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Akalın M, Demirci O, Dizdaroğulları GE, Çiftçi E, Karaman A. Contribution of chromosomal microarray analysis and next-generation sequencing to genetic diagnosis in fetuses with normal karyotype. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:519-529. [PMID: 36316250 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to genetic diagnosis in fetuses with normal karyotype who underwent invasive testing for different indications. METHODS The results of invasive genetic testing performed at a tertiary center between September 2020 and March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Indications for invasive tests were classified as fetal structural malformation, presence of soft markers, and high risk in screening tests. CMA results were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic (pCNVs), benign (bCNVs), and variants of unknown clinical significance (VOUS). RESULTS A total of 830 invasive tests were performed and aneuploidy was detected in 11.2% of the fetuses. CMA was performed in 465 fetuses with normal karyotype, and pCNVs were detected in 6.9%. pCNVs were detected in 8.2% of fetuses with structural malformations, 6.5% in soft markers, and 4.7% in high risk in screening tests. Pathogenic variants were detected by NGS in 33.8% of fetuses with bCNVs. CONCLUSIONS pCNVs can be significantly detected not only in fetuses with structural malformations, but also in invasive testing with other indications. NGS significantly contributes to genetic diagnosis in fetuses with structural malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münip Akalın
- Department of Perinatology, Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Demirci
- Department of Perinatology, University of Health Sciences Zeynep Kamil Women's and Children's Disease Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem E Dizdaroğulları
- Department of Perinatology, University of Health Sciences Zeynep Kamil Women's and Children's Disease Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erman Çiftçi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences Zeynep Kamil Women's and Children's Disease Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Karaman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences Zeynep Kamil Women's and Children's Disease Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wu X, He S, Li Y, Guo D, Chen X, Liang B, Wang M, Huang H, Xu L. Fetal genetic findings by chromosomal microarray analysis and karyotyping for fetal growth restriction without structural malformations at a territory referral center: 10-year experience. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:73. [PMID: 36703098 PMCID: PMC9878785 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal invasive genetic testing is commonly recommended to pregnancies of early-onset FGR or FGR combined with a structural defect. Our study aimed to explore the genetic findings for FGR without structural malformations according to cytogenetic karyotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array) technology over a 10-year period. METHODS A total of 488 pregnancies diagnosed with FGR without structural malformation were retrospectively reviewed. Cytogenetic karyotyping was performed on all the subjects, and SNP array was available from 272 of them. Based on the gestational age at onset, the cohort was classified into four groups: ≤ 24, 25-28, 29-32, and > 32 weeks of gestation. According to the ultrasound findings, they were grouped into isolated FGR, FGR with soft markers, and FGR with non-structural anomalies. In pregnancies of young maternal age, based on the results of maternal serum screening (MSS), they were categorized into high-risk and low-risk MSS groups. RESULTS Nineteen (3.9%) cases of chromosomal abnormalities were detected by cytogenetic karyotyping, including 11 cases of numerical abnormalities, 5 cases of structural abnormalities, and 3 cases of mosaicism. Trisomy 21 was the most frequent abnormality. Abnormal karyotypes were more frequently observed in cases diagnosed at ≤ 24 weeks (7.2%) than those in any other group. Among pregnancies with normal karyotype, an incremental yield of 4.2% were revealed by SNP array technology regarding clinically relevant aberrations. The additional detection rates by SNP array in cases diagnosed at ≤ 24 weeks (6.5%), cases with soft markers (9.5%), and cases with high-risk MSS (12.0%) were higher than those in other groups within each classification. All the cases with abnormal karyotypes and 7 out of 11 pregnancies with clinically relevant anomalies revealed by SNP array alone resulted in pregnancy terminations. CONCLUSION Chromosome abnormality is an important etiology for FGR with no associated structural malformations, and plays a crucial role in pregnancies decision-making. SNP array improves the detection of genetic anomalies especially in FGR diagnosed at ≤ 24 weeks, FGR combined with soft makers, and FGR combined with high-risk MSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wu
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China ,grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Shuqiong He
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Ying Li
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Danhua Guo
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Bin Liang
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Meiying Wang
