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Kim HJ, Park SK, Park SH, Lee YG, Park JH, Hwang JT, Chung MY. Schisandrin A in Schisandra chinensis Upregulates the LDL Receptor by Inhibiting PCSK9 Protein Stabilization in Steatotic Model. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:425-435. [PMID: 37997262 PMCID: PMC10940739 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis extract (SCE) protects against hypocholesterolemia by inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) protein stabilization. We hypothesized that the hypocholesterolemic activity of SCE can be attributable to upregulation of the PCSK9 inhibition-associated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Male mice were fed a low-fat diet or a Western diet (WD) containing SCE at 1% for 12 weeks. WD increased final body weight and blood LDL cholesterol levels as well as alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase expression. However, SCE supplementation significantly attenuated the increase in blood markers caused by WD. SCE also attenuated WD-mediated increases in hepatic LDLR protein expression in the obese mice. In addition, SCE increased LDLR protein expression and attenuated cellular PCSK9 levels in HepG2 cells supplemented with delipidated serum (DLPS). Non-toxic concentrations of schisandrin A (SA), one of the active components of SCE, significantly increased LDLR expression and tended to decrease PCSK9 protein levels in DLPS-treated HepG2 cells. High levels of SA-mediated PCSK9 attenuation was not attributable to reduced PCSK9 gene expression, but was associated with free PCSK9 protein degradation in this cell model. Our findings show that PCSK9 secretion can be significantly reduced by SA treatment, contributing to reductions in free cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Kim
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Geon Lee
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Taek Hwang
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Yu Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangseo University, Seoul 07661, Republic of Korea
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2
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Fernandes Silva L, Ravi R, Vangipurapu J, Oravilahti A, Laakso M. Effects of SLCO1B1 Genetic Variant on Metabolite Profile in Participants on Simvastatin Treatment. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121159. [PMID: 36557197 PMCID: PMC9785662 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic-anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), encoded by the solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 gene (SLCO1B1), is highly expressed in the liver and transports several endogenous metabolites into the liver, including statins. Previous studies have not investigated the association of SLCO1B1 rs4149056 variant with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) or determined the metabolite signature of the C allele of SLCO1B1 rs4149056 (SLCO1B1 rs4149056-C allele) in a large randomly selected population. SLCO1B1 rs4149056-C inhibits OATP1B1 transporter and is associated with increased levels of blood simvastatin concentrations. Our study is to first to show that SLCO1B1 rs4149056 variant is not significantly associated with the risk of T2D, suggesting that simvastatin has a direct effect on the risk of T2D. Additionally, we investigated the effects of SLCO1B1 rs4149056-C on plasma metabolite concentrations in 1373 participants on simvastatin treatment and in 1368 age- and body-mass index (BMI)-matched participants without any statin treatment. We found 31 novel metabolites significantly associated with SLCO1B1 rs4149056-C in the participants on simvastatin treatment and in the participants without statin treatment. Simvastatin decreased concentrations of dicarboxylic acids, such as docosadioate and dodecanedioate, that may increase beta- and peroxisomal oxidation and increased the turnover of cholesterol into bile acids, resulting in a decrease in steroidogenesis due to limited availability of cholesterol for steroid synthesis. Our findings suggest that simvastatin exerts its effects on the lowering of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations through several distinct pathways in the carriers of SLCO1B1 rs4149056-C, including dicarboxylic acids, bile acids, steroids, and glycerophospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Fernandes Silva
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rowmika Ravi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jagadish Vangipurapu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anniina Oravilahti
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Hepatocyte-Derived Prostaglandin E2-Modulated Macrophage M1-Type Polarization via mTOR-NPC1 Axis-Regulated Cholesterol Transport from Lysosomes to the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Hepatitis B Virus x Protein-Related Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911660. [PMID: 36232960 PMCID: PMC9569602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolic dysregulation and liver inflammation have been reported to be associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hepatitis B virus x protein (HBx) is a risk factor for NASH. Based on metabolomic and transcriptomic screens and public database analysis, we found that HBx-expressing hepatocyte-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced macrophage polarization imbalance via prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Here, we revealed that the M1-type polarization of macrophages induced by endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase-1-like protein α (ERO1α)-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress was associated with the HBx-related hepatic NASH phenotype. Mechanistically, HBx promoted Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1)/oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 5 (ORP5)-mediated cholesterol transport from the lysosome to the endoplasmic reticulum via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. This study provides a novel basis for screening potential biomarkers in the macrophage mTOR-cholesterol homeostasis-polarization regulatory signaling pathway and evaluating targeted interventions for HBx-associated NASH.
