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Buzatu I, Tache DE, Manea Carneluti EV, Zlatian O. ELTD1 Review: New Regulator of Angiogenesis in Glioma. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2023; 49:495-502. [PMID: 38559823 PMCID: PMC10976199 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.49.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a severe brain cancer in which angiogenesis is controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as Epidermal Growth Factor Latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 (ELTD1), which are crucial for tumor progression. ELTD1 is an understudied GPCR with a broad expression profile in various tissues, including the human brain, especially in the cerebral cortex. It plays a significant role in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis and is regulated by interconnected VEGF and DLL4/Notch pathways. ELTD1 also modulates the JAK/STAT3/HIF-1α signaling axis, affecting the response of cells to low-oxygen conditions and promoting cell proliferation. However, their specific ligands and functional mechanisms remain unclear. ELTD1 expression is associated with different outcomes in various cancers. For example, in GBM, higher ELTD1 levels are linked to more mature and less leaky blood vessels, potentially enhancing drug delivery and therapeutic success. It also has divergent prognostic implications in renal, ovarian, and colorectal cancer. Additionally, ELTD1 overexpression in central nervous system endothelial cells suggests that it is a potential biomarker for multiple sclerosis. Therapeutically, blocking ELTD1 inhibits vessel formation, possibly slowing tumor growth. Initial therapies used polyclonal antibodies, but the shift has been towards more targeted monoclonal antibodies, particularly in preclinical glioma models. This review aimed to translate these insights into effective clinical treatments. However, several gaps remain in our knowledge regarding ELTD1 ligands and their potential involvement in other physiological or pathological processes that future research can address to elucidate the role of ELTD1 in cancer, through angiogenesis and other intracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Elise Tache
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Ovidiu Zlatian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
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Kumari S, Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Multiple therapeutic approaches of glioblastoma multiforme: From terminal to therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188913. [PMID: 37182666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer showing poor prognosis. Currently, treatment methods of GBM are limited with adverse outcomes and low survival rate. Thus, advancements in the treatment of GBM are of utmost importance, which can be achieved in recent decades. However, despite aggressive initial treatment, most patients develop recurrent diseases, and the overall survival rate of patients is impossible to achieve. Currently, researchers across the globe target signaling events along with tumor microenvironment (TME) through different drug molecules to inhibit the progression of GBM, but clinically they failed to demonstrate much success. Herein, we discuss the therapeutic targets and signaling cascades along with the role of the organoids model in GBM research. Moreover, we systematically review the traditional and emerging therapeutic strategies in GBM. In addition, we discuss the implications of nanotechnologies, AI, and combinatorial approach to enhance GBM therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kumari
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India.
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Huang X, Shi S, Wang H, Zhao T, Wang Y, Huang S, Su Y, Zhao C, Yang M. Advances in antibody-based drugs and their delivery through the blood-brain barrier for targeted therapy and immunotherapy of gliomas. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109990. [PMID: 37012874 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are highly invasive and are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor. The routine treatments for glioma include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, glioma recurrence and patient survival remain unsatisfactory after employing these traditional treatment approaches. With the rapid development of molecular immunology, significant breakthroughs have been made in targeted glioma therapy and immunotherapy. Antibody-based therapy has excellent advantages in treating gliomas due to its high specificity and sensitivity. This article reviewed various targeted antibody drugs for gliomas, including anti-glioma surface marker antibodies, anti-angiogenesis antibodies, and anti-immunosuppressive signal antibodies. Notably, many antibodies have been validated clinically, such as bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, and anti-PD-1 antibodies. These antibodies can improve the targeting of glioma therapy, enhance anti-tumor immunity, reduce the proliferation and invasion of glioma, and thus prolong the survival time of patients. However, the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has caused significant difficulties in drug delivery for gliomas. Therefore, this paper also summarized drug delivery methods through the BBB, including receptor-mediated transportation, nano-based carriers, and some physical and chemical methods for drug delivery. With these exciting advancements, more antibody-based therapies will likely enter clinical practice and allow more successful control of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- The College of Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sihua Huang
- The College of Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
