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Li D, Li G, Li C, Yang C, Lu K. MiR181-5p promotes pathogenic angiogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome by negatively regulating Wnt inhibitor Wif1. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:1460-1467. [PMID: 37970446 PMCID: PMC10634055 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.70689.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a serious respiratory injury caused by chronic liver disease. Excessive pulmonary capillary angiogenesis is the key pathological event. However, the mechanism of microRNA regulatory pulmonary capillary angiogenesis is still unclear. Materials and Methods The hepatopulmonary syndrome rat model was constructed by Common bile duct ligation (CBDL) surgery. The expression tread of miR181-5p and Wif1 was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot in various tissues and disease processes. Wif1 was predicted as one of the potential target genes of miR181-5p by bioinformatic assay. miR181-5p mimics and inhibitors were used to increase/decrease miR181-5p levels in pulmonary microvascular cells. And Wif-1 specific recombinant lentiviruses were used to up-regulate and down-regulate Wif1 in pulmonary microvascular cells. Then, CCK8, Transwell, and tube formation assay were used for pulmonary microvascular cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. And Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to assess that miR181-5p may direct regulate Wif-1 in HPS rats. Results The result showed miR181-5p specifically activates the Wnt signaling pathway by inhibiting Wif1 and then promotes pulmonary microvascular cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation, thereby accelerating the process of HPS. We finally verified Wif1 as a novel and direct target of miR181-5p in HPS. Conclusion Taken together, we revealed an important miR-181-5p/Wif1/Wnt pathway in regulating pathological angiogenesis. It will prove beneficial as a therapeutic strategy for hepatopulmonary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Guihua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Caiyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Congwen Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Kaizhi Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Chen J, Gao F, Li D, Wang J. MiR26-5p inhibits pathological pulmonary microvascular angiogenesis via down-regulating WNT5A. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:812-819. [PMID: 37396938 PMCID: PMC10311967 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.68856.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Pathological micro angiogenesis is a key pathogenic factor in pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome. More and more pieces of evidence show that excessive proliferation of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells is the key event of pathological micro angiogenesis. The purpose of this research is to reveal the mechanism of miR26-5p regulating pulmonary microvascular hyperproliferation. Materials and Methods Hepatopulmonary syndrome rat model was made by common bile duct ligation. HE and IHC staining were used for analysis of the pathology of the rat. CCK8, transwell, and wound healing assay were used to assess miR26-5p or target gene WNT5A functioned toward PMVECs. microRNA specific mimics and inhibitors were used for up/down-regulated miR26-5p expression in PMVECs. Recombinant lentivirus was used for overexpression/knockdown WNT5A expression in PMVECs. And the regulation relationship of miR26-5p and WNT5A was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results qPCR showed that miR26-5p was significantly down-regulated in the course of HPS disease. Bioinformatics data showed that WNT5A was one of the potential key target genes of miR26-5p. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR analysis showed that WNT5A was largely expressed in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, in addition, this molecule was significantly up-regulated with the progression of the disease. Furthermore, dual luciferase reporter assay showed that miR26-5p could bind to WNT5A 3 'UTR region to inhibit WNT5A synthesis. Conclusion The results suggested MiR26-5p negatively regulated PMVECs proliferation and migration by WNT5A expression. Overexpression of miR26-5p may be a potentially beneficial strategy for HPS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing 401320, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400038, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dan Li
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400700, China
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Zhang Y, Wu M, Cao Y, Guo F, Li Y. Linking lncRNAs to regulation, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019:1-15. [PMID: 31738606 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1688760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a syndrome characterized by a persistent increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. Due to the lack of specificity in clinical manifestations, patients are usually diagnosed at the late stage of PH, which is hard to treat and often causes right heart failure and death. Furthermore, the regulation and pathogenesis of PH remain obscure. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of transcript longer than 200 nt that lacks protein-coding ability, have been found to substantially influence the incidence and progression of various diseases through regulating gene expression at the chromatin, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and even post-translational levels. The crucial roles of lncRNAs in PH have started to draw widespread attention. This review summarizes the regulatory, pathogenic, and diagnostic roles of lncRNAs in PH, in the hope to facilitate the search for early diagnostic markers of and effective therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology & Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Mianmian Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology & Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunshan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology & Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology & Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
