-ALL and proposes prospective new diagnostic methods. Abstract DUX4-rearrangement (DUX4r) is a recently discovered recurrent genomic lesion reported in 4–7% of childhood B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) cases. This subtype has favourable outcomes, especially in children and adolescents treated with intensive chemotherapy. The fusion most commonly links the hypervariable IGH gene to DUX4 a gene located within the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4, with a homologous polymorphic repeat on chromosome 10. DUX4r is cryptic to most standard diagnostic techniques, and difficult to identify even with next generation sequencing assays. This review summarises the clinical features and molecular genetics of DUX4r B-ALL and proposes prospective new diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Rehn
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.A.R.); (D.T.Y.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew J. O’Connor
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.A.R.); (D.T.Y.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Michael Rice Centre for Haematology and Oncology, Womens’s & Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Deborah L. White
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.A.R.); (D.T.Y.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Australian Genomics, The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Children’s Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - David T. Yeung
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.A.R.); (D.T.Y.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Karpukhina A, Vassetzky Y. DUX4, a Zygotic Genome Activator, Is Involved in Oncogenesis and Genetic Diseases. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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DUX4 Pathological Expression: Causes and Consequences in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:268-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Increased FSHD region gene1 expression reduces in vitro cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, ex vivo supported by reduced expression in tumors. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171062. [PMID: 28947680 PMCID: PMC5665614 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) region gene 1 (FRG1) is a candidate gene for FSHD. FRG1 regulates various muscle-related functions, but studies have proposed its role in development and angiogenesis also, where it is involved with tumor-associated molecules. Therefore, we decided to look into its role in tumor progression, tumor angiogenesis, and its impact on cellular properties. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion and in vitro angiogenesis assays were performed to decipher the effect of FRG1 on endothelial and epithelial cell functions. Q-RT PCR was done for human embyonic kidney (HEK293T) cells with altered FRG1 levels to identify associated molecules. Further, immunohistochemistry was done to identify FRG1 expression levels in various cancers and its association with tumor angiogenesis. Subsequently, inference was drawn from Oncomine and Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis, for FRG1 expression in different cancers. Ectopic expression of FRG1 affected cell migration and invasion in both HEK293T and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In HUVECs, FRG1 overexpression led to reduced angiogenesis in vitro No effect was observed in cell proliferation in both the cell types. Q-RT PCR data revealed reduction in granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression with FRG1 overexpression and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10) with FRG1 knockdown. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed reduced FRG1 levels in tumors which were supported by in silico analysis data. These findings suggest that reduction in FRG1 expression in gastric, colon and oral cavity tumor might have a role in tumor progression, by regulating cell migration and invasiveness. To elucidate a better understanding of molecular signaling involving FRG1 in angiogenesis regulation, further study is required.
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Dmitriev P, Bou Saada Y, Dib C, Ansseau E, Barat A, Hamade A, Dessen P, Robert T, Lazar V, Louzada RAN, Dupuy C, Zakharova V, Carnac G, Lipinski M, Vassetzky YS. DUX4-induced constitutive DNA damage and oxidative stress contribute to aberrant differentiation of myoblasts from FSHD patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:244-258. [PMID: 27519269 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the three most common muscular dystrophies in the Western world, however, its etiology remains only partially understood. Here, we provide evidence of constitutive DNA damage in in vitro cultured myoblasts isolated from FSHD patients and demonstrate oxidative DNA damage implication in the differentiation of these cells into phenotypically-aberrant myotubes. Double homeobox 4 (DUX4), the major actor in FSHD pathology induced DNA damage accumulation when overexpressed in normal human myoblasts, and RNAi-mediated DUX4 inhibition reduced the level of DNA damage in FSHD myoblasts. Addition of tempol, a powerful antioxidant, to the culture medium of proliferating DUX4-transfected myoblasts and FSHD myoblasts reduced the level of DNA damage, suggesting that DNA alterations are mainly due to oxidative stress. Antioxidant treatment during the myogenic differentiation of FSHD myoblasts significantly reduced morphological defects in myotube formation. We propose that the induction of DNA damage is a novel function of the DUX4 protein affecting myogenic differentiation of FSHD myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dmitriev
- UMR 8126, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, F-34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Yara Bou Saada
- UMR 8126, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Carla Dib
- UMR 8126, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Eugénie Ansseau
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Mons, 20 place du Parc, B700 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ana Barat
- UMR 8126, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aline Hamade
- ER030-EDST, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Lebanon
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Ruy A N Louzada
- UMR 8200, Univ., Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- UMR 8200, Univ., Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Vlada Zakharova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gilles Carnac
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, F-34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Marc Lipinski
- UMR 8126, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor S Vassetzky
- UMR 8126, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Bou Saada Y, Dib C, Dmitriev P, Hamade A, Carnac G, Laoudj-Chenivesse D, Lipinski M, Vassetzky YS. Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy myoblasts efficiently repair moderate levels of oxidative DNA damage. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:475-83. [PMID: 26860865 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a progressive muscular dystrophy linked to a deletion of a subset of D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats accompanied by a chromatin relaxation of the D4Z4 array on chromosome 4q. In vitro, FSHD primary myoblasts show altered expression of oxidative-related genes and are more susceptible to oxidative stress. Double homeobox 4 (DUX4) gene, encoded within each D4Z4 unit, is normally transcriptionally silenced but is found aberrantly expressed in skeletal muscles of FSHD patients. Its expression leads to a deregulation of DUX4 target genes including those implicated in redox balance. Here, we assessed DNA repair efficiency of oxidative DNA damage in FSHD myoblasts and DUX4-transfected myoblasts. We have shown that the DNA repair activity is altered neither in FSHD myoblasts nor in immortalized human myoblasts transiently expressing DUX4. DNA damage caused by moderate doses of an oxidant is efficiently repaired while FSHD myoblasts exposed for 24 h to high levels of oxidative stress accumulated more DNA damage than normal myoblasts, suggesting that FSHD myoblasts remain more vulnerable to oxidative stress at high doses of oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Bou Saada
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Carla Dib
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Petr Dmitriev
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Aline Hamade
- ER030-EDST, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gilles Carnac
- INSERM U-1046, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marc Lipinski
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor S Vassetzky
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, 117334, Russia.
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Dib C, Saada YB, Dmitriev P, Richon C, Dessen P, Laoudj-Chenivesse D, Carnac G, Lipinski M, Vassetzky YS. Correction of the FSHD myoblast differentiation defect by fusion with healthy myoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Dib
- UMR 8126, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy; F-94805 Villejuif France
| | - Yara Bou Saada
- UMR 8126, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy; F-94805 Villejuif France
| | - Petr Dmitriev
- UMR 8126, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy; F-94805 Villejuif France
| | - Catherine Richon
- Functional Genomics Unit; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy; F-94805 Villejuif France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Functional Genomics Unit; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy; F-94805 Villejuif France
| | | | - Gilles Carnac
- INSERM U-1046; 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud; F-34295 Montpellier France
| | - Marc Lipinski
- UMR 8126, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy; F-94805 Villejuif France
| | - Yegor S. Vassetzky
- UMR 8126, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy; F-94805 Villejuif France
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