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Xin X, Cheng X, Zeng F, Xu Q, Hou L. The Role of TGF-β/SMAD Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: from Mechanism to Therapy and Prognosis. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:1436-1451. [PMID: 38385079 PMCID: PMC10878151 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.89568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with high incidence and mortality, accounting for approximately 90% of liver cancer. The development of HCC is a complex process involving the abnormal activation or inactivation of multiple signaling pathways. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling pathway regulates the development of HCC. TGF-β activates intracellular SMADs protein through membrane receptors, resulting in a series of biological cascades. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that TGF-β/SMAD signaling plays multiple regulatory functions in HCC. However, there is still controversy about the role of TGF-β/SMAD in HCC. Because it involves different pathogenic factors, disease stages, and cell microenvironment, as well as upstream and downstream relationships with other signaling pathways. This review will summary the regulatory mechanism of the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway in HCC, involving the regulation of different pathogenic factors, different disease stages, different cell populations, microenvironments, and the interaction with microRNAs. In addition, we also introduced small molecule inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and traditional Chinese medicine extracts based on targeting the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway, which will provide future research direction for HCC therapy targeting the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xin
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyu Cheng
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanxin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan province, China
| | - Qing Xu
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Hou
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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Fang Gong Y, Hou S, Xu JC, Chen Y, Zhu LL, Xu YY, Chen YQ, Li MM, Li LL, Yang JJ, Yang Y. Amelioratory effects of astragaloside IV on hepatocarcinogenesis via Nrf2-mediated pSmad3C/3L transformation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 117:154903. [PMID: 37301185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorylated Smad3 isoforms are reversible and antagonistic, and the tumour-suppressive pSmad3C can shift to an oncogenic pSmad3L signal. In addition, Nrf2 has a two-way regulatory effect on tumours, protecting normal cells from carcinogens and promoting tumour cell survival in chemotherapeutics. Accordingly, we hypothesised that the transformation of pSmad3C/3L is the basis for Nrf2 to produce both pro- and/or anti-tumourigenic effects in hepatocarcinogenesis. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), the major component of Astragalus membranaceus, exerts anti-fibrogenic and carcinogenic actions. Lately, AS-IV administration could delay the occurrence of primary liver cancer by persistently inhibiting the fibrogenesis and regulating pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways synchronously. However, effect of AS-IV on hepatocarcinogenesis implicated in the bidirectional cross-talking of pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling, especially which one contributes palpably than the other still remains unclear. PURPOSE This study aims to settle the above questions by using in vivo (pSmad3C+/- and Nrf2-/- mice) and in vitro (plasmid- or lentivirus- transfected HepG2 cells) models of HCC. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The correlation of Nrf2 to pSmad3C/pSmad3L in HepG2 cells was analysed by Co-immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Pathological changes of Nrf2, pSmad3C, and pSmad3L in human HCC patients, pSmad3C+/- mice, and Nrf2-/- mice were gauged by immunohistochemical, haematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson, and immunofluorescence assays. Finally, western blot and qPCR were used to verify the bidirectional cross-talking of pSmad3C/3L and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling protein and mRNA in vivo and in vitro models of HCC. RESULTS Histopathological manifestations and biochemical indicators revealed that pSmad3C+/- could abate the ameliorative effects of AS-IV on fibrogenic/carcinogenic mice with Nrf2/HO-1 deactivation and pSmad3C/p21 transform to pSmad3L/PAI-1//c-Myc. As expected, cell experiments confirmed that upregulating pSmad3C boosts the inhibitory activity of AS-IV on phenotypes (cell proliferation, migration and invasion), followed by a shift of pSmad3L to pSmad3C and activation of Nrf2/HO-1. Synchronously, experiments in Nrf2-/- mice and lentivirus-carried Nrf2shRNA cell echoed the results of pSmad3C knockdown. Complementarily, Nrf2 overexpression resulted in the opposite result. Furthermore, Nrf2/HO-1 contributes to AS-IV's anti-HCC effect palpably compared with pSmad3C/3L. CONCLUSION These studies highlight that harnessing the bidirectional crosstalk pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1, especially Nrf2/HO-1 signalling, acts more effectively in AS-IV's anti-hepatocarcinogenesis, which may provide an important theoretical foundation for the use of AS-IV against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fang Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China; School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, No.15, feicui Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China
| | - Le-Le Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Qing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China; Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, 230032, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, China.
