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Yan JH, Liao KQ, Yao L, Chen JL, Xiong LF, Tao XZ. LncRNA AL645608.3 mediates malignant progression of acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:342-355. [PMID: 38322561 PMCID: PMC10839383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of lncRNA AL645608.3 in the malignant progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and explore relevant molecular mechanisms. METHODS The expression level of AL645608.3 was measured in AML cell lines (THP-1, HL-60, KG-1, and AML-193) via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Small hairpin RNA (shRNA) and open reading frame of AL645608.3 were cloned into lentiviral vectors and were infected into THP-1 and AML-193 cells. The expression of casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL), interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), and interferon beta 1 (IFNB1) was detected through RT-qPCR, and western blot. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) on IRF6 was conducted. Matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) activity was evaluated via gelatin zymography assay. RESULTS LncRNA AL645608.3 was expressed in the four AML cell lines (THP-1, HL-60, KG-1, and AML-193). Silencing AL645608.3 mitigated the expression of IRF6 and IFNB1 but elevated the expression of CBL in THP-1 cells. Oppositely, AL645608.3 overexpression up-regulated the expression of IRF6 and IFNB1 but decreased the expression of CBL in AML-193 cells. Co-IP results proved that AL645608.3 could directly mediate IRF6 activity in THP-1 and AML-193 cells. MMP-9 activity was decreased by AL645608.3 knockdown and was improved by AL645608.3 overexpression in AML-193 cells. CONCLUSION AL645608.3 is expressed in different AML cell lines, and mediates the expression of CBL, IRF6, IFNB1, and MMP-9. These findings might deepen our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Yan
- School of Information Management, Jiangxi University of Finance and EconomicsNanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kai-Qiong Liao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of NanchangNanchang 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ling Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of NanchangNanchang 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian-Lan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of NanchangNanchang 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li-Fang Xiong
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of NanchangNanchang 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xu-Zhang Tao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of NanchangNanchang 330008, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Mohan S, Hakami MA, Dailah HG, Khalid A, Najmi A, Zoghebi K, Halawi MA. The emerging role of noncoding RNAs in the EGFR signaling pathway in lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155016. [PMID: 38070221 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Noncoding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) have surfaced as essential orchestrators within the intricate system of neoplastic biology. Specifically, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling cascade shows a central role in the etiological underpinnings of pulmonary carcinoma. Pulmonary malignancy persists as a preeminent contributor to worldwide mortality attributable to malignant neoplasms, with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) emerging as the most predominant histopathological subcategory. EGFR is a key driver of NSCLC, and its dysregulation is frequently associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Over the past decade, researchers have unveiled a complex network of ncRNAs, encompassing microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, which intricately regulate EGFR signalling. MicroRNAs, as versatile post-transcriptional regulators, have been shown to target various components of the EGFR pathway, influencing cancer cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Additionally, ncRNAs have emerged as critical modulators of EGFR signalling, with their potential to act as scaffolds, decoys, or guides for EGFR-related proteins. Circular RNAs, a relatively recent addition to the ncRNA family, have also been implicated in EGFR signalling regulation. The clinical implications of ncRNAs in EGFR-driven lung cancer are substantial. These molecules exhibit diagnostic potential as robust biomarkers for early cancer detection and personalized treatment. Furthermore, their predictive value extends to predicting disease progression and therapeutic outcomes. Targeting ncRNAs in the EGFR pathway represents a novel therapeutic approach with promising results in preclinical and early clinical studies. This review explores the increasing evidence supporting the significant role of ncRNAs in modulating EGFR signalling in lung cancer, shedding light on their potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India; Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India.
