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Nair A, Singh R, Gautam N, Saxena S, Mittal S, Shah S, Talegaonkar S. Multifaceted role of phytoconstituents based nano drug delivery systems in combating TNBC: A paradigm shift from chemical to natural. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03234-0. [PMID: 38953968 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer is considered to be a malignancy of grave concern with limited routes of treatment due to the absence of specific breast cancer markers and ambiguity of other potential drug targets. Poor prognosis and inadequate survival rates have prompted further research into the understanding of the molecular pathophysiology and targeting of the disease. To overcome the recurrence and resistance mechanisms of the TNBC cells, various approaches have been devised, and are being continuously evaluated to enhance their efficacy and safety. Chemo-Adjuvant therapy is one such treatment modality being employed to improve the efficiency of standard chemotherapy. Combining chemo-adjuvant therapy with other upcoming approaches of cancer therapeutics such as phytoconstituents and nanotechnology has yielded promising results in the direction of improving the prognosis of TNBC. Numerous nanoformulations have been proven to substantially enhance the specificity and cellular uptake of drugs by cancer cells, thus reducing the possibility of unintended systemic side effects within cancer patients. While phytoconstituents offer a wide variety of beneficial active constituents useful in cancer therapeutics, most favorable outcomes have been observed within the scope of polyphenols, isoquinoline alkaloids and isothiocyanates. With an enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TNBC and the advent of newer targeting technologies and novel phytochemicals of medicinal importance, a new era of cancer theranostic treatments can be explored. This review hopes to instantiate the current body of research regarding the role of certain phytoconstituents and their potential nanoformulations in targeting specific TNBC pathways for treatment and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandita Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 17, Delhi, India
| | - Roshni Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 17, Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 17, Delhi, India
| | - Shilpi Saxena
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 17, Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, U.P, Noida, 201303, India.
| | - Sadia Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, 226003, India.
| | - Sushama Talegaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 17, Delhi, India.
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Huang LJ, Lan JX, Wang JH, Huang H, Lu K, Zhou ZN, Xin SY, Zhang ZY, Wang JY, Dai P, Chen XM, Hou W. Bioactivity and mechanism of action of sanguinarine and its derivatives in the past 10 years. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116406. [PMID: 38460366 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Sanguinarine is a quaternary ammonium benzophenanthine alkaloid found in traditional herbs such as Chelidonium, Corydalis, Sanguinarum, and Borovula. It has been proven to possess broad-spectrum biological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporosis, neuroprotective, and antipathogenic microorganism activities. In this paper, recent progress on the biological activity and mechanism of action of sanguinarine and its derivatives over the past ten years is reviewed. The results showed that the biological activities of hematarginine and its derivatives are related mainly to the JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, TGF-β, MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. The limitations of using sanguinarine in clinical application are also discussed, and the research prospects of this subject are outlined. In general, sanguinarine, a natural medicine, has many pharmacological effects, but its toxicity and safety in clinical application still need to be further studied. This review provides useful information for the development of sanguinarine-based bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Jun Huang
- College of Rehabilitation, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Jin-Xia Lan
- College of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Jin-Hua Wang
- Ji'an Central People's Hospital (Shanghai East Hospital Ji'an Hospital), Ji'an, Jiangxi 343100, PR China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Kuo Lu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450018, PR China
| | - Zhi-Nuo Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Su-Ya Xin
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Zi-Yun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Jing-Yang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Ping Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Mei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Wen Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China.
