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Fede C, Petrelli L, Pirri C, Tiengo C, De Caro R, Stecco C. Detection of Mast Cells in Human Superficial Fascia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11599. [PMID: 37511360 PMCID: PMC10380524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent findings showed that the superficial fascia is a fibrous layer in the middle of hypodermis, richly innervated and vascularized, and more complex than so far demonstrated. This study showed the presence of mast cells in the superficial fascia of the human abdomen wall of three adult volunteer patients (mean age 42 ± 4 years; 2 females, 1 male), by Toluidine Blue and Safranin-O stains and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Mast cells are distributed among the collagen bundles and the elastic fibers, near the vessels and close to the nerves supplying the tissue, with an average density of 20.4 ± 9.4/mm2. The demonstration of the presence of mast cells in the human superficial fascia highlights the possible involvement of the tissue in the inflammatory process, and in tissue healing and regeneration processes. A clear knowledge of this anatomical structure of the hypodermis is fundamental for a good comprehension of some fascial dysfunctions and for a better-targeted clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Fede
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Petrelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Carmelo Pirri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Tiengo
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padova, Italy
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2
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Rogala A, Molik B, Brzuszkiewicz-Kuźmicka G, Truszczyńska-Baszak A. The impact of Fascial Distortion Model on shoulder girdle dysfunction. REHABILITACJA MEDYCZNA 2022. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Shoulder girdle as highly specialized set of structures is particularly susceptible to overloading and injuries. In current literature USG and MRI results shows poor correlation with the function, which lead to some problems in correct diagnosis. The structure contributing to this issue might be fascia. One of the methods examination and treatment is very poorly known Fascial Distortion Model. The aim of our research was to assess the impact of the Fascial Distortion Model on shoulder girdle dysfunction.
Materials and methods: The subject of research were 78 patients with shoulder dysfunction. Experimental group of 50 patients underwent six 30-minutes FDM treatments, performed every second day. The control group of 28 patients were subjected standard physiotherapy. Measurement of mobility and pain was done by: functional tests, DASH questionnaire, modified CONSTANT scale and VAS scale.
Results: The experimental group obtained better results than control group. This was due to less pain (M = 0.56, SD = 1.03) vs (M = 6.71, SD = 1.88) and a greater limb function (M = 3.46, SD = 7.80) vs (M = 42.72, SD = 16.52). Participants treated with FDM improved in ROM, DASH score and VAS at the significance level (p = .000).
Conclusions: 1. Fascial distortions may contribute to dysfunction of the shoulder complex. 2. Connective tissue problems can limit the range of movement 3. Fascia disorders may contribute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rogala
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Poland
| | - Bartosz Molik
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Poland
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3
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Yuan S, Li Y, Li Q, Fan L, Zhou J. Surgery Versus Non-surgery Interventions on Rectus Abdominis Diastasis With or Without Hernias: a Systematic Review. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-02792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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4
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Sabatelli P, Merlini L, Di Martino A, Cenni V, Faldini C. Early Morphological Changes of the Rectus Femoris Muscle and Deep Fascia in Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031252. [PMID: 35162283 PMCID: PMC8834967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) is a severe form of muscular dystrophy caused by the loss of function of collagen VI, a critical component of the muscle-tendon matrix. Magnetic resonance imaging of UCMD patients’ muscles shows a peculiar rim of abnormal signal at the periphery of each muscle, and a relative sparing of the internal part. The mechanism/s involved in the early fat substitution of muscle fiber at the periphery of muscles remain elusive. We studied a muscle biopsy of the rectus femoris/deep fascia (DF) of a 3-year-old UCMD patient, with a homozygous mutation in the COL6A2 gene. By immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis, we found a marked fatty infiltration at the interface of the muscle with the epimysium/DF and an atrophic phenotype, primarily in fast-twitch fibers, which has never been reported before. An unexpected finding was the widespread increase of interstitial cells with long cytoplasmic processes, consistent with the telocyte phenotype. Our study documents for the first time in a muscle biopsy the peculiar pattern of outside-in muscle degeneration followed by fat substitution as already shown by muscle imaging, and an increase of telocytes in the interstitium of the deep fascia, which highlights a potential involvement of this structure in the pathogenesis of UCMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Sabatelli
- Unit of Bologna, CNR-Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-6366755; Fax: +39-051-4689922
| | - Luciano Merlini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.M.); or (A.D.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Alberto Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.M.); or (A.D.M.); (C.F.)
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica I, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Vittoria Cenni
- Unit of Bologna, CNR-Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Faldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.M.); or (A.D.M.); (C.F.)