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Hailong Huang
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, No.18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian, 350001 China ,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, Fujian China
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Hsiao CH, Chen JS, Shiao YM, Chen YJ, Chen CH, Chu WC, Wu YC. Prenatal Diagnosis Using Chromosomal Microarray Analysis in High-Risk Pregnancies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133624. [PMID: 35806909 PMCID: PMC9267905 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To assess the value of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) during the prenatal diagnosis of high-risk pregnancies. Methods: Between January 2016 and November 2021, we included 178 chorionic villi and 859 amniocentesis samples from consecutive cases at a multiple tertiary hospital. Each of these high-risk singleton pregnancies had at least one of the following indications: (1) advanced maternal age (AMA; ≥35 years; 546, 52.7%); (2) fetal structural abnormality on ultrasound (197, 19.0%); (3) high-risk first- or second-trimester Down syndrome screen (189, 18.2%), including increased nuchal translucency (≥3.5 mm; 90, 8.7%); or (4) previous pregnancy, child, or family history (105, 10.1%) affected by chromosomal abnormality or genetic disorder. Both G-banding karyotype analysis and CMA were performed. DNA was extracted directly and examined with oligonucleotide array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Results: Aneuploidies were detected by both G-banding karyotyping and CMA in 42/1037 (4.05%) cases. Among the 979 cases with normal karyotypes, 110 (10.6%) cases had copy number variants (CNVs) in CMA, including 30 (2.9%) cases with reported pathogenic and likely pathogenic CNVs ≥ 400 kb, 37 (3.6%) with nonreported VOUS, benign, or likely benign CNVs ≥ 400 kb, and 43 (4.1%) with nonreported CNVs < 400 kb. Of the 58 (5.6%) cases with aneuploidy rearrangements, 42 (4.1%) were diagnosed by both G-banding karyotyping and CMA; four inversions, six balanced translocations, and six low mosaic rates were not detected with CMA. Conclusions: CMA is an effective first step for the prenatal diagnosis of high-risk pregnancies with fetal structural anomalies found in ultrasonography or upon positive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hua Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei City Hospital, Women and Children Campus, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-2-28267025; Fax: +886-2-28210847
| | - Jia-Shing Chen
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ming Shiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan;
- Union Clinical Laboratory, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Jang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei City Hospital, Women and Children Campus, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Woei-Chyn Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Yi-Cheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ultrasound Center of Taiwan IVF Group, Ton-Yen General Hospital, Zhubei 302, Taiwan
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Yuan S, Guo L, Cheng D, Li X, Hu H, Hu L, Lu G, Lin G, Gong F, Tan YQ. The de novo aberration rate of prenatal karyotype was comparable between 1496 fetuses conceived via IVF/ICSI and 1396 fetuses from natural conception. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:1683-1689. [PMID: 35616756 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the cytogenetic risk of assisted reproductive technology (ART) by comparing the incidence of de novo chromosomal abnormalities between fetuses conceived via in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and natural conception. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prenatal invasive diagnostic testing (amniocentesis and cytogenetic analysis) was performed on 1496 fetuses conceived via IVF/ICSI (IVF/ICSI group) and 1396 fetuses from natural conception (NC group). The incidence of de novo chromosomal abnormalities (including aneuploidy and chromosomal structure abnormalities) was used to evaluate the cytogenetic risk of ART. For statistical analysis, χ2-test was used for binary dependent variable. The significance level was P < 0.05 and confidence interval was 95%. RESULT(S) The IVF/ICSI group displayed a modest increase in the overall de novo chromosomal abnormality rate compared with that in the NC group but with no statistical significance (6.75% vs. 6.16%; χ2 = 0.42, P > 0.05). The incidence of abnormal karyotypes was also not significantly different between the IVF/ICSI and NC groups in different maternal ages, including ≥ 35 years group (7.55% vs. 9.60%, χ2 = 1.40, P > 0.05) and < 35 years group (6.20% vs. 4.54%, χ2 = 2.51, P > 0.05). Moreover, there was no difference in the proportion of aneuploid and structural abnormalities in detected karyotypes between the IVF/ICSI and NC groups. Logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between the method of pregnancy and de novo chromosomal abnormalities (odds ratio (OR) 1.03; 95% CI 0.71-1.50; P = 0.86) after adjusting for other confounding factors. CONCLUSION(S) Fetuses conceived via IVF/ICSI had a slight but not statistically significant increase in de novo abnormal karyotypes compared to those in naturally conceived fetuses. Our findings indicate no significant association between de novo fetal chromosomal abnormalities and the pregnancy method in high-risk pregnancies in the second trimester. For these pregnancies with a high risk but with a normal karyotype, further genetic testing is required for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Yuan