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A Halawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Zhou W, Feng Y, Lin C, CHAO CK, He Z, Zhao S, Xue J, Zhao X, Cao W. Yin Yang 1-Induced Long Noncoding RNA DUXAP9 Drives the Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Blocking CDK1-Mediated EZH2 Degradation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207549. [PMID: 37401236 PMCID: PMC10477890 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
LncRNAs play a critical role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression. However, the function and detailed molecular mechanism of most lncRNAs in OSCC are not fully understood. Here, a novel nuclear-localized lncRNA, DUXAP9 (DUXAP9), that is highly expressed in OSCC is identified. A high level of DUXAP9 is positively associated with lymph node metastasis, poor pathological differentiation, advanced clinical stage, worse overall survival, and worse disease-specific survival in OSCC patients. Overexpression of DUXAP9 significantly promotes OSCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor growth and metastasis, and upregulates N-cadherin, Vimentin, Ki67, PCNA, and EZH2 expression and downregulates E-cadherin in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of DUXAP9 remarkably suppresses OSCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor growth in vitro and in vivo in an EZH2-dependent manner. Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is found to activate the transcriptional expression of DUXAP9 in OSCC. Furthermore, DUXAP9 physically interacts with EZH2 and inhibits EZH2 degradation via the suppression of EZH2 phosphorylation, thereby blocking EZH2 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Thus, DUXAP9 can serve as a promising target for OSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200011China
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Yisheng Feng
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Chengzhong Lin
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai200011China
- The 2nd Dental CenterShanghai Ninth People's HospitalCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200011China
| | - Chi Kuan CHAO
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Ziqi He
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Shiyao Zhao
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Jieyuan Xue
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Xu‐Yun Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationKey Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200011China
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai200011China
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Liu D, Lu X, Huang W, Zhuang W. Long non-coding RNAs in non-small cell lung cancer: implications for EGFR-TKI resistance. Front Genet 2023; 14:1222059. [PMID: 37456663 PMCID: PMC10349551 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1222059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common types of malignant tumors as well as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The application of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has dramatically improved the prognosis of NSCLC patients who harbor EGFR mutations. However, despite an excellent initial response, NSCLC inevitably becomes resistant to EGFR-TKIs, leading to irreversible disease progression. Hence, it is of great significance to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical gene modulators that are able to act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors that modulate tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Recently, extensive evidence demonstrates that lncRNAs also have a significant function in modulating EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the lncRNAs involved in EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC and focus on their detailed mechanisms of action, including activation of alternative bypass signaling pathways, phenotypic transformation, intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) networks, and epigenetic modifications. In addition, we briefly discuss the limitations and the clinical implications of current lncRNAs research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wentao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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5
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The Role of Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) Biomarkers in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010643. [PMID: 36614082 PMCID: PMC9820502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is one of the common cancers whose incidence and mortality are continuously growing worldwide. Initially, this type of tumour is usually asymptomatic. Due to the lack of reliable diagnostic markers, one-third of ccRCC patients already have distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. This underlines the importance of establishing biomarkers that would enable the prediction of the disease's course and the risk of metastasis. LncRNA, which modulates genes at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels, appears promising. The actions of lncRNA involve sponging and sequestering target miRNAs, thus affecting numerous biological processes. Studies have confirmed the involvement of RNAs in various diseases, including RCC. In this review, we focused on MALAT1 (a marker of serious pathological changes and a factor in the promotion of tumorigenesis), RCAT1 (tumour promoter in RCC), DUXAP9 (a plausible marker of localized ccRCC), TCL6 (exerting tumour-suppressive effects in renal cancer), LINC00342 (acting as an oncogene), AGAP2 Antisense1 (plausible predictor of RCC progression), DLEU2 (factor promoting tumours growth via the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition), NNT-AS1 (sponge of miR-22 contributing to tumour progression), LINC00460 (favouring ccRCC development and progression) and Lnc-LSG1 (a factor that may stimulate ccRCC metastasis).