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica I, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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5
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Yuan S, Wang H, Zhou J. Prevalence and risk factors of low back and pelvic pain in women with rectus abdominis diastasis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Korean J Pain 2022; 35:86-96. [PMID: 34966015 PMCID: PMC8728546 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2022.35.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the association between low back pain (LBP) and pelvic pain (PP) and rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD) in postpartum women and identify the characteristics and risk factors. Methods Women diagnosed with RAD and a history of labor and delivery, between 2009 and 2018, were identified from six hospitals within the Partners Healthcare System. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with pain. Results Age at onset of RAD in the non-cesarean delivery group was earlier than those in cesarean delivery (CD) group (P = 0.017). Women who underwent CD demonstrated 4.5 times greater risk of RAD than those who had no CD exposure. The cumulative composition ratio of LBP at every age stage of the period from 8 years pre-first delivery to 8 years post-first delivery was significantly higher than the other five conditions (RAD, umbilical hernia, PP, depressive disorder [DD], and strain of muscle, fascia, and tendon [SMFT]) (P for trend < 0.001). Women with DD, SMFT, and PP were more likely to have LBP (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 3.47, P = 0.032; OR = 4.50, 95% CI 1.64 to 12.36, P = 0.003; OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.89, P = 0.013; respectively). Conclusions In postpartum women with RAD, DD, SMFT, and PP were found to be risk factors contributing to the development of LBP. Race and LBP also played roles in the development of PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Yuan
- Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Honghong Wang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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A Closer Look at the Cellular and Molecular Components of the Deep/Muscular Fasciae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031411. [PMID: 33573365 PMCID: PMC7866861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fascia can be defined as a dynamic highly complex connective tissue network composed of different types of cells embedded in the extracellular matrix and nervous fibers: each component plays a specific role in the fascial system changing and responding to stimuli in different ways. This review intends to discuss the various components of the fascia and their specific roles; this will be carried out in the effort to shed light on the mechanisms by which they affect the entire network and all body systems. A clear understanding of fascial anatomy from a microscopic viewpoint can further elucidate its physiological and pathological characteristics and facilitate the identification of appropriate treatment strategies.
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7
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Gomes VLDA, Braz JKFDS, Martins GM, Clebis NK, Oliveira MFD, Morais DB, Moura CEBD. Identification of telocytes in dystrophic mice testis. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2021; 19:eAI5737. [PMID: 33503147 PMCID: PMC7821952 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2021ai5737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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8
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Ganjaei KG, Ray JW, Waite B, Burnham KJ. The Fascial System in Musculoskeletal Function and Myofascial Pain. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-020-00302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Yonghong S, Ruizhi W, Yue Z, Xuebing B, Tarique I, Chunhua L, Ping Y, Qiusheng C. Telocytes in Different Organs of Vertebrates: Potential Essence Cells of the Meridian in Chinese Traditional Medicine. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:575-588. [PMID: 32390582 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are very long, non-neuronal, somatic cells whose function is widely believed to be involved in providing connections between different cells within the body. The cellular characteristics of TCs in various organs have been studied by immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in different vertebrate species, and here we investigate the proposed properties of these cells in the context of the "meridian" in Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM). The results show that TCs and their long extensions, telopodes (Tps) develop a complicated network by homo- and heterocellular junctions in the connective tissue throughout the body, which can connect the skin with distant organs. In concept, this is the analogue of ancient meridian maps connecting skin acupoints with the viscera. Various active cells and extracellular vesicles including exosomes move along Tps, which, along with developed mitochondria within the podoms of Tps, may account for the structural evidence for "Qi" (vital energy and signal communication) in CTM. Morphological associations of TCs with the nerve, vascular, endocrine, and immune systems are also compatible with previously proposed meridian theories in CTM. Close relationships exist between TCs and collagen fiber bundles and some structures in skin fascia provide the microanatomical support for acupuncture treatment based on the meridian principle. The dynamicity in the distribution and structure of TCs reflects the plasticity of the meridian at the cellular level. As the same attribute, both the meridian and the TC have been associated with various diseases. Here, we summarize structural analogues between the TC and the meridian, suggesting that TCs have the cytological characteristics of the CTM meridian. We, therefore, hypothesize that TCs are the "essence cells" of the CTM meridian, which can connect and integrate different cells and structures in the connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yonghong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Wu Ruizhi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Zhang Yue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Bai Xuebing
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Liang Chunhua
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Yang Ping
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Chen Qiusheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
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10
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Abstract
Since the first description of 'interstitial cells of Cajal' in the mammalian gut in 1911, scientists have found structurally similar cells, now termed telocytes, in numerous tissues throughout the body. These cells have recently sparked renewed interest, facilitated through the development of a molecular handle to genetically manipulate their function in tissue homeostasis and disease. In this Primer, we discuss the discovery of telocytes, their physical properties, distribution and function, focusing on recent developments in the functional analysis of Foxl1-positive telocytes in the intestinal stem cell niche, and, finally, the current challenges of studying telocytes as a distinct cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Kondo