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Yang J, Gong Y, Xu W, Li L, Shi Z, Wang Q, He Y, Zhang C, Luo C, Fang Z, Yang Y. Smad3 gene C-terminal phosphorylation site mutation exacerbates CCl 4-induced hepatic fibrogenesis by promoting pSmad2L/C-mediated signaling transduction. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1779-1786. [PMID: 34191114 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Current researches have confirmed that Smads, mediators of TGF-β signaling, are strictly controlled by domain-specific site phosphorylation in the process of hepatic disease. Usually, Smad3 phospho-isoform pSmad3L and pSmad3C are reversible and antagonistic; pSmad2L/C could act together with pSmad3L by stimulating PAI-1 expression and ECM synthesis to transmit fibrogenic signals. Our recent study found that pSmad3C mutation is supposed to perform a vigorous role on the early phase of liver injury and abates salvianolic acid B's anti-hepatic fibrotic-carcinogenesis. However, whether pSmad3C mutation expedites pSmad2L/C-mediated signaling transduction during hepatic fibrogenesis remains vague. Presently, Smad3 gene C-terminal phosphorylation site mutation heterozygote (pSmad3C+/-) mice were constructed to probe if and how pSmad3C retards CCl4-induced hepatic fibrogenesis by inhibiting pSmad2L/C-mediated signaling transduction. Twelve 6-week-old pSmad3C+/- C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injection with CCl4 for 6 weeks to induce liver fibrogenesis. Results showed that pSmad3C mutation aggravates the relative liver weight, biochemical parameters, collagenous fibers and fibrotic septa formation, contributes to fibrogenesis in HT-CCl4 mice. Furthermore, fibrotic-related proteins TGF-β1, pSmad2C, pSmad2L, and PAI-1 were also increased in CCl4-induced pSmad3C+/- mice. These results suggest that pSmad3C mutation exacerbates hepatic fibrogenesis which relates to intensifying pSmad2L/C-mediated signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yongfang Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhenghao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yinghao He
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chenchen Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhirui Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Gong Y, Li D, Li L, Yang J, Ding H, Zhang C, Wen G, Wu C, Fang Z, Hou S, Yang Y. Smad3 C-terminal phosphorylation site mutation attenuates the hepatoprotective effect of salvianolic acid B against hepatocarcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 147:111912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ko IG, Jin JJ, Hwang L, Kim SH, Kim CJ, Han JH, Lee S, Kim HI, Shin HP, Jeon JW. Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Protective Effect Against CCl 4-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Inactivation of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217894. [PMID: 33114315 PMCID: PMC7660684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) causes life-threatening clinical problem, and its underlying etiology includes inflammation and apoptosis. An adenosine A2A receptor agonist, polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the current study, the protective effect of PDRN against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced ALI was investigated using mice. For the induction of ALI, mice received intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 twice over seven days. Mice from the PDRN-treated groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 200 μL saline containing PDRN (8 mg/kg), once a day for seven days, starting on day 1 after the first CCl4 injection. In order to confirm that the action of PDRN occurs through the adenosine A2A receptor, 8 mg/kg 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX), an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, was treated with PDRN. Administration of CCl4 impaired liver tissue and increased the liver index and histopathologic score. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased, and apoptosis was induced by the administration of CCl4. Administration of CCl4 activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and facilitated phosphorylation of signaling factors in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In contrast, PDRN treatment suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited apoptosis. PDRN treatment inactivated NF-κB and suppressed phosphorylation of signaling factors in MAPK. As a result, liver index and histopathologic score were reduced by PDRN treatment. When PDRN was treated with DMPX, the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect of PDRN disappeared. Therefore, PDRN can be used as an effective therapeutic agent for acute liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (I.-G.K.); (J.-J.J.); (L.H.); (S.-H.K.); (C.-J.K.)
| | - Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (I.-G.K.); (J.-J.J.); (L.H.); (S.-H.K.); (C.-J.K.)
| | - Lakkyong Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (I.-G.K.); (J.-J.J.); (L.H.); (S.-H.K.); (C.-J.K.)