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Liuliang Guo
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Dehua Cheng
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiurong Li
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Gong
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Chromosomal Microarray Analysis Compared With Noninvasive Prenatal Testing in Pregnancies With Abnormal Maternal Serum Screening. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 139:877-887. [DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mastromoro G, Guadagnolo D, Khaleghi Hashemian N, Marchionni E, Traversa A, Pizzuti A. Molecular Approaches in Fetal Malformations, Dynamic Anomalies and Soft Markers: Diagnostic Rates and Challenges-Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:575. [PMID: 35328129 PMCID: PMC8947110 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal malformations occur in 2-3% of pregnancies. They require invasive procedures for cytogenetics and molecular testing. "Structural anomalies" include non-transient anatomic alterations. "Soft markers" are often transient minor ultrasound findings. Anomalies not fitting these definitions are categorized as "dynamic". This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the diagnostic yield and the rates of variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) in fetuses undergoing molecular testing (chromosomal microarray (CMA), exome sequencing (ES), genome sequencing (WGS)) due to ultrasound findings. The CMA diagnostic yield was 2.15% in single soft markers (vs. 0.79% baseline risk), 3.44% in multiple soft markers, 3.66% in single structural anomalies and 8.57% in multiple structural anomalies. Rates for specific subcategories vary significantly. ES showed a diagnostic rate of 19.47%, reaching 27.47% in multiple structural anomalies. WGS data did not allow meta-analysis. In fetal structural anomalies, CMA is a first-tier test, but should be integrated with karyotype and parental segregations. In this class of fetuses, ES presents a very high incremental yield, with a significant VUSs burden, so we encourage its use in selected cases. Soft markers present heterogeneous CMA results from each other, some of them with risks comparable to structural anomalies, and would benefit from molecular analysis. The diagnostic rate of multiple soft markers poses a solid indication to CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Mastromoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.G.); (N.K.H.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (A.P.)
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7
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Wu X, Li Y, Lin N, Xie X, Su L, Cai M, Lin Y, Wang L, Wang M, Xu L, Huang H. Chromosomal microarray analysis for pregnancies with abnormal maternal serum screening who undergo invasive prenatal testing. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6271-6279. [PMID: 34042265 PMCID: PMC8256361 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has been implemented as a first-tier test in pregnancies with ultrasound anomalies. However, its application for pregnancies with abnormal maternal serum screening (AMSS) only is not widespread. This study evaluated the value of CMA compared to traditional karyotyping in pregnancies with increased risk following first- or second-trimester maternal serum screening. Data from 3973 pregnancies with referral for invasive prenatal testing following AMSS were obtained from April 2016 to May 2020. Routine karyotyping was performed and single nucleotide polymorphism array was recommended. The foetuses were categorized according to the indications as AMSS only (group A) and AMSS with ultrasound anomalies (group B). CMA was performed on 713 prenatal samples. The proportion of women opting for CMA testing in both groups increased over the years. The incremental yield of clinically significant findings for pregnancies with high risk of screening results was similar to that for the foetuses with ultrasound soft markers (P > 0.05), but significantly lower than that for the foetuses with structural anomalies (P < 0.05). The total frequencies of variants of unknown significance in groups A and B showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). CMA should be performed for pregnant women undergoing prenatal invasive testing due to AMSS, especially with high-risk results, regardless of ultrasound findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Ying Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Na Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Xiaorui Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Linjuan Su
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Meiying Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Yuan Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Linshuo Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Meiying Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Hailong Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectPrenatal Diagnosis Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou CityChina
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