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Schleip R, Klingler W. Active contractile properties of fascia. Clin Anat 2019; 32:891-895. [PMID: 31012158 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous network of fascial tissues in the human body is usually regarded as a passive contributor to musculoskeletal dynamics. This review aims to highlight the current understanding of fascial stiffness regulation. Notably the ability for active cellular contraction which may augment the stiffness of fascial tissues and thereby contribute to musculoskeletal dynamics. A related narrative literature search via PubMed and Google Scholar reveals a multitude of studies indicating that the intrafascial presence of myofibroblasts may enable these tissues to alter their stiffness. This contractile tissue behavior occurs not only in several pathological fibrotic contractures but has also been documented in normal fasciae. When viewed at time frames of seconds and minutes the force of such tissue contractions is not sufficient for exerting a significant effect on mechanical joint stability. However, when viewed in a time-window of several minutes and longer, such cellular contractions can impact motoneuronal coordination. In addition, over a time frame of days to months, this cellular activity can induce long-term and severe tissue contractures. These findings tend to question the common clear distinction between active tissues and passive tissues in musculoskeletal dynamics. Clin. Anat. 32:891-895, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schleip
- Department of Neuroanesthesiology, Neurosurgical Clinic, Ulm University, Guenzburg, Germany.,Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Fascia Research Group, Experimental Anesthesiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Werner Klingler
- Fascia Research Group, Experimental Anesthesiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Faculty of Health School - Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Morsiani C, Bacalini MG, Santoro A, Garagnani P, Collura S, D'Errico A, de Eguileor M, Grazi GL, Cescon M, Franceschi C, Capri M. The peculiar aging of human liver: A geroscience perspective within transplant context. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:24-34. [PMID: 30772626 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An appraisal of recent data highlighting aspects inspired by the new Geroscience perspective are here discussed. The main findings are summarized as follows: i) liver has to be considered an immunological organ, and new studies suggest a role for the recently described cells named telocytes; ii) the liver-gut axis represents a crucial connection with environment and life style habits and may influence liver diseases onset; iii) the physiological aging of liver shows relatively modest alterations. Nevertheless, several molecular changes appear to be relevant: a) an increase of microRNA-31-5p; -141-3p; -200c-3p expressions after 60 years of age; b) a remodeling of genome-wide DNA methylation profile evident until 60 years of age and then plateauing; c) changes in transcriptome including the metabolic zones of hepatocyte lobules; d) liver undergoes an accelerated aging in presence of chronic inflammation/liver diseases in a sort of continuum, largely as a consequence of unhealthy life styles and exposure to environmental noxious agents. We argue that chronic liver inflammation has all the major characteristics of "inflammaging" and likely sustains the onset and progression of liver diseases. Finally, we propose to use a combination of parameters, mostly obtained by omics such as transcriptomics and epigenomics, to evaluate in deep both the biological age of liver (in comparison with the chronological age) and the effects of donor-recipient age-mismatches in the context of liver transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Morsiani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CIG-Interdepartmental Center "Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CIG-Interdepartmental Center "Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Collura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia D'Errico
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- DBSV-Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Cescon
- DIMEC-Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Applied Mathematics of the Institute of ITMM, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CIG-Interdepartmental Center "Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CSR-Centro di Studio per la Ricerca dell'Invecchiamento, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Migrating Myofibroblastic Iliotibial Band-Derived Fibroblasts Represent a Promising Cell Source for Ligament Reconstruction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081972. [PMID: 31013670 PMCID: PMC6514966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The iliotibial band (ITB) is a suitable scaffold for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, providing a sufficient mechanical resistance to loading. Hence, ITB-derived fibroblasts attract interest for ligament tissue engineering but have so far not been characterized. This present study aimed at characterizing ITB fibroblasts before, during, and after emigration from cadaveric ITB explants to decipher the emigration behavior and to utilize their migratory capacity for seeding biomaterials. ITB and, for comparison, ACL tissues were assessed for the content of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expressing fibroblasts and degeneration. The cell survival and αSMA expression were monitored in explants used for cell isolation, monolayer, self-assembled ITB spheroids, and spheroids seeded in polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds. The protein expression profile of targets typically expressed by ligamentocytes (collagen types I-III, elastin, lubricin, decorin, aggrecan, fibronectin, tenascin C, CD44, β1-integrins, vimentin, F-actin, αSMA, and vascular endothelial growth factor A [VEGFA]) was compared between ITB and ACL fibroblasts. A donor- and age-dependent differing percentage of αSMA positive cells could be detected, which was similar in ITB and ACL tissues despite the grade of degeneration being significantly higher in the ACL due to harvesting them from OA knees. ITB fibroblasts survived for several months in an explant culture, continuously forming monolayers with VEGFA and an increased αSMA expression. They shared their expression profile with ACL fibroblasts. αSMA decreased during the monolayer to spheroid/scaffold transition. Using self-assembled spheroids, the migratory capacity of reversible myofibroblastic ITB cells can be utilized for colonizing biomaterials for ACL tissue engineering and to support ligament healing.