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Sheldon H, Zhang W, Bridges E, Ang KH, Lin S, Masiero M, Li D, Handford PA, Whiteman P, Fischer R, Buffa F, Vatish M, Banham AH, Harris AL. ELTD1 is present in extracellular vesicles derived from endothelial cells as a cleaved extracellular domain which induces in vivo angiogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e52. [PMID: 38939053 PMCID: PMC11080856 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
ELTD1/ADGRL4 is an adhesion GPCR with an important role in angiogenesis. We recently identified a role for ELTD1 in wound repair and inflammation. Activation of ELTD1 in endothelial cells results in a type II EMT to myofibroblast-like cells that have enhanced angiogenic ability. Furthermore, expression of Eltd1 in murine breast cancer cells increases tumour growth by increasing blood vessel size and perfusion and by creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. As extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to be involved in vascular development, growth and maturation we investigated the composition and functional effects of the EVs isolated from ELTD1 expressing cells to elucidate their role in these processes. A highly glycosylated form of the extracellular domain (ECD) of ELTD1 is readily incorporated into EVs. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics we identified proteins that are enriched in ELTD1-EVs and are involved in haemostasis and immune responses. ELTD1 enriched EVs were pro-angiogenic in vivo and in vitro and the presence of the ECD alone induced endothelial sprouting. In endothelial cells experiencing laminar flow, ELTD1 levels were reduced in the EVs when they are quiescent, showing a relationship between ELTD1 and the activation state of the endothelium. Using FACS, we detected a significant increase in vesicular ELTD1 in the plasma of patients with preeclampsia, a condition characterized by endothelial dysfunction. These data confirm a role for ELTD1 in wound repair and inflammation and reveal its potential as a biomarker of vessel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sheldon
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology LaboratoriesWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Women's CentreUniversity of OxfordJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Esther Bridges
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology LaboratoriesWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Koon Hwee Ang
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology LaboratoriesWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Salwa Lin
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology LaboratoriesWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Massimo Masiero
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory SciencesRadcliffe Department of MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Demin Li
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory SciencesRadcliffe Department of MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | | | - Pat Whiteman
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Nuffield Department of MedicineTarget Discovery InstituteOxford University, NDM Research BuildingOxfordUK
| | - Francesca Buffa
- Department of OncologyUniversity of OxfordChurchill HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Women's CentreUniversity of OxfordJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Alison H. Banham
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory SciencesRadcliffe Department of MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology LaboratoriesWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
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Lei P, Wang H, Yu L, Xu C, Sun H, Lyu Y, Li L, Zhang DL. A correlation study of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors as potential therapeutic targets in Uterine Corpus Endometrial cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dang TT, Lerner M, Saunders D, Smith N, Gulej R, Zalles M, Towner RA, Morales JC. XRN2 Is Required for Cell Motility and Invasion in Glioblastomas. Cells 2022; 11:1481. [PMID: 35563787 PMCID: PMC9100175 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles in treating brain cancers, particularly glioblastoma multiforme, is the occurrence of secondary tumor lesions that arise in areas of the brain and are inoperable while obtaining resistance to current therapeutic agents. Thus, gaining a better understanding of the cellular factors that regulate glioblastoma multiforme cellular movement is imperative. In our study, we demonstrate that the 5'-3' exoribonuclease XRN2 is important to the invasive nature of glioblastoma. A loss of XRN2 decreases cellular speed, displacement, and movement through a matrix of established glioblastoma multiforme cell lines. Additionally, a loss of XRN2 abolishes tumor formation in orthotopic mouse xenograft implanted with G55 glioblastoma multiforme cells. One reason for these observations is that loss of XRN2 disrupts the expression profile of several cellular factors that are important for tumor invasion in glioblastoma multiforme cells. Importantly, XRN2 mRNA and protein levels are elevated in glioblastoma multiforme patient samples. Elevation in XRN2 mRNA also correlates with poor overall patient survival. These data demonstrate that XRN2 is an important cellular factor regulating one of the major obstacles in treating glioblastomas and is a potential molecular target that can greatly enhance patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen T. Dang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sttephenson Cancer Center University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Megan Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Debra Saunders
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.S.); (N.S.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (R.A.T.)