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J Cell Mol MedJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 26:2137. [PMID: 35384286 PMCID: PMC8980972 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wang J, Wang Z, Lin W, Han Q, Yan H, Yao W, Dong R, Jia D, Dong K, Li K. LINC01296 promotes neuroblastoma tumorigenesis via the NCL-SOX11 regulatory complex. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:834-848. [PMID: 35317520 PMCID: PMC8917274 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. Long non-coding RNA LINC01296 has been shown to predict the invasiveness and poor outcomes of patients with NB. Our study validated its prognostic value and investigated the biological function and potential mechanism of LINC01296 regulating NB. Results illuminated that LINC01296 expression was significantly correlated with unfavorable prognosis and malignant clinical features according to the public NB database. We identified that silencing LINC01296 repressed NB cell proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, LINC01296 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo. The opposite results were observed through the dCas9 Synergistic Activation Mediator System (dCas9/SAM) activating LINC01296. Mechanistically, we revealed that LINC01296 could directly bind to nucleolin (NCL), forming a complex that activated SRY-box transcription factor 11 (SOX11) gene transcription and accelerated tumor progression. In conclusion, our findings uncover a crucial role of the LINC01296-NCL-SOX11 complex in NB tumorigenesis and may serve as a prognostic biomarker and effective therapeutic target for NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Zuopeng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Qilei Han
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hanlei Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Deshui Jia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Biology, Department of Urology, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Kuiran Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
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Chen Y, Yang L, Yin D, Feng X, Jie J, Yao D, Chen J. Role of Long Noncoding RNA Regulator of Reprogramming in Colon Cancer Progression via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221114707. [PMID: 35946134 PMCID: PMC9373180 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Long intergenic noncoding RNA regulator of reprogramming
(linc-ROR) is a novel long noncoding RNA that exhibits significant effects on
cancer progression. This research presented that linc-ROR had a crucial part in
promoting biological characteristics associated with worse prognosis in colon
cancer. Method: Bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict
signaling pathways related to linc-ROR. In addition, western blot, quantitative
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RNA-pulldown, cell
proliferation assays, colony formation assays, wound healing assays, and
transwell assays were applied to detect the role and regulation of particular
molecules. Results: Our results showed that the knockdown of
linc-ROR reduced cell invasion, proliferative ability, and migration in colon
cancer. Further evaluation verified that downregulating linc-ROR inhibited the
activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. In addition,
cbl-b, a kind of E3 ubiquitin ligase that increases the degradation of EGFR, was
found to be a potential linc-ROR target. Conclusions: Based on our
findings, it was presented that linc-ROR served a role as a tumor-promoting
factor via repressing the ubiquitination and degradation of EGFR signaling,
which indicated that it could be a possible prognostic marker and therapeutic
target for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Oncology, 117932Nantong City No. 1 People's Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Oncology, 117932Nantong City No. 1 People's Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dian Yin
- Department of Oncology, 117932Nantong City No. 1 People's Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu Feng
- Department of Oncology, 117932Nantong City No. 1 People's Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Jie
- Department of Oncology, 117932Nantong City No. 1 People's Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - DengFu Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, 74567The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - JianRong Chen
- Department of Oncology, 117932Nantong City No. 1 People's Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Tan L, Tang Y, Li H, Li P, Ye Y, Cen J, Gui C, Luo J, Cao J, Wei J. N6-Methyladenosine Modification of LncRNA DUXAP9 Promotes Renal Cancer Cells Proliferation and Motility by Activating the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641833. [PMID: 34168980 PMCID: PMC8217835 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most localized human renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC)-related deaths result from cancer recurrence and metastasis. However, the precise molecular mechanisms largely remain unknown. In recent years, an increasing number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be vital regulators of tumorigenesis. In this study, we characterized a lncRNA DUXAP9 and the upregulation of DUXAP9 was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR in 112 pairs of localized ccRCC tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Kaplan–Meier curves showed that patients of localized ccRCC with high DUXAP9 expression had poorer overall survival (P<0.01) and progression-free survival (P<0.05) than cases with low DUXAP9 expression. Multivariate Cox regression analysis also showed that high DUXAP9 expression was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in localized ccRCC (p<0.05). DUXAP9 knockdown in renal cancer cells inhibited renal cancer cells proliferation and motility capacities in vitro and reversed epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas overexpression of DUXAP9 promoted renal cancer cells proliferation and motility capacities in vitro and induced EMT. Pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA stability assays (involving actinomycin D) showed that DUXAP9 was methylated at N6-adenosine and binds to IGF2BP2, which increases its stability. DUXAP9 activate PI3K/AKT pathway and Snail expression in renal cancer cells. DUXAP9 may be useful as a prognostic marker and/or therapeutic target in localized ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengju Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlin Ye
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Cen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengpeng Gui
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhang Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazheng Cao