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Qannita RA, Alalami AI, Harb AA, Aleidi SM, Taneera J, Abu-Gharbieh E, El-Huneidi W, Saleh MA, Alzoubi KH, Semreen MH, Hudaib M, Bustanji Y. Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) in Cancer: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies and Pathway Regulation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:195. [PMID: 38399410 PMCID: PMC10892333 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a key regulator for balancing oxygen in the cells. It is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of target genes involved in oxygen homeostasis in response to hypoxia. Recently, research has demonstrated the multiple roles of HIF-1 in the pathophysiology of various diseases, including cancer. It is a crucial mediator of the hypoxic response and regulator of oxygen metabolism, thus contributing to tumor development and progression. Studies showed that the expression of the HIF-1α subunit is significantly upregulated in cancer cells and promotes tumor survival by multiple mechanisms. In addition, HIF-1 has potential contributing roles in cancer progression, including cell division, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Moreover, HIF-1 has a role in regulating cellular metabolic pathways, particularly the anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Given its significant and potential roles in cancer development and progression, it has been an intriguing therapeutic target for cancer research. Several compounds targeting HIF-1-associated processes are now being used to treat different types of cancer. This review outlines emerging therapeutic strategies that target HIF-1 as well as the relevance and regulation of the HIF-1 pathways in cancer. Moreover, it addresses the employment of nanotechnology in developing these promising strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem A. Qannita
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayah I. Alalami
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amani A. Harb
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19111, Jordan;
| | - Shereen M. Aleidi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.M.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Abu-Gharbieh
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.M.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed A. Saleh
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Hudaib
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.M.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.Q.); (A.I.A.); (J.T.); (E.A.-G.); (W.E.-H.); (M.A.S.); (K.H.A.); (M.H.S.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.M.A.); (M.H.)
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Ullah A, Shehzadi S, Ullah N, Nawaz T, Iqbal H, Aziz T. Hypoxia A Typical Target in Human Lung Cancer Therapy. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:376-385. [PMID: 38031268 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037252820231114045234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Comprehensive knowledge of the cellular and molecular etiology of LC is perilous for the development of active treatment approaches. Hypoxia in cancer is linked with malignancy, and its phenotype is implicated in the hypoxic reaction, which is being studied as a prospective cancer treatment target. The hypervascularization of the tumor is the main feature of human LC, and hypoxia is a major stimulator of neo-angiogenesis. It was seen that low oxygen levels in human LC are a critical aspect of this lethal illness. However, as there is a considerable body of literature espousing the presumed functional relevance of hypoxia in LC, the direct measurement of oxygen concentration in Human LC is yet to be determined. This narrative review aims to show the importance and as a future target for novel research studies that can lead to the perception of LC therapy in hypoxic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Somia Shehzadi
- University Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR, China
| | - Touseef Nawaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Iqbal
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310024, China
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5
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Mirzaei S, Ranjbar B, Tackallou SH, Aref AR. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in breast cancer: The crosstalk with oncogenic and onco-suppressor factors in regulation of cancer hallmarks. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154676. [PMID: 37454494 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen level at tumor microenvironment leads to a condition, known as hypoxia that is implicated in cancer progression. Upon hypoxia, HIF-1α undergoes activation and due to its oncogenic function and interaction with other molecular pathways, promotes tumor progression. The HIF-1α role in regulating breast cancer progression is described, Overall, HIF-1α has upregulation in breast tumor and due to its tumor-promoting function, its upregulation is in favor of breast tumor progression. HIF-1α overexpression prevents apoptosis in breast tumor and it promotes cell cycle progression. Silencing HIF-1α triggers cycle arrest and decreases growth. Migration of breast tumor enhances by HIF-1α signaling and it mainly induces EMT in providing metastasis. HIF-1α upregulation stimulates drug resistance and radio-resistance in breast tumor. Furthermore, HIF-1α signaling induces immune evasion of breast cancer. Berberine and pharmacological intervention suppress HIF-1α signaling in breast tumor and regulation of HIF-1α by non-coding RNAs occurs. Furthermore, HIF-1α is a biomarker in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bijan Ranjbar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | | | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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6