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14
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Schleip R, Gabbiani G, Wilke J, Naylor I, Hinz B, Zorn A, Jäger H, Breul R, Schreiner S, Klingler W. Fascia Is Able to Actively Contract and May Thereby Influence Musculoskeletal Dynamics: A Histochemical and Mechanographic Investigation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:336. [PMID: 31001134 PMCID: PMC6455047 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascial tissues form a ubiquitous network throughout the whole body, which is usually regarded as a passive contributor to biomechanical behavior. We aimed to answer the question, whether fascia may possess the capacity for cellular contraction which, in turn, could play an active role in musculoskeletal mechanics. Human and rat fascial specimens from different body sites were investigated for the presence of myofibroblasts using immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin (n = 31 donors, n = 20 animals). In addition, mechanographic force registrations were performed on isolated rat fascial tissues (n = 8 to n = 18), which had been exposed to pharmacological stimulants. The density of myofibroblasts was increased in the human lumbar fascia in comparison to fasciae from the two other regions examined in this study: fascia lata and plantar fascia [H(2) = 14.0, p < 0.01]. Mechanographic force measurements revealed contractions in response to stimulation by fetal bovine serum, the thromboxane A2 analog U46619, TGF-β1, and mepyramine, while challenge by botulinum toxin type C3–used as a Rho kinase inhibitor– provoked relaxation (p < 0.05). In contrast, fascial tissues were insensitive to angiotensin II and caffeine (p < 0.05). A positive correlation between myofibroblast density and contractile response was found (rs = 0.83, p < 0.001). The hypothetical application of the registered forces to human lumbar tissues predicts a potential impact below the threshold for mechanical spinal stability but strong enough to possibly alter motoneuronal coordination in the lumbar region. It is concluded that tension of myofascial tissue is actively regulated by myofibroblasts with the potential to impact active musculoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schleip
- Department of Neuroanesthesiology, Neurosurgical Clinic, Ulm University, Günzburg, Germany.,Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Fascia Research Group, Experimental Anesthesiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giulio Gabbiani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ian Naylor
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adjo Zorn
- Fascia Research Group, Experimental Anesthesiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heike Jäger
- Division of Neurophysiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rainer Breul
- Anatomische Anstalt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | | | - Werner Klingler
- Fascia Research Group, Experimental Anesthesiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Faculty of Health School - Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Bordoni B, Marelli F, Morabito B, Sacconi B. Emission of Biophotons and Adjustable Sounds by the Fascial System: Review and Reflections for Manual Therapy. J Evid Based Integr Med 2019; 23:2515690X17750750. [PMID: 29405763 PMCID: PMC5871034 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x17750750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every body structure is wrapped in connective tissue or fascia, creating a structural continuity that gives form and function to every tissue and organ. The fascial tissue is uniformly distributed throughout the body, enveloping, interacting with and permeating blood vessels, nerves, viscera, meninges, bones and muscles, creating various layers at different depths and forming a tridimensional metabolic and mechanical matrix. This article reviews the literature on the emission of biophotons and adjustable sounds by the fascial system, because these biological changes could be a means of local and systemic cellular communication and become another assessment tool for manual (therapy) practitioners. This is the first article that discusses these topics in a single text, attempting to bring such information into an area of application that is beneficial to osteopaths, chiropractors, and manual therapists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiola Marelli
- 2 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Gorla Minore (VA), Italy.,3 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Fano (Pesaro Urbino), Italy
| | - Bruno Morabito
- 2 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Gorla Minore (VA), Italy.,3 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Fano (Pesaro Urbino), Italy.,4 Foundation Polyclinic University A. Gemelli University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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16
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Varga I, Polák Š, Kyselovič J, Kachlík D, Danišovič Ľ, Klein M. Recently Discovered Interstitial Cell Population of Telocytes: Distinguishing Facts from Fiction Regarding Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Diverse Diseases Called "Telocytopathies". MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E56. [PMID: 30781716 PMCID: PMC6410178 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interstitial cells telocytes, formerly known as interstitial Cajal-like cells, have been described in almost all organs of the human body. Although telocytes were previously thought to be localized predominantly in the organs of the digestive system, as of 2018 they have also been described in the lymphoid tissue, skin, respiratory system, urinary system, meninges and the organs of the male and female genital tracts. Since the time of eminent German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, we have known that many pathological processes originate directly from cellular changes. Even though telocytes are not widely accepted by all scientists as an individual and morphologically and functionally distinct cell population, several articles regarding telocytes have already been published in such prestigious journals as Nature and Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The telocyte diversity extends beyond their morphology and functions, as they have a potential role in the etiopathogenesis of different diseases. The most commonly described telocyte-associated diseases (which may be best termed "telocytopathies" in the future) are summarized in this critical review. It is difficult to imagine that a single cell population could be involved in the pathogenesis of such a wide spectrum of pathological conditions as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors ("telocytomas"), liver fibrosis, preeclampsia during pregnancy, tubal infertility, heart failure and psoriasis. In any case, future functional studies of telocytes in vivo will help to understand the mechanism by which telocytes contribute to tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ján Kyselovič
- Fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - David Kachlík
- Institute of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ľuboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Klein
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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The indeterminable resilience of the fascial system. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2018; 15:337-343. [PMID: 28844209 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(17)60351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The most recent information on fascial tissue indicates that there are not fascial layers, but polyhedral microvacuoles of connective tissue, which connect the body systems and, by hosting specialized cells, permit several functions, such as motor, nervous, vascular and visceral. These microvacuoles (a repetition of polyhedral units of connective fibrils) under internal or external tension change shape and can manage the movement variations, regulating different body functions and ensuring the maintenance of efficiency of the body systems. Their plasticity is based on perfect functional chaos: it is not possible to determine the motion vectors of the different fibrils, which differ in behavior and orientation; this strategy confers to the fascial continuum the maximum level of adaptability in response to the changing internal and external conditions of the cell. The present commentary deals with this concept, providing clinical examples of different disease patterns, providing contrary examples in which this adaptability does not occur, and lastly suggesting considerations for the approach to manipulative therapy of the fascial tissue. The fascial continuum is like a flock of birds flying together without a predetermined logic and maintaining their individuality at the same time.