- Department of Urology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Jinhuan Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Jafari D, Mousavi MJ, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Jafarzadeh L, Tahmasebi S, Spoor J, Esmaeilzadeh A. E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B lineage lymphoma-b and its potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:14-31. [PMID: 33306199 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction of self from non-self is crucial to prevent autoreactivity and ensure protection from infectious agents and tumors. Maintaining the balance between immunity and tolerance of immune cells is strongly controlled by several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. Among these, the E3 ligase ubiquitin Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a newly identified component in the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system, which is thought to be an important negative regulator of immune cells. An update on the current knowledge and new concepts of the relevant immune homeostasis program co-ordinated by Cbl-b in different cell populations could pave the way for future immunomodulatory therapies of various diseases, such as autoimmune and allergic diseases, infections, cancers and other immunopathological conditions. In the present review, the latest findings are comprehensively summarized on the molecular structural basis of Cbl-b and the suppressive signaling mechanisms of Cbl-b in physiological and pathological immune responses, as well as its emerging potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy in animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jafari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - M J Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - L Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Spoor
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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11
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Bu L, Zhang L, Tian M, Zheng Z, Tang H, Yang Q. LncRNA MIR210HG Facilitates Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Progression Through Directly Regulation of miR-874/STAT3 Axis. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820918052. [PMID: 32699535 PMCID: PMC7357071 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820918052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Long noncoding RNAs are involved in the progression of multiple cancers. However, the expression and mechanism of microRNA (miR)210HG in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. Methods: The levels of miR210HG and miR-874 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in NSCLC tissue samples and cells. Non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 and transwell assays. Luciferase analysis confirmed the interaction between miR210HG and miR-874. Results: Here, our data showed that miR210HG was overexpressed in NSCLC tissue samples and cells. In vitro functional assays showed that silencing miR210HG blocked NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting NSCLC cell radiosensitivity and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, miR-874 was directly regulated by miR210HG. Furthermore, miR-874 expression was reduced in NSCLC tissues and cells. The miR-874 mimic could mitigate the promoting effect of miR210HG on NSCLC cell progression. The data also showed that miR210HG promoted NSCLC cell progression through miR-181a expression by targeting STAT3. Conclusions: Our observations suggest that miR210HG is associated with NSCLC cell progression by regulating the miR-874/STAT3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Bu
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Tian
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhoubin Zheng
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huijie Tang
- Anesthesiology Department, No.1 People's General Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuju Yang
- Anesthesiology Department, No.1 People's General Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Shen H, Zheng E, Yang Z, Yang M, Xu X, Zhou Y, Ni J, Li R, Zhao G. YRDC is upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and promotes cell proliferation by decreasing cell apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:43-52. [PMID: 32565932 PMCID: PMC7285791 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. yrdC N6-threonylcarbamoltransferase domain containing protein (YRDC) has been demonstrated to be involved in the formation of threonylcarbamoyladenosine in transfer ribonucleic acid. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC progression remain largely unclear. The present study revealed that YRDC was upregulated in NSCLC samples compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues by analyzing datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas. Higher expression of YRDC was associated with overall survival time and disease-free survival time in patients with NSCLC, particularly in lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, knockdown of YRDC in NSCLS cell lines significantly suppressed cell growth and cell colony formation in vitro. Additionally, the results demonstrated that silencing of YRDC induced apoptosis of A549 cells. Then, the protein-protein interaction networks associated with yrdC N6-threonylcarbamoltransferase domain containing protein (YRDC) in NSCLC were subsequently constructed to investigate the potential molecular mechanism underlying the role of YRDC in NSCLC. The results revealed that YRDC was involved in the regulation of spliceosomes, ribosomes, the p53 signaling pathway, proteasomes, the cell cycle and DNA replication. The present study demonstrated that YRDC may serve as a novel biomarker for the prognosis prediction and treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Shen
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Enkuo Zheng
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Yang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Minglei Yang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Yinjie Zhou
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Guofang Zhao
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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13
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Liu X, Teng Y, Wu X, Li Z, Bao B, Liu Y, Qu X, Zhang L. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cbl-b Predicts Favorable Prognosis in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:695. [PMID: 32435620 PMCID: PMC7219434 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b) is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and a signal-transducing adaptor protein involved in the development and progression of cancer. Despite the known functions of Cbl-b, its role in breast cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study is to explore the prognostic value of Cbl-b in breast cancer. Methods: Cbl-b expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 292 breast cancer patients from the First Hospital of China Medical University between 1999 and 2008. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to analyze the independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Nomogram was constructed based on these prognostic factors. Results: Cbl-b expression was detected in 54.1% (158/292) breast cancer tissue samples. Cbl-b expression was correlated with DFS (p = 0.033), but was not significantly associated with the known clinic-pathological factors in this study. Log-rank analysis indicated that Cbl-b expression was correlated with better OS (p = 0.013) and DFS (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis showed that Cbl-b expression was an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer. The nomogram we built for predicting OS was integrated with Cbl-b expression, age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and histological grade. Except tumor size, all the above factors and date of diagnosis were used to construct the DFS nomogram. The C-indexes of the nomograms were 0.735 and 0.678, respectively. Our new clinical model was superior to the TNM staging for prediction of OS. Conclusion: Cbl-b expression independently predicts favorable prognosis in breast cancer. Cbl-b expression, combined with other variables could be more precise clinical predictive models for predicting OS and DFS in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuee Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Bowen Bao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
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14
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Yan R, Jiang Y, Lai B, Lin Y, Wen J. The positive feedback loop FOXO3/CASC11/miR-498 promotes the tumorigenesis of non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:518-524. [PMID: 31537383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, there are still numerous undiscovered mechanisms underlying this molecular regulation. Here, the results illustrated that CASC11 is overexpressed in NSCLC tumor tissues and cell lines, which is closely related to the clinical features of NSCLC and poor survival. In functional experiments, CASC11 was shown to promote proliferation and cycle progression and enhance NSCLC tumorigenesis. In mechanical investigations, CASC11 was shown to target the miR-498/FOXO3 axis via a canonical competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). In return, the transcription factor FOXO3 targets the CASC11 promoter region, thereby accelerating its transcription. Our findings demonstrate a crucial role for CASC11 as an oncogene in promoting NSCLC. These results reveal that CASC11 might be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery East Section, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery East Section, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Bingyu Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery East Section, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Yaqiong Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery East Section, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Jingwei Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery East Section, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430205, China
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15
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Chen J, Lou W, Ding B, Wang X. Overexpressed pseudogenes, DUXAP8 and DUXAP9, promote growth of renal cell carcinoma and serve as unfavorable prognostic biomarkers. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:5666-5688. [PMID: 31409759 PMCID: PMC6710046 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing studies have reported that pseudogenes play key roles in multiple human cancers. However, expression and roles of pseudogenes in renal cell carcinoma remains absent. RESULTS 31 upregulated and 16 downregulated pseudogenes were screened. Higher expression of DUXAP8 and DUXAP9 indicated poorer prognosis of kidney cancer. 33 and 5 miRNAs were predicted to potentially binding to DUXAP8 and DUXAP9, respectively. miR-29c-3p was identified as the most potential binding miRNAs of DUXAP8 and DUXAP9 based on expression, survival and correlation analyses. 254 target genes of miR-29c-3p were forecast. 47 hub genes with node degree >= 10 were identified. Subsequent analysis for the top 10 hub genes demonstrated that COL1A1 and COL1A2 may be two functional targets of DUXAP8 and DUXAP9. Expression of DUXAP8, DUXAP9, COL1A1 and COL1A2 were significantly increased in cancer samples compared to normal controls while miR-29c-3p expression was decreased. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-29c-3p could directly bind to DUXAP8, DUXAP9, COL1A1 and COL1A2. Functional experiments showed that DUXAP8 and DUXAP9 enhanced but miR-29c-3p weakened growth of renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, upregulated DUXAP8 and DUXAP9 promote growth of renal cell carcinoma and serve as two promising prognostic biomarkers. METHODS Dysregulated pseudogenes were obtained by dreamBase and GEPIA. The binding miRNAs of pseudogene and targets of miRNA were predicted using starBase and miRNet. Kaplan-Meier plotter was utilized to perform survival analysis, and Enrichr database was introduced to conduct functional enrichment analysis. Hub genes were identified through STRING and Cytoscape. qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter assay, cell counting assay and colony formation assay were performed to validate in silico analytic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 313100, China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Weiyang Lou
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 313100, China
| | - Bisha Ding
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 313100, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 313100, China
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16
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Zhu T, An S, Choy MT, Zhou J, Wu S, Liu S, Liu B, Yao Z, Zhu X, Wu J, He Z. LncRNA DUXAP9-206 directly binds with Cbl-b to augment EGFR signaling and promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1852-1864. [PMID: 30515972 PMCID: PMC6378200 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the pathology of various tumours, including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their specific association with NSCLC have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that a cytoplasmic lncRNA, DUXAP9‐206 is overexpressed in NSCLC cells and closely related to NSCLC clinical features and poor patient survival. We reveal that DUXAP9‐206 induced NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis by directly interacting with Cbl‐b, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and reducing the degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and thereby augmenting EGFR signaling in NSCLC. Notably, correlations between DUXAP9‐206 and activated EGFR signaling were also validated in NSCLC patient specimens. Collectively, our findings reveal the novel molecular mechanisms of DUXAP9‐206 in mediating the progression of NSCLC and DUXAP9‐206 may serve as a potential target for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu An
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man-Ting Choy
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bangdong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jueheng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjian He
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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