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Rao Malla R, Bhamidipati P, Adem M. Insights into the potential of Sanguinarine as a promising therapeutic option for breast cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115565. [PMID: 37086811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the progression and metastasis of BC. A significant proportion of BC is characterized by a hypoxic TME, which contributes to the development of drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Sanguinarine (SAN), an isoquinoline alkaloid found in Papaver plants, has shown promise as an anticancer agent. The present review focuses on exploring the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic TME in BC and the potential of SAN as a therapeutic option. The review presents the current understanding of the hypoxic TME, its signaling pathways, and its impact on the progression of BC. Additionally, the review elaborates on the mechanisms of action of SAN in BC, including its effects on vital cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, drug resistance, and tumor-induced immune suppression. The review highlights the importance of addressing hypoxic TME in treating BC and the potential of SAN as a promising therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Priyamvada Bhamidipati
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Meghapriya Adem
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visva vidhyalayam, Tirupati-517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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7
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α-Synuclein Induces Neuroinflammation Injury through the IL6ST-AS/STAT3/HIF-1α Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021436. [PMID: 36674945 PMCID: PMC9861378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) promotes neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, which eventually contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our microarray analysis and experimental data indicated a significant expression difference of the long noncoding RNA IL6ST-AS and its anti-sense strand, IL6ST, in α-synuclein-induced microglia, compared with unstimulated microglia. IL6ST is a key component of the IL6R/IL6ST complex in the microglial membrane, which recognizes extracellular inflammatory factors, such as IL6. Studies have shown that the binding of IL6 to the IL6R/IL6ST complex could activate the JAK2-STAT3 pathway and promote an excessive immune response in glia cells. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation and activation of STAT3 could increase the transcription of HIF1A, encoding a hypoxia-inducible factor related to cytotoxic damage. Our results indicated that the overexpression of IL6ST-AS induced by exogenous α-synuclein could inhibit the expression of IL6ST and the activation of JAK2-STAT3 pathway in HMC3 cells. In addition, a reduction in STAT3 resulted in the transcription inhibition of HIF1A and the acceleration of oxidative stress injury in SH-SY5Y cells co-cultured with α-synuclein-induced HMC3 cells. Our findings indicate that IL6ST-AS is an important factor that regulates microglia activation and neuronal necrosis in the progression of PD. In the HMC3 and SH-SY5Y cell co-culture system, the overexpression of IL6ST-AS led to microglial dysfunction and neurotoxicology through the IL6ST-AS/STAT3/HIF-1α axis. Our research revealed the relationships among α-synuclein, IL6ST, STAT3, and HIF-1α in the pathological process of PD and provided a new inflammation hypothesis for the pathogenesis of PD.
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Liu Q, Guan C, Liu C, Li H, Wu J, Sun C. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha: A new strategy for triple-negative breast cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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9
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Cytotoxic Activity, Apoptosis Induction and Structure–Activity Relationship of 2‐Phenylphthalazin‐2‐ium Salts as Promising Antitumor Agents. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Nayak A, Warrier NM, Kumar P. Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment: Targeting the Critical Crosstalk through Nanocarrier Systems. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2209-2233. [PMID: 35876959 PMCID: PMC9489588 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The physiological state of the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in cancer development due to multiple universal features that transcend heterogeneity and niche specifications, like promoting cancer progression and metastasis. As a result of their preponderant involvement in tumor growth and maintenance through several microsystemic alterations, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, and acidosis, TMEs make for ideal targets in both diagnostic and therapeutic ventures. Correspondingly, methodologies to target TMEs have been investigated this past decade as stratagems of significant potential in the genre of focused cancer treatment. Within targeted oncotherapy, nanomedical derivates-nanocarriers (NCs) especially-have emerged to present notable prospects in enhancing targeting specificity. Yet, one major issue in the application of NCs in microenvironmental