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Bordoni B, Marelli F, Morabito B, Castagna R. A New Concept of Biotensegrity Incorporating Liquid Tissues: Blood and Lymph. J Evid Based Integr Med 2018; 23:2515690X18792838. [PMID: 30124054 PMCID: PMC6102753 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x18792838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of fascia includes tissues of mesodermal derivation, considered as
specialized connective tissue: blood and lymph. As water shapes rocks, bodily fluids
modify shapes and functions of bodily structures. Bodily fluids are silent witnesses of
the mechanotransductive information, allowing adaptation and life, transporting
biochemical and hormonal signals. While the solid fascial tissue divides, supports, and
connects the different parts of the body system, the liquid fascial tissue feeds and
transports messages for the solid fascia. The focus of this article is to reconsider the
model of biotensegrity because it does not take into account the liquid fascia, and to try
to integrate the fascial continuum with the lymph and the blood in a new model. The name
given to this new model is RAIN—Rapid Adaptability of Internal Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- 1 Institute of Hospitalization and Care with Scientific Address, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,2 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Gorla Minore (VA) Piazza XXV Aprile 4, Italy.,3 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Via Fanella, Fano (Pesaro Urbino), Italy
| | - Fabiola Marelli
- 2 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Gorla Minore (VA) Piazza XXV Aprile 4, Italy.,3 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Via Fanella, Fano (Pesaro Urbino), Italy
| | - Bruno Morabito
- 2 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Gorla Minore (VA) Piazza XXV Aprile 4, Italy.,3 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Via Fanella, Fano (Pesaro Urbino), Italy
| | - Roberto Castagna
- 2 CRESO, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Gorla Minore (VA) Piazza XXV Aprile 4, Italy
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Abstract
Wide bilateral cleft lip deformity reconstruction represents a special difficulty as it affects the lip, nose, and maxillary segments making single-stage reconstruction sometimes unobtainable. Many surgical and nonsurgical techniques have been prescribed to facilitate the definitive repair. Although some of these techniques proved to be useful, they have their inherent limitations and add another treatment step with all its possible complications and costs. The authors present a new method to address muscle layer repair in 1-stage procedure. It entails using fascial graft obtained from the temporalis muscle fascia or fascia lata, to reconstruct orbicularis oris lip muscle. Seven patients of wide bilateral cleft lip deformity (mean 17 mm) with a mean age of 4.4 months were subjected to single-stage lip reconstruction. After measuring the defect between both lateral muscle segments in front of the premaxilla intraoperatively ensuring that direct muscle repair could not be obtained, a fascial graft was harvested and sutured to both muscle edges. The authors found that, regardless the defect size or premaxilla protrusion, all wide clefts could be reconstructed satisfactorily in 1 stage procedure. No serious postoperative complications have been encountered in the lip or donor areas. Early follow-up reporting of the patients revealed stable repair. However more follow-up is still needed to assess late sequelae. In conclusion, fascial graft muscle repair of wide bilateral cleft lip deformity enables early 1-stage lip reconstruction without tension. The added donor morbidity is minimal and well tolerated.
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Jiang XJ, Cretoiu D, Shen ZJ, Yang XJ. An in vitro investigation of telocytes-educated macrophages: morphology, heterocellular junctions, apoptosis and invasion analysis. J Transl Med 2018; 16:85. [PMID: 29615057 PMCID: PMC5883889 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telocytes (TCs), a recently discovered novel type of interstitial cells, were also found in a wide variety of human and mammalian reproductive organs/tissues, including uterus, oviduct and placenta. Previously, we demonstrated that TCs-conditioned media was capable of activating peritoneal macrophages (pMACs) through paracrine effects. This study investigates the hypothesis that direct interaction of TCs with pMACs will also play a significant role in immunoregulation of pMACs. METHODS TCs and pMACs were derived from the uterus and intraperitoneal cavity of female BALB/c mice, respectively. TCs were identified by immunofluorescence and then co-cultured directly with pMACs for 24 h without added cytokines, to observe the in vitro biological behavior of pMACs. We used histochemical staining to study morphology and mitochondrial metabolism of pMACs, scanning electron microscopy to study heterocellular junctions, flow cytometry to investigate mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and apoptosis, and transwell chambers to study invasion ability. Student-t test was used accordingly. RESULTS Presently, TCs with typical structure and immunophenotype of double CD-34-positive/vimentin-positive were successfully isolated. pMACs co-cultured with TCs showed obviously morphological activation, with enhanced energy metabolism (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, direct physical cell-to-cell interaction promoted the development of heterocellular junctions between TCs and pMACs. Furthermore, TCs treatment markedly reduced the depletion of ΔΨm in co-cultured pMACs (all P < 0.05), and inhibited their apoptosis (P < 0.05). Functionally, pMACs co-cultured with TCs showed enhanced invasion ability (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Direct physical cell-to-cell interaction promoted the development of heterocellular junctions between TCs and pMACs, presumably responsible for the observed novel efficient way of pMACs activation via mitochondrial signaling pathway. TCs-educated pMACs might be a promising way to restore the defective immunosurveillance in endometriosis (EMs), led to the enhanced treatment efficacy of EMs in a simple and clinically feasible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Materno-Fetal Assistance Excellence Unit, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute of Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zong-Ji Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Bordoni B, Marelli F, Morabito B, Castagna R, Sacconi B, Mazzucco P. New Proposal to Define the Fascial System. Complement Med Res 2018; 25:257-262. [PMID: 29550826 DOI: 10.1159/000486238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
At the beginning of the third millennium, we still do not have a definition of 'fascia' recognized as valid by every researcher. This article attempts to give a new definition of the fascial system, including the epidermis, by comparing the mechanical-metabolic characteristics of the connective tissue and the skin. In fact, according to the latest classification deriving from the Fascia Nomenclature Committee, the outer skin layer is not considered as part of the fascial continuum. This article highlights the reasons for taking the functional characteristics of the tissue into consideration, rather than its mere structure. A brief discussion will address the questions as to what is considered as fascial tissue and from which embryonic germ layer the epidermis is formed. The notion that all the layers intersect will be highlighted, demonstrating that quoting precise definitions of tissue stratification in the living organism probably does not correspond to what happens in vivo. What we propose as a definition is not to be regarded as a point of arrival but as another departure.