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (I.-G.K.); (J.-J.J.); (L.H.); (S.-H.K.); (C.-J.K.)
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (I.-G.K.); (J.-J.J.); (L.H.); (S.-H.K.); (C.-J.K.)
| | - Jin Hee Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Ha Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea; (H.I.K.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Hyun Phil Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea; (H.I.K.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Jung Won Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea; (H.I.K.); (H.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-440-6280
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Gong Y, Yang Y. Activation of Nrf2/AREs-mediated antioxidant signalling, and suppression of profibrotic TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway: a promising therapeutic strategy for hepatic fibrosis - A review. Life Sci 2020; 256:117909. [PMID: 32512009 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a wound-healing response that occurs during chronic liver injury and features by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC), the leading effector in HF, is responsible for overproduction of ECM. It has been documented that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulates superfluous accumulation of ECM and triggers HSCs activation mainly via canonical Smad-dependent pathway. Also, the pro-fibrogenic TGF-β1 is correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of antioxidant mechanisms. Moreover, involvement of oxidative stress (OS) can be clearly elucidated as a fundamental event in liver fibrogenesis. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidant response elements (Nrf2-AREs) pathway, a group of OS-mediated transcription factors with diverse downstream targets, is associated with the induction of diverse detoxifying enzymes and the most pivotal endogenous antioxidative system. More specifically, Nrf2-AREs pathway has recently assigned as a new therapeutic target for cure of HF. The overall goal of this review will focus on recent findings about activation of Nrf2-AREs-mediated antioxidant and suppression of profibrotic TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in the liver, providing an overview of recent advances in transcriptional repressors that dislocated during HF formation, and highlighting possible novel therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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Ding H, Fang M, Gong Y, Li D, Zhang C, Wen G, Wu C, Yang J, Yang Y. Smad3 gene C-terminal phosphorylation site mutation aggravates CCl 4 -induced inflammation in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7044-7054. [PMID: 32406200 PMCID: PMC7299733 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of C‐terminal phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3C) is down‐regulated with the progression of liver disease. Thus, we hypothesized that pSmad3C expression may be negatively related to liver disease. To develop novel therapeutic strategies, a suitable animal model is required that will allow researchers to study the effect of Smad3 domain‐specific phosphorylation on liver disease progression. The current study aimed to construct a new mouse model with the Smad3 C‐terminal phosphorylation site mutation and to explore the effects of this mutation on CCl4‐induced inflammation. Smad3 C‐terminal phosphorylation site mutant mice were generated using TetraOne™ gene fixed‐point knock‐in technology and embryonic stem cell microinjection. Resulting mice were identified by genotyping, and the effects on inflammation were explored in the presence or absence of CCl4. No homozygous mice were born, indicating that the mutation is embryonic lethal. There was no significant difference in liver phenotype and growth between the wild‐type (WT) and heterozygous (HT) mice in the absence of reagent stimulation. After CCl4‐induced acute and chronic liver damage, liver pathology, serum transaminase (ALT/AST) expression and levels of inflammatory factors (IL‐6/TNF‐α) were more severely altered in HT mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, pSmad3C protein levels were lower in liver tissue from HT mice. These results suggest that Smad3 C‐terminal phosphorylation may have a protective effect during the early stages of liver injury. In summary, we have generated a new animal model that will be a novel tool for future research on the effects of Smad3 domain‐specific phosphorylation on liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyan Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Fang
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongfang Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guanghua Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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