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She Y, Ge R, Gu X, Fang P, Zhang Z. Cardioprotective effects of neuropeptide galanin: Focusing on its roles against diabetic heart. Peptides 2023; 159:170918. [PMID: 36435275 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following an unprecedented rise in the number of the aged, the incidence of age-related diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is consequently increasing in the world. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The diabetic heart is characterized by increased cardiomyocyte stiffness and fibrotic changes. Despite many factors resulting in cardiomyocyte injury and dysfunction in diabetes, insulin resistance is still a critical etiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Preclinical and clinical studies have revealed an intriguing role for galanin in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetic heart disease. A significant change in plasma galanin levels occurred in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes or cardiomyocyte injury. In turn, galanin may also distinctly mitigate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in diabetes as well as increase glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiac muscle. Here, we critically review current data about the multivariate relationship among galanin, insulin resistance, and cardiac muscle to comprehensively evaluate the protective role of galanin and its receptors for the diabetic heart and to determine whether galanin receptor 2 agonists potentially represent a feasible way to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Pukou Branch of Jiangsu People's Hospital, Nanjing 211899, China
| | - Ran Ge
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine & Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuewen Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine & Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Peng X, Huang J, Zou H, Peng B, Xia S, Dong K, Sun N, Tao J, Yang Y. Roles of plasma leptin and resistin in novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes driven by cluster analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:7. [PMID: 34996484 PMCID: PMC8742314 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A novel classification has been introduced to promote precision medicine in diabetes. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between leptin and resistin levels with novel refined subgroups in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The k-means analysis was conducted to cluster 541 T2DM patients into the following four subgroups: mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD), severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD) and mild age-related diabetes (MARD). Individuals meeting the exclusion criteria were eliminated, the data for 285 patients were analyzed. Characteristics were determined using various clinical parameters. Both the leptin and resistin levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The highest levels of plasma leptin were in the MOD group with relatively lower levels in the SIDD and SIRD groups (P < 0.001). The SIRD group had a higher resistin concentration than the MARD group (P = 0.024) while no statistical significance in resistin levels was found between the SIDD and MOD groups. Logistic regression demonstrated that plasma resistin was associated with a higher risk of diabetic nephropathy (odds ratios (OR) = 2.255, P = 0.001). According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the area under the curve (AUC) of resistin (0.748, 95% CI 0.610–0.887) was significantly greater than that of HOMA2-IR (0.447, 95% CI 0.280–0.614) (P < 0.05) for diabetic nephropathy in the SIRD group. Conclusions Leptin levels were different in four subgroups of T2DM and were highest in the MOD group. Resistin was elevated in the SIRD group and was closely related to diabetic nephropathy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01623-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, TaiKang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, TaiKang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huajie Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, TaiKang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Bei Peng
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sanshan Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, TaiKang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, TaiKang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, TaiKang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, TaiKang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Department of Endocrinology, TaiKang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Yu M, Han S, Wang M, Han L, Huang Y, Bo P, Fang P, Zhang Z. Baicalin protects against insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction through activation of GALR2/GLUT4 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153869. [PMID: 34923235 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder associated with obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Activation of GALR2 has been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin resistance. The previous studies showed that baicalin could mitigate insulin resistance, but the detailed mechanism of baicalin on insulin resistance has not been fully explored yet. PURPOSE In the present study, we evaluated whether baicalin mitigated insulin resistance via activation of GALR2 signaling pathway. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Baicalin (25 mg/kg/d and 50 mg/kg/d) and/or GALR2 antagonist M871 (10 mg/kg/d) were injected individually or in combinations into obese mice once a day for three weeks, and normal and GALR2 knockdown myotubes were treated with baicalin (100 μM and 400 μM) or metformin (4 mM) in the absence or presence of M871 (800 nM) for 12 h, respectively. The molecular mechanism was explored in skeletal muscle and L6 myotubes. RESULTS The present findings showed that baicalin mitigated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and elevated the levels of PGC-1α, GLUT4, p-p38MAPK, p-AKT and p-AS160 in skeletal muscle of obese mice. Strikingly, the baicalin-induced beneficial effects were abolished by GALR2 antagonist M871 in obese mice. In vitro, baicalin dramatically augmented glucose consumption and the activity of PGC1α-GLUT4 axis in myotubes through activation of p38MAPK and AKT pathways. Moreover, baicalin-induced elevations in glucose consumption related genes were abolished by GALR2 antagonist M871 or silencing of GALR2 in myotubes. CONCLUSIONS The present study for the first time demonstrated that baicalin protected against insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction mainly through activation of GALR2-GLUT4 signal pathway. Our findings identified that activation of GALR2-GLUT4 signal pathway by baicalin could be a new therapeutic approach to treat insulin resistance and T2DM in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyu Han