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22
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Lin CZ, Xia X, Wang H, Liu DX. Surgical reconstruction of the fascia lata and posterior tibial artery perforator flap to treat children with simultaneous injury to the Achilles tendon and heel skin. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9834. [PMID: 29419689 PMCID: PMC5944661 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with simultaneous injury to the Achilles tendon and heel skin remain a challenge for clinicians. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a combined surgical procedure involving use of the fascia lata to reconstruct the Achilles tendon, and the posterior tibial artery perforator flap to cover the accompanying heel skin injury.Between February 2010 and February 2013, 8 children (3 females and 5 males) between 3 and 12 years of age, with a median age of 7.5 years, were hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College. All injuries involved damage to an Achilles tendon and heel skin. In all patients, the fascia lata was transplanted to reconstruct the Achilles tendon and the posterior tibial artery perforator flap transplanted to cover the skin injury.Hospitalization was 11 to 15 days (mean 13.5 days). Local necrosis (15% of the area) occurred in 1 flap, but healed after changing dressing. All other flaps survived well. At follow-up after 1 to 2 years, all children had recovered good plantar-flexion and supported their weight while walking. Use of the Arner-Lindholm standard to rate clinical efficacy revealed that of the 8 cases, 6 cases showed excellent recovery and 2 were good, with 0 cases ranking moderate or poor. The excellent and good rate was 100%.Child patients with Achilles tendon injury accompanied by heel skin injury are still a challenge for clinicians. Use of the fascia lata, combined with a posterior tibial artery perforator flap, to reconstruct the Achilles tendon and heel skin for children is a feasible, safe, effective method, faster than other methods for recovery, and should be widely applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Zhao Lin
- Shantou University Medical School Postgraduate Student, Shantou University Medical College
| | - Xue Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
Several cells are endowed in the interstitial space of the connective tissue; among them, a peculiar type has been recently described and named telocyte (TC). The increasing interest on this cell type has allowed identifying it in almost all the organs. All TCs have a proper ultrastructural feature that makes them undoubtedly recognizable under the transmission electron microscope (TEM). On the contrary, a complex often confusing picture comes out from the immunohistochemical investigations either due to the technical procedures used or, intriguingly, to the possibility that diverse subtypes of TC might exist.Among the several markers used to label the TC, the most common are the CD34 and the PDGFRalpha, and, in many organs, the TC expresses both these markers. An exception is represented by the human urinary bladder where none of the TC, as recognized under the TEM, was double labelled. All the data indicate that TCs show immunohistochemical differences depending on the organ where they are located and/or the animal species.On the basis of their ubiquitous distribution, TCs are unanimously considered organizers of the connective tissue because of their ability to form 3-D networks. Close to this common role, numerous other roles have been attributed to the TC. Indeed, each of the TC subtype likely plays an own organ-/tissue-specific role contributing to different aspects of physiological regulation in the various anatomical niches they occupy.
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Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are interstitial cells found in stroma of many organs, including the skin dermis. Ultrastructurally, normal skin TCs recapitulates all the previously documented features in interstitum of other organs. Their (ultra)structural hallmark is the presence of particular shaped cellular prolongations (termed telopodes), along other features as cellular organelles representation and their distribution within cell body and its prolongations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or high magnification light microscopy indicated that the particular shape of telopodes alternate characteristically thin segments (termed podomeres) and dilated segments (called podoms). A new and powerful technique, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), indicated that, ultrastructurally, telopodes could be either irregular ribbon-like structures, or uneven tubular-like structures. TEM images shown that podoms consists mitochondria, elements of endoplasmic reticulum and caveolae. Immunohisochemical studies on skin TCs revealed their positive expression for CD34 and PDGFRα, but for vimentin and c-kit, also. In normal dermis, TCs are involved in junctions, either homocellular (TCs-TCs), or heterocellular (TCs - other type of cells). The junctional attribute of TCs underlies their ability of forming a 3D network within dermis. Beyond the physical interactions, the connections between TCs and other cells could be also chemical, by paracrine secretion via shed vesicles as ultrastructural studies demonstrated. In normal dermis, TCs were found distributed in particular spatial relationships with other interstitial structures and/or cells: vascular structures, nerves, skin adnexa, stem cells and immune reactive cells.To date, the study of TCs was approached into two pathologic conditions: systemic sclerosis and psoriasis. In both diseases, the normal ultrastructure of TCs and also their distribution were shown to be altered. Moreover, the pattern of TCs ultrastructural changes differs in systemic sclerosis (cytoplasmic vacuolization, swollen mitochondria, lipofuscin bodies) from those appeared in psoriasis, characterized by important dystrophic changes (telopodes fragmentation, cytoplasmic disintegration, apoptotic nuclei, nuclear extrusions). Furthermore, in psoriasis, the lesional remission is (ultra)structurally displaying a recovery of dermal TCs at values similar to normal.Considering TCs ultrastructural features, their connections and spatiality in normal dermis and also their pathologic changes, TCs are credited with roles in skin homeostasis and/or pathogeny of dermatological disorders. In our opinion, further researches should be focused on identifying a specific marker for TCs and also on comprehending the pattern of their response in different dermatoses.