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Chen Y, Yang C, Li Y, Chen L, Yang Y, Belguise K, Wang X, Lu K, Yi B. MiR145-5p inhibits proliferation of PMVECs via PAI-1 in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome rat pulmonary microvascular hyperplasia. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.044800. [PMID: 31649116 PMCID: PMC6899039 DOI: 10.1242/bio.044800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a triad of advanced liver disease, intrapulmonary vasodilatation and arterial hypoxemia. Increasing evidence shows that HPS is associated with pulmonary microvascular hyperplasia. The aim of this work was to investigate the underlying mechanism of miR-145 in regulating the proliferation of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) and angiogenesis in HPS via plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). To test this, morphology score and number of pulmonary microvascular were assessed in lung tissues from rats with HPS by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Expression levels of PAI-1 were assessed in lung tissues from HPS rats, as well as in PMVECs treated with HPS rat serum. We also selected the putative microRNA binding site on PAI-1 by bioinformatics analysis. Then, miR145-3p and miR145-5p expression levels in the lungs and PMVECs of rats were detected by qRT-PCR because miR145-5p is a microRNA binding site on PAI-1. In addition, the effects of miR-145-5p regulation on PAI-1 were examined by upregulation and downregulation of miR-145-5p and specific lentivirus transfection was used to overexpress and knockdown PAI-1 to assess PAI-1 function on PMVECs proliferation. Our data showed that levels of PAI-1 expression in lung tissue of rats increased significantly when rats were treated with common bile duct ligation. We found that levels of miR-145-5p were frequently downregulated in HPS tissues and cell lines, and overexpression of miR-145-5p dramatically inhibited PMVECs proliferation. We further verified PAI-1 as a novel and direct target of miR-145-5p in HPS. MiR-145-5p inhibits PAI-1 synthesis and the expression changes of PAI-1 directly affect the proliferation of PMVECs. We concluded that miR-145-5p negatively regulates PMVEC proliferation through PAI-1 expression. In addition, overexpression of miR-145-5p may prove beneficial as a therapeutic strategy for HPS treatment. Summary: Our findings provide proof of principle that microRNAs may be useful for the future development of novel therapeutic strategies in HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Congwen Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Karine Belguise
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération (LBCMCP), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération (LBCMCP), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Kaizhi Lu
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Sonoda H, Lee BR, Park KH, Nihalani D, Yoon JH, Ikeda M, Kwon SH. miRNA profiling of urinary exosomes to assess the progression of acute kidney injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4692. [PMID: 30886169 PMCID: PMC6423131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because exosomes have gained attention as a source of biomarkers, we investigated if miRNAs in exosomes (exo-miRs) can report the disease progression of organ injury. Using rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) as a model of acute kidney injury (AKI), we determined temporally-released exo-miRs in urine during IRI and found that these exo-miRs could reliably mirror the progression of AKI. From the longitudinal measurements of miRNA expression in kidney and urine, we found that release of exo- miRs was a regulated sorting process. In the injury state, miR-16, miR-24, and miR-200c were increased in the urine. Interestingly, expression of target mRNAs of these exo-miRs was significantly altered in renal medulla. Next, in the early recovery state, exo-miRs (miR-9a, miR-141, miR-200a, miR-200c, miR-429), which share Zeb1/2 as a common target mRNA, were upregulated together, indicating that they reflect TGF-β-associated renal fibrosis. Finally, release of exo-miRs (miR-125a, miR-351) was regulated by TGF-β1 and was able to differentiate the sham and IRI even after the injured kidneys were recovered. Altogether, these data indicate that exo-miRs released in renal IRI are associated with TGF-β signaling. Temporal release of exo-miRs which share targets might be a regulatory mechanism to control the progression of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Sonoda
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Byung Rho Lee
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Deepak Nihalani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Je-Hyun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Masahiro Ikeda
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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miR144-3p inhibits PMVECs excessive proliferation in angiogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome via Tie2. Exp Cell Res 2018; 365:24-32. [PMID: 29453975 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Increasing evidence show microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-144 in the angiogenesis of HPS, as well as to identify its underlying mechanism. METHODS The expression levels of miR-144-3p were assessed in pulmonary micro-vascular endothelial cells (PMVECs), as well as in lung tissues from rats with HPS. We predicted the potential target of miR-144-3p. Tyrosine kinase 2(Tie2) was identified as a target gene of miR144-3p, which has an essential role in the angiogenesis of lung vessel. In addition, the effects of miR-144-3p regulated on Tie2 was examined. The upregulation and down-regulation of miR-144-3p can affect the proliferation of PMVECs. RESULTS We found that the levels of miR-144-3p were frequently downregulated in HPS tissues and cell lines, and overexpression of miR-144-3p dramatically inhibited PMVECs proliferation and cell cycle. We further verified the Tie2 as a novel and direct target of miR-144-3p in HPS. CONCLUSION miR-144-3p can negatively regulate PMVECs proliferation by Tie2 expression. In addition, overexpression of miR-144-3p may prove beneficial as a therapeutic strategy for HPS treatment.