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Dong X, Zhu S, Liu J, Dong Z, Guan F, Xu A, Zhao J, Ge J. Ameliorating mechanism of nuciferine on high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis by regulating intestinal absorption and serum extracellular vesicles in rats. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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5
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Yang S, Zhang F, Li Q, Li Q. Niacin promotes the efflux of lysosomal cholesterol from macrophages via the CD38/NAADP signaling pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1047-1054. [PMID: 35369785 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221084632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of free cholesterol in macrophage lysosomes significantly enhances atherogenesis. Our recent study demonstrated that the cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38)/nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)/Ca2+ signaling pathway plays a critical role in the efflux of lysosomal free cholesterol from macrophages in atherosclerosis. Niacin, known as nicotinic acid, is one of the oldest lipid-lowering medications showing unique anti-atherosclerotic activity. However, it is unknown whether this anti-atherosclerosis activity is associated with the efflux of lysosomal compartmentalized cholesterol in macrophages. In this study, we investigated the anti-atherosclerotic effects of niacin on the reduction of lysosomal free cholesterol via CD38/NAADP signaling in macrophages derived from low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr−/−) mice. Fluorescent filipin and Nile red labeling coupled with confocal microscopy demonstrated that niacin reduced free cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes in a concentration-dependent manner. Transmission electron microscopy also showed that niacin markedly decreased cholesterol crystal formation in lysosomes in oxidized LDL-containing LDLr−/− bone marrow–derived macrophages. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that niacin increased NAADP production in a concentration-dependent manner, which was inhibited by small interfering RNA interference of CD38. Therefore, niacin may promote the efflux of lysosomal cholesterol from macrophages via the CD38/NAADP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2512, USA
| | - Quanwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Quanzhong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Sphingolipid Metabolism Related Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
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Wang R, You YM, Liu X. Effect of Zanthoxylum alkylamides on lipid metabolism and its mechanism in rats fed with a high-fat diet. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13548. [PMID: 33270233 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed at exploring the effect of Zanthoxylum alkylamides on lipid metabolism and its potential mechanisms using high-fat diet rat model. Treatment with Zanthoxylum alkylamides for 6 weeks, food efficiency and atherogenic index of the low, medium, and high doses of Zanthoxylum alkylamides-treated groups were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, the histopathological structure of the livers showed that hepatic steatosis in the groups treated with Zanthoxylum alkylamides was reduced, particularly the HD group. Moreover, the related genes were studied, such as, liver X receptor (LXR), cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), hepatic 3-hydroxyl-2-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), ileal bile acid-binding protein (IBABP), sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype1 (TRPV1). These results demonstrated that Zanthoxylum alkylamides could ameliorate abnormal lipid metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet. The underlying mechanism may be the downregulation of the expression levels of cholesterol synthesis and bile acid reabsorption-related genes, reduction of endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and increase in bile acid and neutral sterol excretion. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: High-energy diet is a potential risk of lipid metabolic disorder. Many studies have shown that hyperlipidemia can lead to atherosclerosis and even hemangioma, cerebral thrombosis, coronary heart disease, and other diseases, which seriously threaten human health. Therefore, seeking an effective and safe way to prevent the obesity-related disease is necessary. This research found that Zanthoxylum alkylamide could ameliorate abnormal lipid metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet. The underlying mechanism may be the downregulation of the expression levels of cholesterol synthesis and ileal absorption of bile acid genes, reduction of endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and increase in bile acid and neutral sterol excretion. Therefore, Zanthoxylum alkylamide has the potential for preventing or alleviating high-energy intake-related obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Ming You