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25
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26
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Szotek S, Dawidowicz J, Eyden B, Matysiak N, Czogalla A, Dudzik G, Leśniewicz A, Maksymowicz K. Morphological features of fascia lata in relation to fascia diseases. Ultrastruct Pathol 2016; 40:297-310. [PMID: 27762645 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1239665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fascia lata is an important element of the fascial system, which forms the continuum of connective tissue throughout the body. This deep fascia envelops the entire thigh and hip area and its main function is to transmit mechanical forces generated by the musculoskeletal system of the lower extremities. Fascia lata is also known as a useful and easily harvested graft material. Despite its crucial role in lower extremity biomechanics and wide-ranging applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery, both the structure of fascia lata and particularly the cells populating this tissue are relatively unexplored and therefore poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the main cell populations encountered within human fascia lata and to try to understand their role in health and diseases. Pathologically unchanged human fascia lata was obtained post mortem from adult males. The specimens were analyzed under light, electron, and confocal microscopy. On the basis of different visualization techniques, we were able to characterize in detail the cells populating human fascia lata. The main cells found were fibroblasts, fibrocytes, mast cells, cells showing myoid differentiation, nerve cells, and most interestingly, telocytes. Our results supplement the formerly inadequate information in the literature regarding the cellular components of deep fascial structure, may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of fascial disorders and improve fascia lata application as a graft material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szotek
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mechatronics and Theory of Mechanisms, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wrocław , Poland
| | | | - Brian Eyden
- c Christie NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester , United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Matysiak
- d Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze , Medical University of Silesia , Zabrze , Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- e Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Wrocław , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dudzik
- f Chair of EM Field Theory, Electronic Circuits and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Anna Leśniewicz
- g Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy Division, Faculty of Chemistry , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Maksymowicz
- h Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
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27
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Cretoiu D, Radu BM, Banciu A, Banciu DD, Cretoiu SM. Telocytes heterogeneity: From cellular morphology to functional evidence. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 64:26-39. [PMID: 27569187 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), located ubiquitously in the internal organs of vertebrates, are a heterogeneous, recently described, cell population of the stromal space. Characterized by lengthy cytoplasmic extensions that can reach tens of microns and are called telopodes (Tps), TCs are difficult to see using conventional microscopes. It was the electron microscopy which led to their first identification and Popescu's team the first responsible for the reconstructions indicating TCs 'organization' in a three-dimensional (3D) network that is believed to be accountable for the complex roles of TCs. Gradually, it became increasingly evident that TCs are difficult to characterize in terms of immunophenotype and that their phenotype is different depending on the location and needs of the tissue at one time. This review discusses the growing body of evidence accumulated since TCs were discovered and highlights how the complex interplay between TCs and stem cells might be of importance for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania; 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania
| | - Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy; Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania
| | - Adela Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania
| | - Daniel Dumitru Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania; 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania.