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Up-regulation of caveolin-1 by DJ-1 attenuates rat pulmonary arterial hypertension by inhibiting TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:192-198. [PMID: 29069575 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), characterized by excessive proliferation and apoptosis resistance of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), is closely associated with the imbalance in vasoactive mediators and massive remodeling of pulmonary vasculature. DJ-1/park7, a multifunctional protein, plays a critical defense role in several cytobiological activity, such as transcriptional regulation, anti-oxidative stress and tumor formation. In this study, we investigated the effects of DJ-1 on hypoxia-induced PAH model rats and PASMCs, as well as its possible molecular mechanism. First, the low expressions of DJ-1 and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) were synchronously detected in lung tissue of PAH model rats and hypoxia-induced PASMCs by Western blot. Then, the DJ-1 wild type (WT) or Knock out (KO) rats were exposed to chronic hypoxia to mimic a hypoxic PAH condition. The protein level of Cav-1 was markedly decreased in the tissue of DJ-1 KO rats, and additionally lower in tissue of the hypoxia group than that in the normoxia group for DJ-1 WT and KO rats. In vivo, hemodynamic data showed that the pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP) and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP), as well as the weight of the right ventricle/left ventricle plus septum (RV/LV+S) ratio of PAH model rats were higher in the DJ-1 KO group than those in the DJ-1 WT group. Moreover, knockout of DJ-1 also results in the phenotype switch from contractile to synthetic PASMC, which is reflected by reduced calponin and SM22α expressions. In vitro, DJ-1 overexpression reversed hypoxia-induced elevation of PASMC cell proliferation, migration and Ca2+ concentration, which were not obviously observed in Cav-1 shRNA (sh-Cav-1) and DJ-1 co-transfected cells. Then the increased levels of calponin and SM22α were detected in the DJ-1 group; similarly those levels were not changed in the DJ-1+sh-Cav-1 group. Finally, the expression of TGFβ1, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 were obviously decreased in the ad-DJ-1 group, however those were all elevated in the DJ-1 and sh-Cav-1 co-transfected groups. In conclusion, these results indicate that DJ-1 may alleviate hypoxia-induced PASMCs injury by Cav-1 through inhibiting the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway.
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Xia XD, Zhou Z, Yu XH, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Myocardin: A novel player in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 257:266-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Luo J, Jin H, Jiang Y, Ge H, Wang J, Li Y. Aberrant Expression of microRNA-9 Contributes to Development of Intracranial Aneurysm by Suppressing Proliferation and Reducing Contractility of Smooth Muscle Cells. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4247-4253. [PMID: 27824808 PMCID: PMC5108371 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MiR-9 is reportedly involved with many diseases, such as acute myeloid leukemia and liver oncogenesis. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanism, including the potential regulator and signaling pathways, of MYOCD, which is the gene that in humans encodes the protein myocardin. MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched the online miRNA database (www.mirdb.org) with the "seed sequence" located within the 3'-UTR of the target gene, and then validated MYOCD to be the direct gene via luciferase reporter assay system, and further confirmed it in cultured cells by using Western blot analysis and realtime PCR. RESULTS We established the negative regulatory relationship between miR-9 and MYOCD via studying the relative luciferase activity. We also conducted realtime PCR and Western blot analysis to study the mRNA and protein expression level of MYOCD between different groups (intracranial aneurysm vs. normal control) or cells treated with scramble control, miR-9 mimics, MYOCD siRNA, and miR-9 inhibitors, indicating the negative regulatory relationship between miR-9 and MYOCD. We also investigated the relative viability of smooth muscle cells when transfected with scramble control, miR-9 mimics, MYOCD siRNA, and miR-9 inhibitors to validate that miR-9 t negatively interferes with the viability of smooth muscle cells. We then investigated the relative contractility of smooth muscle cells when transfected with scramble control, miR-9 mimics, MYOCD siRNA, and miR-9 inhibitors, and the results showed that miR-9 weakened contractility. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that dysregulation of miR-9 is responsible for the development of IA via targeting MYOCD. miR-9 and its direct target, MYOCD, might novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Hengwei Jin
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Huijian Ge
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Youxiang Li
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Inhibition of autophagy ameliorates pulmonary microvascular dilation and PMVECs excessive proliferation in rat experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30833. [PMID: 27480323 PMCID: PMC4969600 DOI: 10.1038/srep30833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a defective liver-induced pulmonary vascular disorder with massive pulmonary microvascular dilation and excessive proliferation of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Growing evidence suggests that autophagy is involved in pulmonary diseases, protectively or detrimentally. Thus, it is interesting and important to explore whether autophagy might be involved in and critical in HPS. In the present study, we report that autophagy was activated in common bile duct ligation (CBDL) rats and cultured pulmonary PMVECs induced by CBDL rat serum, two accepted in vivo and in vitro experimental models of HPS. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly alleviated pathological alterations and typical symptom of HPS in CBDL rats in vivo, and consistently 3-MA significantly attenuated the CBDL rat serum-induced excessive proliferation of PMVECs in vitro. All these changes mediated by 3-MA might explain the observed prominent improvement of pulmonary appearance, edema, microvascular dilatation and arterial oxygenation in vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that autophagy activation may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of HPS, and autophagy inhibition may have a therapeutic potential for this disease.
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