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Long Han
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Ping Bo
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou 225300, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Fang P, She Y, Zhao J, Yan J, Yu X, Jin Y, Wei Q, Zhang Z, Shang W. Emerging roles of kisspeptin/galanin in age-related metabolic disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111571. [PMID: 34517021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for developing metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. There is an unprecedented rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes in recent decades. A convincing majority of brain-gut peptides are associated with a higher risk to develop metabolic disorders, and may contribute to the pathophysiology of age-related metabolic diseases. Accumulating basic studies revealed an intriguing role of kisspeptin and galanin involved in the amelioration of insulin resistance in different ways. In patients suffered from obesity and diabetes a significant, sex-related changes in the plasma kisspeptin and galanin levels occurred. Kisspeptin is anorexigenic to prevent obesity, its level is negatively correlative with obesity and insulin resistance. While galanin is appetitive to stimulate food intake and body weight, its level is positively correlative with obesity, HOMA-IR and glucose/triglyceride concentration. In turn, kisspeptin and galanin also distinctly increase glucose uptake and utilization as well as energy expenditure. This article reviews recent evidence dealing with the role of kisspeptin and galanin in the pathophysiology of age-related metabolic diseases. It should be therefore taken into account that the targeted modulation of those peptidergic signaling may be potentially helpful in the future treatment of age-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Hanlin College, Taizhou, 225300, China.
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Pukou Branch of Jiangsu People's Hospital, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xizhong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qingbo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Minister of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
| | - Wenbin Shang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Fang P, She Y, Han L, Wan S, Shang W, Zhang Z, Min W. A promising biomarker of elevated galanin level in hypothalamus for osteoporosis risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111427. [PMID: 33383074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and osteoporosis are two major healthcare problems worldwide. T2DM is considered to be a risk factor for osteoporosis. Interestingly, several epidemiological studies suggest that bone abnormalities associated with diabetes may differ, at least in part, from those associated with senile or post-menopausal osteoporosis. The growing prevalence that patients with T2DM simultaneously suffer from osteoporosis, puts forward the importance to discuss the relationship between both diseases, as well as to investigate correlative agents to treat them. Emerging evidences demonstrate that neuropeptide galanin is involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM and osteoporosis. Galanin via activation of central GALR2 increases insulin sensitivity as well as bone density and mass in animal models. The disorder of galanin function plays major role in development of both diseases. Importantly, galanin signaling is indispensable for ΔFosB, an AP1 antagonist, to play the bone mass-accruing effects in the ventral hypothalamic neurons of diabetic models. This review summarizes our and other recent studies to provide a new insight into the multivariate relationship among galanin, T2DM and osteoporosis, highlighting the beneficial effect of galanin on the comorbid state of both diseases. These may help us better understanding the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and T2DM and provide useful clues for further inquiry if elevated galanin level may be taken as a biomarker for both conjoint diseases, and GALR2 agonist may be taken as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat both diseases concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Pukou Branch of Jiangsu People's Hospital, Nanjing 211808, China
| | - Long Han
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiwei Wan
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenbin Shang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Wen Min
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Le B, Cheng X, Qu S. Cooperative effects of galanin and leptin on alleviation of insulin resistance in adipose tissue of diabetic rats. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6773-6780. [PMID: 32395890 PMCID: PMC7299679 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported that either orexigenic neuropeptide galanin or anorexigenic hormone leptin caught benefit insulin sensitivity through increasing the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in patients with diabetes. To date, it is unknown whether galanin can potentiate the effect of leptin on alleviation of insulin resistance. Therefore, in the current study we sought to assess the combined effect of central leptin and galanin on insulin resistance in the adipose tissues of type 2 diabetic rats. Galanin and leptin were injected into the intracerebroventricle of the diabetic rats, respectively, or cooperatively once a day for 2 weeks. Then, several indexes of insulin resistance were examined. The results showed that glucose infusion rates in the hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp test, plasma adiponectin content and GLUT4 translocation, as well as Akt phosphorylation in fat cells, were higher, not GLUT4 protein and GLUT4 mRNA expression, but HOMA index was lower in the galanin + leptin group than either one of them. Furthermore, treatment with MK‐2206, an Akt inhibitor, blocked the combined effects of galanin + leptin on alleviation of insulin resistance. These results suggest that galanin can improve the leptin‐induced mitigative effects on insulin resistance in the fat cells, and those provided new insights into the potential tactics for prevention and remedy of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Le
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai 10th People Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai 10th People Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai 10th People Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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