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.S.); (N.S.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (R.A.T.)
| | - Rafal Gulej
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.S.); (N.S.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (R.A.T.)
| | - Michelle Zalles
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.S.); (N.S.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (R.A.T.)
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (D.S.); (N.S.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (R.A.T.)
| | - Julio C. Morales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sttephenson Cancer Center University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
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Ghosh S, Huda P, Fletcher NL, Howard CB, Walsh B, Campbell D, Pinkham MB, Thurecht KJ. Antibody-Based Formats to Target Glioblastoma: Overcoming Barriers to Protein Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1233-1247. [PMID: 35438509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is recognized as the most aggressive form of primary brain cancer. Despite advances in treatment strategies that include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the median survival time (∼15 months) of patients with GB has not significantly improved. The poor prognosis of GB is also associated with a very high chance of tumor recurrence (∼90%), and current treatment measures have failed to address the complications associated with this disease. However, targeted therapies enabled through antibody engineering have shown promise in countering GB when used in combination with conventional approaches. Here, we discuss the challenges in conventional as well as future GB therapeutics and highlight some of the known advantages of using targeted biologics to overcome these impediments. We also review a broad range of potential alternative routes that could be used clinically to administer anti-GB biologics to the brain through evasion of its natural barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pie Huda
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bradley Walsh
- GlyTherix, Ltd., Sydney, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | | | - Mark B Pinkham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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8
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Tiek DM, Cheng SY. New life for an old therapy: ELTD1 as a downstream target of angiogenesis. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:412-413. [PMID: 35015881 PMCID: PMC8917398 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Marie Tiek
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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9
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Zalles M, Smith N, Saunders D, Lerner M, Fung KM, Battiste J, Towner RA. A tale of two multi-focal therapies for glioblastoma: An antibody targeting ELTD1 and nitrone-based OKN-007. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:570-582. [PMID: 34910361 PMCID: PMC8743651 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour in adults. Despite a multimodal treatment response, survival for GBM patients remains between 12 and 15 months. Anti‐ELTD1 antibody therapy is effective in decreasing tumour volumes and increasing animal survival in an orthotopic GBM xenograft. OKN‐007 is a promising chemotherapeutic agent that is effective in various GBM animal models and is currently in two clinical trials. In this study, we sought to compare anti‐ELTD1 and OKN‐007 therapies, as single agents and combined, against bevacizumab, a commonly used therapeutic agent against GBM, in a human G55 xenograft mouse model. MRI was used to monitor tumour growth, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess tumour markers for angiogenesis, cell migration and proliferation in the various treatment groups. OKN and anti‐ELTD1 treatments significantly increased animal survival, reduced tumour volumes and normalized the vasculature. Additionally, anti‐ELTD1 was also shown to significantly affect other pro‐angiogenic factors such as Notch1 and VEGFR2. Unlike bevacizumab, anti‐ELTD1 and OKN treatments did not induce a pro‐migratory phenotype within the tumours. Anti‐ELTD1 treatment was shown to be as effective as OKN therapy. Both OKN and anti‐ELTD1 therapies show promise as potential single‐agent multi‐focal therapies for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zalles
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Megan Lerner
- SurgeryResearch Laboratory, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - James Battiste
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Sun B, Zhong FJ. ELTD1 Promotes Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation, Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Through MAPK/ERK Signaling by Regulating CSK. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:4897-4911. [PMID: 34475781 PMCID: PMC8407680 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s325495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with gastric cancer (GC) often die from metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying GC metastasis is complicated and still remains elusive. Epidermal growth factor, latrophilin and seven-transmembrane domain-containing 1 (ELTD1), has been reported to be involved in cancer metastasis, but its role in GC is still missing. Patients and Methods We first analyzed the expression of ELTD1 in GC using public databases (TCGA, Oncomine, and GEO) and our clinical samples. The functions of ELTD1 in GC proliferation, invasion and metastasis were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The functional mechanism of ETLD1 in GC was also investigated. Finally, the association between ELTD1 expression and the overall survival of GC patients was analyzed using public databases. Results ELTD1 is significantly upregulated in GC tissues. Knockdown of ELTD1 inhibits GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, while ELTD1 overexpression obtains opposite results. Moreover, ELTD1 could promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GC. Mechanistically, ELTD1 exerts its tumor-promoting effect by activating MAPK/ERK signaling. Subsequent studies demonstrated that ELTD1 could interact with C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and inhibit its expression, which finally lead to MAPK/ERK activation. Data from TGCA and GEO both revealed that GC patients with high ELTD1 expression had poorer prognosis and the combination of ELTD1 with CSK showed better predictive performance. Conclusion ELTD1 plays an oncogene role in GC through MAPK/ERK signaling via inhibiting CSK, which may be a useful prognostic predictor and potential therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Jing Zhong
- Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Sun J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Xue M, Pan X. ELTD1 promotes invasion and metastasis by activating MMP2 in colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3048-3058. [PMID: 34421349 PMCID: PMC8375227 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.62293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a key factor that affects the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), and patients with metastasis have limited treatment options and poor prognoses. EGF, latrophilin, and seven transmembrane domains containing 1 (ELTD1/ADGRL4) are members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) superfamily. In this study, high expression of ELTD1 was correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor outcomes in CRC patients. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that ELTD1 markedly promoted the invasion and metastasis of CRC. Moreover, ELTD1 accelerated the transcriptional activity of MMP2, which could rescue the impaired invasiveness of CRC cells caused by the downregulation of ELTD1 expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that ELTD1 might be a potential novel target for the treatment of CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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12
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Huang H, Georganaki M, Conze LL, Laviña B, van Hooren L, Vemuri K, van de Walle T, Ramachandran M, Zhang L, Pontén F, Bergqvist M, Smits A, Betsholtz C, Dejana E, Magnusson PU, He L, Lugano R, Dimberg A. ELTD1-deletion reduces vascular abnormality and improves T-cell recruitment after PD-1 blockade in glioma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:398-411. [PMID: 34347079 PMCID: PMC8917395 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor vessels in glioma are molecularly and functionally abnormal, contributing to treatment resistance. Proteins differentially expressed in glioma vessels can change vessel phenotype and be targeted for therapy. ELTD1 (Adgrl4) is an orphan member of the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor family upregulated in glioma vessels and has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target. However, the role of ELTD1 in regulating vessel function in glioblastoma is poorly understood. Methods ELTD1 expression in human gliomas and its association with patient survival was determined using tissue microarrays and public databases. The role of ELTD1 in regulating tumor vessel phenotype was analyzed using orthotopic glioma models and ELTD1−/− mice. Endothelial cells isolated from murine gliomas were transcriptionally profiled to determine differentially expressed genes and pathways. The consequence of ELTD1 deletion on glioma immunity was determined by treating tumor-bearing mice with PD-1-blocking antibodies. Results ELTD1 levels were upregulated in human glioma vessels, increased with tumor malignancy, and were associated with poor patient survival. Progression of orthotopic gliomas was not affected by ELTD1 deletion, however, tumor vascular function was improved in ELTD1−/− mice. Bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated increased inflammatory response and decreased proliferation in tumor endothelium in ELTD1−/− mice. Consistent with an enhanced inflammatory response, ELTD1 deletion improved T-cell infiltration in GL261-bearing mice after PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that ELTD1 participates in inducing vascular dysfunction in glioma, and suggest that targeting of ELTD1 may normalize the vessels and improve the response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Georganaki
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lei Liu Conze
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bàrbara Laviña
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luuk van Hooren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kalyani Vemuri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tiarne van de Walle
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohanraj Ramachandran
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Bergqvist
- Center for Research and Development, Uppsala University, Gävle Hospital, Gävle.,Department of Radiation Sciences and Oncology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå
| | - Anja Smits
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roberta Lugano
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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ELTD1-An Emerging Silent Actor in Cancer Drama Play. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105151. [PMID: 34068040 PMCID: PMC8152501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and seven transmembrane domain–containing protein 1 (ELTD1), is a member of the G–protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily. Although discovered in 2001, ELTD1 has been investigated only by a few research groups, and important data about its role in normal and tumor cells is still missing. Even though its functions and structure are not yet fully understood, recent studies show that ELTD1 has a role in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis, and it appears to be a very important biomarker and a molecular target in cancer diseases. Upregulation of ELTD1 in malignant cells has been reported, and correlated with poor cancer prognosis. This review article aims to compile the existing data and to discuss the current knowledge on ELTD1 structure and signaling, and its role in physiological and neoplastic conditions.