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28
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Aleksandrovych V, Walocha JA, Gil K. Telocytes in female reproductive system (human and animal). J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:994-1000. [PMID: 27060783 PMCID: PMC4882995 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a newly discovered type of cell with numerous functions. They have been found in a large variety of organs: heart (endo‐, myo‐, epi‐ and pericardium, myocardial sleeves, heart valves); digestive tract and annex glands (oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, liver, gallbladder, salivary gland, exocrine pancreas); respiratory system (trachea and lungs); urinary system (kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra); female reproductive system (uterus, Fallopian tube, placenta, mammary gland); vasculature (blood vessels, thoracic duct); serous membranes (mesentery and pleura); and other organs (skeletal muscle, meninges and choroid plexus, neuromuscular spindles, fascia lata, skin, eye, prostate, bone marrow). Likewise, TCs are widely distributed in vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, including human). This review summarizes particular features of TCs in the female reproductive system, emphasizing their involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerzy A Walocha
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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29
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Xiao J, Chen P, Qu Y, Yu P, Yao J, Wang H, Fu S, Bei Y, Chen Y, Che L, Xu J. Telocytes in exercise-induced cardiac growth. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:973-9. [PMID: 26987685 PMCID: PMC4831349 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise can induce physiological cardiac growth, which is featured by enlarged cardiomyocyte cell size and formation of new cardiomyocytes. Telocytes (TCs) are a recently identified distinct interstitial cell type, existing in many tissues and organs including heart. TCs have been shown to form a tandem with cardiac stem/progenitor cells in cardiac stem cell niches, participating in cardiac regeneration and repair. Although exercise‐induced cardiac growth has been confirmed as an important way to promote cardiac regeneration and repair, the response of cardiac TCs to exercise is still unclear. In this study, 4 weeks of swimming training was used to induce robust healthy cardiac growth. Exercise can induce an increase in cardiomyocyte cell size and formation of new cardiomyocytes as determined by Wheat Germ Lectin and EdU staining respectively. TCs were identified by three immunofluorescence stainings including double labelling for CD34/vimentin, CD34/platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor‐α and CD34/PDGF receptor‐β. We found that cardiac TCs were significantly increased in exercised heart, suggesting that TCs might help control the activity of cardiac stem/progenitor cells, cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells. Adding cardiac TCs might help promote cardiac regeneration and renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Pujiao Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Yangpu District Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Yangpu District Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Fu
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Che
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Immunohistochemistry of Telocytes in the Uterus and Fallopian Tubes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 913:335-357. [PMID: 27796898 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The seminal work of Popescu and colleagues first demonstrated the existence of a new cell type - the telocytes. We were among the first who reported the presence of such cells in the female genital tract and performed TEM examinations, as well as immunohistochemical staining in the attempt to find a specific marker. Telocytes from rat and from the human uterus and from human fallopian tube were extensively investigated initially by comparison with interstitial cells of Cajal. Progress in telocyte research led to the identification of different subtypes suggestive for a heterogeneous telocyte population which can even coexist in the same location. As a consequence, the functions of TCs are still elusive and can be considered a versatile phenomenon that depends on a variety of conditions, including signal reception and transmission of information via extracellular vesicles or by direct intercellular contact.
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Wang J, Jin M, Ma WH, Zhu Z, Wang X. The History of Telocyte Discovery and Understanding. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 913:1-21. [PMID: 27796877 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are identified as a peculiar cell type of interstitial cells in various organs. The typical features of TCs from the other cells are the extending cellular process as telopodes with alternation of podomeres and podoms. Before the year of 2010, TCs were considered as interstitial Cajal-like cells because of the similar morphology and immunohistochemical features with interstitial cells of Cajal which were found more than 100 years ago and considered to be pacemakers for gut motility. Subsequently, it demonstrated that TCs were not Cajal-like cells, and thus the new name "telocyte" was proposed in 2010. With the help of different techniques, e.g., transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, or omics science, TCs have been detected in various tissues and organs from different species. The pathological role of TCs in different diseases was also studied. According to observation in situ or in vitro, TCs played a vital role in mechanical support, signaling transduction, tissue renewal or repair, immune surveillance, and mechanical sensor via establishing homo- or heterogenous junctions with neighboring cells to form 3D network or release extracellular vesicles to form juxtacrine and paracrine. This review will introduce the origin, distribution, morphology, functions, omics science, methods, and interaction of TCs with other cells and provide a better understanding of the new cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Clinical Science Institute of Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Clinical Science Institute of Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Huan Ma
- Zhabei District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yanchang Middle Road No. 288, Jingan District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitu Zhu
- Jinzhou Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Clinical Science Institute of Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Currently, the exact role of telocytes within fascial structures is unknown. The morphology, distribution and behaviour of fascial telocytes as well as the mutual relationship between telocytes and other cellular fascia constituents should be definitely a subject of further studies. It will contribute to better understanding of the role of the fascial system in health and diseases, may shed light on the regeneration potential of these tissues and may help to find targets for future treatments for locomotor disorders, including fascial diseases. Last but not least, confirmation of the presence of telocytes within fascia may contribute to optimise the use of fascia as a graft material.
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Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a novel type of interstitial cells, with extremely long and thin cellular prolongations termed telopodes (Tps). TCs were first identified by Popescu et al. and described their finding as "cells with telopodes." The presence of TCs has been reported in the majority of tissues and organs (for details please visit www.telocytes.com ). TCs have been ignored or overlooked for a long time due to our inability to observe these cells via a light microscopy. TCs represent a distinct cell population, different from other types of interstitial cells, based on their distinct (ultra)structure, immunophenotype, microRNA profile, gene feature, proteome signature, and secretome features. As TCs have been suggested as new cellular targets for forthcoming therapies, developing specific methods to modulate TC numbers represents an important objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Cretoiu D. The Third Dimension of Telocytes Revealed by FIB-SEM Tomography. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 913:325-334. [PMID: 27796897 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lately, spatial three-dimensional (3D) identity of cells and their interrelations with the environment that surrounds it represent a challenging trend with the purpose to achieve a holistic view over the functions. Combining data from different imaging of cells in the third dimension can offer insight into behavior modalities making a world of difference. This chapter outlines a breakthrough in telocyte research by volume electron microscopy with the aid of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Reconstructing 3D (three-dimensional) appearance of telocytes from a set of two-dimensional (2D) images by FIB-SEM tomography allowed to extract valuable data about their volume in nanoscale dimensions such as the three-dimensional morphology of telopodes and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Cretoiu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania. .,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, 050474, Romania.
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