directed therapy is that TMEs are too broad a spectrum of targeting possibilities for these carriers to be effectively employed. However, cancer stem cells (CSCs) might portend a solution to the above conundrum: aside from being quite heavily invested in tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance, CSCs also show self-renewal and fluid clonogenic properties that often define specific TME niches. Further scrutiny of the relationship between CSCs and TMEs also points towards mechanisms that underly tumoral characteristics of metastasis, malignancy, and even resistance. This review summarizes recent advances in NC-enabled targeting of CSCs for more holistic strikes against TMEs and discusses both the current challenges that hinder the clinical application of these strategies as well as the avenues that can further CSC-targeting initiatives. Central role of CSCs in regulation of cellular components within the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadya Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Neerada Meenakshi Warrier
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Zhou R, Hu Z, Pan J, Wang J, Pei Y. Current research status of alkaloids against breast cancer. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:12-20. [DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_89_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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12
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Akaberi T, Shourgashti K, Emami SA, Akaberi M. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of alkaloids from Glaucium spp. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 191:112923. [PMID: 34454171 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glaucium Mill. comprising 28 species with 78 synonyms, 3 subspecies, and 3 varieties worldwide belongs to the Papaveraceae family. The plants are well known for their different types of alkaloids. In the present study, we attempted to review the chemistry and pharmacology of the alkaloids from the genus Glaucium. For this purpose, the relevant data were collected from different scientific databases including, "Google Scholar", "ISI Web of Knowledge", "PubMed", "Scopus", and available books and e-books. Our results showed that aporphine alkaloids are dominated in the species; however, other types of alkaloids including protopines, benzophenanthridines, benzylisoquinolines, protoberberines, and morphinanes have also been reported from the genus. The pharmacological studies have shown that the alkaloids from Glaucium species have several biological activities of which anti-cancer and anti-cholinesterase effects have been highly reported. Besides, the data indicated that most of the species have been investigated neither phytochemically nor pharmacologically. Glaucium flavum, known as yellow horn poppy, is the most studied species. According to the reports, the plants from this genus have anti-cancer and anti-cholinesterase potentials and can be used as a source for aporphine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Akaberi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Kamran Shourgashti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Yun BD, Son SW, Choi SY, Kuh HJ, Oh TJ, Park JK. Anti-Cancer Activity of Phytochemicals Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189819. [PMID: 34575983 PMCID: PMC8467787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is overexpressed in cancer, leading to a poor prognosis in patients. Diverse cellular factors are able to regulate HIF-1α expression in hypoxia and even in non-hypoxic conditions, affecting its progression and malignant characteristics by regulating the expression of the HIF-1α target genes that are involved in cell survival, angiogenesis, metabolism, therapeutic resistance, et cetera. Numerous studies have exhibited the anti-cancer effect of HIF-1α inhibition itself and the augmentation of anti-cancer treatment efficacy by interfering with HIF-1α-mediated signaling. The anti-cancer effect of plant-derived phytochemicals has been evaluated, and they have been found to possess significant therapeutic potentials against numerous cancer types. A better understanding of phytochemicals is indispensable for establishing advanced strategies for cancer therapy. This article reviews the anti-cancer effect of phytochemicals in connection with HIF-1α regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba Da Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Seung Wan Son
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Hyo Jeong Kuh
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Korea;
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2114
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Ali I, Li J, Cui L, Zhao H, He Q, Wang D. Efficient extraction and purification of benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids from Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. by combination of ultrahigh pressure extraction and pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography with anti-breast cancer activity in vitro. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:423-432. [PMID: 32898923 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. (Papaveraceae family) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used to treat muscle pain, inflamed wounds, and bee bites. Benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids are the main active ingredients in M. cordata. In this work, sanguinarine and chelerythrine were efficiently extracted and purified by ultrahigh-pressure extraction (UHPE) technique and pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography (PZRCCC) from M. cordata. OBJECTIVE To develop an efficient UHPE method followed by an efficient separation technique using PZRCCC for benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids from the study plant species, and to evaluate the study samples for anti-breast cancer activity. METHODOLOGY The optimal extraction conditions were optimised as extraction pressure 200 MPa, extraction solvent 95% ethanol, solid-liquid ratio 1:30 (g/mL) and extraction time 2 min. A two-phase n-hexane/ethyl acetate/i-propanol/water (1:3:1.5:4.5, v/v) solvent system was optimised with 10 mmol triethylamine in the upper phase and 10 mmol trifluoroacetic acid in lower phase in PZRCCC. The sample loading was optimised as 2.50 g. Moreover, the samples were evaluated for anti-breast cancer activity later on. RESULTS The 2.50 g sample loading yielded 0.45 g of sanguinarine and 0.59 g chelerythrine in one-step separation using PZRCCC. The anti-breast cancer activities of sanguinarine and chelerythrine were found stronger than positive control (vincristine 5.04 μg/mL) with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.96 and 3.00 μg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION This study showed that the established methods were efficient in extraction (UHPE) and separation (PZRCCC) of the sanguinarine and chelerythrine from M. cordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Jingchao Li
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Li Cui
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Daijie Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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15
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Ghauri MA, Su Q, Ullah A, Wang J, Sarwar A, Wu Q, Zhang D, Zhang Y. Sanguinarine impedes metastasis and causes inversion of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:153500. [PMID: 33626427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of breast cancer patients perishes due to metastasis instead of primary tumor, but molecular mechanisms contributing towards cancer metastasis remain poorly understood. Therefore, prompting development of novel treatment is inevitable. A vast variety of plant derived natural substance possesses several therapeutically active constituents, e.g. alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, resins, terpenoids etc. that exhibit various pharmacological properties e.g. anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. Sanguinarine (SAN) alkaloid found its place among such naturally occurring substances that exerts several pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer effects. PURPOSE Until now, role of SAN not only against epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but also against metastasis progression in breast cancer remains indistinct. Thus, aim of the present study was to investigate effects of SAN on EMT process and cancer metastasis in animal model. METHODS MTT assay was performed to assess SAN effects on proliferation in breast cancer. Scratch assay was performed to evaluate effects of SAN on migration in breast cancer. Colony formation assay was performed to determine effects of SAN on colonization characteristics of breast cancer. Western blotting was performed to measure EMT regulating protein expression as well as major pathway protein expression induced against TGF-β treatment in breast cancer. Tail vein method of injecting breast cancer cells in bulb/c mice was conducted to study metastasis progression and thereafter assessing effects of SAN against metastasis in mice. RESULTS In vivo results: MTT assay performed, demonstrated dose dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in breast cancer. Scratch assay results showed, SAN played a major role as migration inhibitor in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. Colony forming assay results demonstrated that SAN constrains ability of breast cancer to develop into well-defined colonies. Western blotting results for EMT regulating protein expression, after TGF-β treatment showed, SAN inhibited cadherin switch in ER+ breast cancer. Moreover, expression of pathway proteins involved in EMT process after TGF-β treatment i.e. Smad, PI3K/Akt and MAP kinase were significantly masked against SAN treatment. IN VIVO RESULTS The appearance of metastatic nodules in lung tissues of mice model, helps to study the effects of SAN against metastasis in bulb/c mice. The obtained results have confirmed that SAN impeded lung metastasis. The macroscopic examination has confirmed metastasis inhibitory role of SAN in breast cancer. The Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining results further advocate anti-metastatic characteristics of SAN, presented by fewer metastatic nodule and lesions appearance in SAN treated mice compared to untreated metastasis mice. CONCLUSION In summary, SAN displayed prominent anti-metastatic effects in animal model and anti-proliferation effects together with significant inhibitory potential on EMT regulating protein expression against TGF-β treatment in ER+ breast cancer. So, overall findings of our study highlighted the pre-clinical significance of SAN in animal model therefore, further studies in humans as a part of clinical trial will be needed to establish pharmacokinetics and other effects of SAN, so that it can be a potential candidate for future treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qi Su
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Asmat Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ammar Sarwar
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.