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14
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Abstract
Background Members of the adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have received attention for their roles in health and disease, including cancer. Over the past decade, several members of the family have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. Methods Here, we discuss the basic biology of adhesion GPCRs and review in detail specific members of the receptor family with known functions in glioblastoma. Finally, we discuss the potential use of adhesion GPCRs as novel treatment targets in neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stephan
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Niklas Ravn-Boess
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Brain and Spine Tumor Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Gómez-Oliva R, Domínguez-García S, Carrascal L, Abalos-Martínez J, Pardillo-Díaz R, Verástegui C, Castro C, Nunez-Abades P, Geribaldi-Doldán N. Evolution of Experimental Models in the Study of Glioblastoma: Toward Finding Efficient Treatments. Front Oncol 2021; 10:614295. [PMID: 33585240 PMCID: PMC7878535 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.614295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of brain tumor characterized by its resistance to conventional therapies, including temozolomide, the most widely used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of GBM. Within the tumor, the presence of glioma stem cells (GSC) seems to be the reason for drug resistance. The discovery of GSC has boosted the search for new experimental models to study GBM, which allow the development of new GBM treatments targeting these cells. In here, we describe different strategies currently in use to study GBM. Initial GBM investigations were focused in the development of xenograft assays. Thereafter, techniques advanced to dissociate tumor cells into single-cell suspensions, which generate aggregates referred to as neurospheres, thus facilitating their selective expansion. Concomitantly, the finding of genes involved in the initiation and progression of GBM tumors, led to the generation of mice models for the GBM. The latest advances have been the use of GBM organoids or 3D-bioprinted mini-brains. 3D bio-printing mimics tissue cytoarchitecture by combining different types of cells interacting with each other and with extracellular matrix components. These in vivo models faithfully replicate human diseases in which the effect of new drugs can easily be tested. Based on recent data from human glioblastoma, this review critically evaluates the different experimental models used in the study of GB, including cell cultures, mouse models, brain organoids, and 3D bioprinting focusing in the advantages and disadvantages of each approach to understand the mechanisms involved in the progression and treatment response of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gómez-Oliva
- Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Samuel Domínguez-García
- Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Livia Carrascal
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Pardillo-Díaz
- Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Verástegui
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain.,Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Castro
- Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Nunez-Abades
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
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16
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ELTD1 as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis: Pre-clinical molecular-targeted studies in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 49:102786. [PMID: 33517175 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and glioblastoma (GBM) are two distinct diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS). However, perturbation in CNS vasculature are hallmarks of both diseases. ELTD1 (epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and 7 transmembrane domain containing protein 1 on chromosome 1) is associated with vascular development, and has been linked with tumor angiogenesis. In glioblastomas, we detected over-expression of ELTD1, and found that an antibody targeting ELTD1 could increase animal survival and decrease tumor volumes in a xenograft GBM model. RNA-seq analysis of the preclinical data in the model for GBM identified that some of the molecular pathways affected by the anti-ELTD1 antibody therapy are also found to be associated with MS. In this study, we used molecular-targeted (mt) MR imaging and immunohistochemistry to assess ELTD1 levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Specifically, we found that ELTD1 is readily detected in the brains of mice with EAE and is predominantly found in the corpus callosum. In addition, we found that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was compromised in the brains of EAE mice using contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI), as well as altered relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the brains and cervical spinal cords of these mice using perfusion imaging, compared to controls. These findings indicate that ELTD1 may be a promising biomarker for CNS-inflammation in MS.