- College of Forestry and Life Sciences, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Pentz R, Kaun C, Thaler B, Stojkovic S, Lenz M, Krychtiuk KA, Zuckermann A, Huber K, Wojta J, Hohensinner PJ, Demyanets S. Cardioprotective cytokine interleukin-33 is up-regulated by statins in human cardiac tissue. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6122-6133. [PMID: 30216659 PMCID: PMC6237563 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‐33 is a member of the IL‐1 family and is able to act cardioprotective. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of IL‐33 by 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme‐A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) and bisphosphonates (BPs) in human cardiac tissue. The lipophilic fluvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and lovastatin as well as the nitrogenous BPs alendronate and ibandronate, but not hydrophilic pravastatin increased IL‐33 mRNA and intracellular IL‐33 protein levels in both human adult cardiac myocytes (HACM) and fibroblasts (HACF). Additionally, fluvastatin reduced soluble ST2 secretion from HACM. IL‐33 was also up‐regulated by the general inhibitor of prenylation perillic acid, a RhoA kinase inhibitor Y‐27632, and by latrunculin B, but statin‐induced IL‐33 expression was inhibited by mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and RhoA activator U‐46619. The IL‐33 promoter was 2.3‐fold more accessible in statin‐treated HACM compared to untreated cells (P = 0.037). In explanted hearts of statin‐treated patients IL‐33 protein was up‐regulated as compared with the hearts of non‐statin‐treated patients (P = 0.048). As IL‐33 was previously shown to exert cardioprotective effects, one could speculate that such up‐regulation of IL‐33 expression in human cardiac cells, which might happen mainly through protein geranylgeranylation, could be a novel mechanism contributing to known cardioprotective effects of statins and BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pentz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Thaler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Lenz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantin A Krychtiuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Hohensinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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He X, Zheng N, He J, Liu C, Feng J, Jia W, Li H. Gut Microbiota Modulation Attenuated the Hypolipidemic Effect of Simvastatin in High-Fat/Cholesterol-Diet Fed Mice. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1900-1910. [PMID: 28378586 PMCID: PMC5687503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypolipidemic effect of simvastatin varies greatly among patients. In the current study, we investigated the gut microbial-involved mechanisms underlying the different responses to simvastatin. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into control (Con), high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFD), antibiotic (AB), simvastatin (SV) and antibiotic_simvastatin (AB_SV) groups, respectively. At the end of the experiment, serum samples were collected for lipids and metabolomic analysis, and liver tissues for histology, gene and protein expression analysis. The results showed that antibiotic treatment not only altered the composition of gut microbiota, but attenuated the hypolipidemic effect of SV. A total of 16 differential metabolites between SV and HFD groups were identified with metabolomics, while most of them showed no statistical differences between AB_SV and HFD groups, and similar changes were also observed in bile acids profile. The expressions of several genes and proteins involved in regulating bile acids synthesis were significantly reversed by SV, but not AB_SV in HFD fed mice. In summary, our current study indicated that the hypolipidemic effect of SV was correlated with the composition of the gut microbiota, and the attenuated hypolipidemic effect of SV by gut microbiota modulation was associated with a suppression of bile acids synthesis from cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyun He
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ningning Zheng
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaojiao He
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Can Liu
- Laboratory medicine of Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Laboratory medicine of Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Houkai Li
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Ye SB, Li ZL, Luo DH, Huang BJ, Chen YS, Zhang XS, Cui J, Zeng YX, Li J. Tumor-derived exosomes promote tumor progression and T-cell dysfunction through the regulation of enriched exosomal microRNAs in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5439-52. [PMID: 24978137 PMCID: PMC4170615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes contain biologically active proteins and messenger and microRNAs (miRNAs). These particles serve as vehicles of intercellular communication and are emerging mediators of tumorigenesis and immune escape. Here, we isolated 30-100 nm exosomes from the serum of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) or the supernatant of TW03 cells. Increased circulating exosome concentrations were correlated with advanced lymphoid node stage and poor prognosis in NPC patients (P < 0.05). TW03-derived exosomes impaired T-cell function by inhibiting T-cell proliferation and Th1 and Th17 differentiation and promoting Treg induction by NPC cells in vitro. These results are associated with decreases in ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 phosphorylation and increases in STAT5 phosphorylation in exosome-stimulated T-cells. TW03-derived exosomes increased the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 but decreased IFNγ, IL-2, and IL-17 release from CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, five commonly over-expressed miRNAs were identified in the exosomes from patient sera or NPC cells: hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-891a, hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, and hsa-miR-1908. These over-expressed miRNA clusters down-regulated the MARK1 signaling pathway to alter cell proliferation and differentiation. Overall, these observations reveal the clinical relevance and prognostic value of tumor-derived exosomes and identify a unique intercellular mechanism mediated by tumor-derived exosomes to modulate T-cell function in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Biao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Suan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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