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Su Q, Wang J, Wu Q, Ullah A, Ghauri MA, Sarwar A, Chen L, Liu F, Zhang Y. Sanguinarine combats hypoxia-induced activation of EphB4 and HIF-1α pathways in breast cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:153503. [PMID: 33636580 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide. Large hypoxic area is one of the features of tumor microenvironment. Highly activated hypoxia-induced pathways positively correlate with poor clinical response to chemo- and radiotherapy and high mortality in breast cancer patients. PURPOSE We explore the effect of sanguinarine on hypoxia-induced activation of Ephrin type-B receptor 4 (EphB4) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathways in breast cancer. RESULTS Hypoxia-induced expression of a receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4 was observed in hypoxic breast cancer cell models. Sanguinarine, a natural alkaloid, could effectively combat hypoxia-induced EphB4 and HIF-1α expression. Sanguinarine inhibited the activation of downstream protein signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), thereby blocking hypoxia-induced HIF-1α/STAT3 interaction and downregulating the mRNA levels of their target genes. Mechanically, sanguinarine attenuated HIF-1α protein levels via inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathways and promotion of HIF-1α proteasome degradation. Sanguinarine inhibited STAT3 activation through targeting its upstream EphB4 and accelerating STAT3 dephosphorylation. Correspondingly, xenograft models confirmed that sanguinarine treatment disrupted hypoxia-induced pathways and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results may bring insights to the hypoxia-induced pathways in breast cancers, and suggest sanguinarine as a promising candidate for EphB4 and HIF-1α-targeted inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Asmat Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ammar Sarwar
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang 712046, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China.
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Jiang Y, Jiang H, Wang K, Liu C, Man X, Fu Q. Hypoxia enhances the production and antitumor effect of exosomes derived from natural killer cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:473. [PMID: 33850870 PMCID: PMC8039676 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are naturally released by almost all types of cells. However, the factors that promote the capacity of natural killer (NK) cells to release exosomes are unclear. In this study, we investigated whether hypoxia can enhance the yield of NK cell-derived exosomes and improve the immunotherapeutic effects of these cells. Methods Exosomes from NK92 or NK92-hIL-15 cells were isolated from culture medium under normoxic (NK92-Exo and NK92-hIL-15-Exo) or hypoxic (hypoxic NK92-Exo and hypoxic NK92-hIL-15-Exo) conditions. NK92-Exo and hypoxic NK92-Exo were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle-tracking analysis (NTA), and western blot. Real-time cell assay, wound healing assay, flow cytometry, and western blot were then performed to assess cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, cell migration, apoptosis, and the expression levels of cytotoxicity-associated proteins. Results After 48 hours of hypoxic treatment, NK92-Exo exhibited significantly increased cytotoxicity, enhanced inhibition of cell proliferation, and elevated levels of molecules associated with NK cell cytotoxicity. The hypoxia-treated NK92-Exo and NK92-hIL-15-Exo showed increased expression of three functional proteins of NK cells-specifically FasL, perforin, and granzyme B-as compared with their NK92-Exo counterparts exposed to normoxia. Conclusions As an approach that supports overproduction of exosomes, hypoxic treatment of NK cells may serve as a promising therapeutic option for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Haiming Jiang
- Intensive Care Unit, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunling Liu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuejing Man
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Shandong Cellogene Pharamaceutics Co. LTD, Yantai, China
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Islam R, Lam KW. Recent progress in small molecule agents for the targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Su Q, Wang J, Fan M, Ghauri MA, Ullah A, Wang B, Dai B, Zhan Y, Zhang D, Zhang Y. Sanguinarine disrupts the colocalization and interaction of HIF-1α with tyrosine and serine phosphorylated-STAT3 in breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3756-3761. [PMID: 32065498 PMCID: PMC7131922 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one leading cause of death in females, especially triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). Hypoxia is a key feature leading to tumour progression driven by hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α. The aim is to investigate the mechanism of HIF‐1α and signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3 (STAT3) interaction and discover a compound to disrupt the interaction in breast cancer cells. The regulation pattern of HIF‐1α and STAT3 was analysed in hypoxic TNBC cells and patient samples. The effects of a natural alkaloid, sanguinarine, on HIF‐1α and STAT3 colocalization and interaction were evaluated in vitro and mouse xenograft models. We observed strong colocalization of HIF‐1α, p‐STAT3‐Tyr and p‐STAT3‐Ser in TNBC patient samples. Sanguinarine could inhibit the nuclear colocalization and interaction of HIF‐1α with p‐STAT3‐Tyr and p‐STAT3‐Ser in vivo and in vitro. Our results may bring insights to the HIF‐1α/STAT3 interaction in breast cancers and suggest sanguinarine as a promising candidate for HIF‐α/STAT3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Asmat Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bingling Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhuan Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
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