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17
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Zalles M, Smith N, Saunders D, Guzman M, Lerner M, Fung KM, Babu A, Battiste J, Chung J, Hwang K, Jin J, Towner RA. ELTD1 as a multi-focal target for malignant gliomas: preclinical studies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab132. [PMID: 34704036 PMCID: PMC8541707 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. These high-grade gliomas undergo unregulated vascular angiogenesis, migration and cell proliferation allowing the tumor cells to evade cell-cycle checkpoints and apoptotic pathways. The Epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and seven transmembrane domain-containing 1 on chromosome 1 (ELTD1) is an angiogenic biomarker that is highly expressed in malignant gliomas. Novel treatments targeting ELTD1 with monovalent monoclonal (mmAb) and single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies were effective in increasing animal survival, decreasing tumor volume and normalizing the vasculature. Due to the success of our antibody treatments on angiogenesis, this study sought to determine if our anti-ELTD1 treatments affected other aspects of tumorigenesis (cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis) in a G55 glioma xenograft preclinical mouse model. METHODS Tumor tissue from untreated, mmAb and scFv anti-ELTD1 treated animals was used to quantify the positivity levels of human mitochondrial antibody, c-MET and Ki-67 for cellular proliferation, migratory markers CD44v6, TRPM8, and BMP2, and cleaved caspase 3 to assess apoptotic activity. RESULTS This approach demonstrated that our anti-ELTD1 treatments directly affected and decreased the human tumor cells within the tumor region. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in both cellular proliferation and migration due to anti-ETLD1 therapy. Lastly, anti-ELTD1 treatments successfully increased apoptotic activity within the tumor region. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that anti-ELTD1 therapies would be effective against malignant gliomas by having a multi-focal effect and targeting all four aspects of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zalles
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mayra Guzman
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Megan Lerner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anish Babu
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - James Battiste
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusang Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeong Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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18
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Zalles M, Smith N, Ziegler J, Saunders D, Remerowski S, Thomas L, Gulej R, Mamedova N, Lerner M, Fung K, Chung J, Hwang K, Jin J, Wiley G, Brown C, Battiste J, Wren JD, Towner RA. Optimized monoclonal antibody treatment against ELTD1 for GBM in a G55 xenograft mouse model. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:1738-1749. [PMID: 31863639 PMCID: PMC6991683 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumour found in adults, and the therapeutic approaches available have not significantly increased patient survival. Recently, we discovered that ELTD1, an angiogenic biomarker, is highly expressed in human gliomas. Polyclonal anti-ELTD1 treatments were effective in glioma pre-clinical models, however, pAb binding is potentially promiscuous. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of an optimized monoclonal anti-ELTD1 treatment in G55 xenograft glioma models. MRI was used to assess the effects of the treatments on animal survival, tumour volumes, perfusion rates and binding specificity. Immunohistochemistry and histology were conducted to confirm and characterize microvessel density and Notch1 levels, and to locate the molecular probes. RNA-sequencing was used to analyse the effects of the mAb treatment. Our monoclonal anti-ELTD1 treatment significantly increased animal survival, reduced tumour volumes, normalized the vasculature and showed higher binding specificity within the tumour compared with both control- and polyclonal-treated mice. Notch1 positivity staining and RNA-seq results suggested that ELTD1 has the ability to interact with and interrupt Notch1 signalling. Although little is known about ELTD1, particularly about its ligand and pathways, our data suggest that our monoclonal anti-ELTD1 antibody is a promising anti-angiogenic therapeutic in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zalles
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Jadith Ziegler
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Dean McGee Eye InstituteUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Shannon Remerowski
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Center for Veterinary SciencesOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Lincy Thomas
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- The Jimmy Everest Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders in ChildrenUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Rafal Gulej
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Pharmaceutical DepartmentMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Nadya Mamedova
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Megan Lerner
- Surgery Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Kar‐Ming Fung
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Cardiovascular BiologyOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Kyusang Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Junyeong Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Graham Wiley
- Clinical Genomics CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Chase Brown
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Genes & Human DiseaseOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - James Battiste
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Jonathan D. Wren
- Genes & Human DiseaseOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
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