Resective surgery for the treatment of furcation involvement: A systematic review

Assessing the Impact of the Metal Artifact Reduction Tool on Detecting Furcation Lesions in Maxillary Molars with Different Intracanal Posts: An Ex Vivo Cone-beam Computed Tomography Study

INTRODUCTION

Considering the potential image compromise and diagnostic challenges posed by metals, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of the metal artifact reduction (MAR) tool in cone-beam computed tomography examinations for detecting furcation lesions in upper molars treated endodontically and restored with different intracanal posts.

METHODS

This ex vivo study used 45 endodontically treated maxillary first molars, categorized into the following3 groups (n = 15): control (without intracanal post), metal post, and fiberglass post. Simulations were conducted in the laboratory to replicate alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and grade I, II, and III furcation lesions. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were obtained with and without the MAR tool, and the furcation lesions were evaluated considering a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed at 5%.

RESULTS

In the control group, there was no influence of MAR (P > .05); grade II lesions were not diagnosed, and grade III lesions were the most detected (P < .05). In the metal post group with MAR, grade III lesions were diagnosed more frequently than I and II (P < .05) and grade III without MAR (P < .05). In the fiberglass post group, the diagnosis of grade I lesions decreased with MAR (P < .05), and without MAR, grade III was most diagnosed (P < .05); grade III lesions were the most diagnosed (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The MAR tool was only effective for diagnosing grade III furcation lesions, regardless of the intracanal material. Its application for grade I and II lesions did not contribute to improved diagnosis. Furthermore, in the fiberglass post group with grade I lesions, the MAR tool negatively affected the detection of the lesions.

Advances in Hydrogels for Periodontitis Treatment

Periodontitis is a common condition characterized by a bacterial infection and the disruption of the body's immune-inflammatory response, which causes damage to the teeth and supporting tissues and eventually results in tooth loss. Current therapy involves the systemic and local administration of antibiotics. However, the existing treatments cannot exert effective, sustained release and maintain an effective therapeutic concentration of the drug at the lesion site. Hydrogels are used to treat periodontitis due to their low cytotoxicity, exceptional water retention capability, and controlled drug release profile. Hydrogels can imitate the extracellular matrix of periodontal cells while offering suitable sites to load antibiotics. This article reviews the utilization of hydrogels for periodontitis therapy based on the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the disease. Additionally, the latest therapeutic strategies for smart hydrogels and the main techniques for hydrogel preparation have been discussed. The information will aid in designing and preparing future hydrogels for periodontitis treatment.

The survival of periodontally treated molars in long-term maintenance: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the survival of periodontally treated molars during maintenance care and identify the risk factors associated with molar loss among patients with periodontitis who received professional periodontal therapy and maintenance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Longitudinal studies with a minimum follow-up duration of 5 years published until 28 August 2023 were retrieved from the following databases: the Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science. All included studies reported data on molar retention. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4. A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the study quality. Statistical results of analyses of the overall survival rate and molar loss are presented as estimated standardized mean differences, whereas the results of the analyses of risk factors are presented as risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

RESULTS

From among the 1323 potentially eligible reports, 41 studies (5584 patients, 29,908 molars retained at the beginning of maintenance therapy, mean follow-up duration of 14.7 years) were included. The pooled survival rate of the molars during maintenance therapy was 82% (95% CI: 80%-84%). The average loss of molars was 0.05 per patient per year (95% CI: 0.04-0.06) among the patients receiving long-term periodontal maintenance (PM) therapy. Fifteen factors were examined in this meta-analysis. Six patient-related factors (older age, lack of compliance, smoking, bruxism, diabetes and lack of private insurance) and five tooth-related factors (maxillary location, high probing pocket depth, furcation involvement, higher mobility and lack of pulpal vitality) were identified as risk factors for molar loss during maintenance therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of the present study suggest that the long-term retention of periodontally compromised molars can be achieved. The average number of molars lost per decade was <1 among the patients receiving long-term PM therapy. Older age, noncompliance, smoking, bruxism, diabetes, lack of private insurance coverage, maxillary location, furcation involvement, higher mobility, increase in the probing pocket depth and loss of pulpal vitality are strong risk factors for the long-term prognosis of molars.

Vital root resection with radicular retrograde partial pulpotomy in furcation-involved maxillary molars in patients with periodontitis: Technique description and case series considering clinical and economic aspects

AIM

Conventional root resection in periodontally compromised furcation-involved maxillary molars requires preceding endodontic treatment and is therefore associated with loss of tooth vitality, higher invasiveness, treatment time and costs, and the risk of endodontic complications. Vital root resection (VRR) could overcome these disadvantages while establishing stable periodontal and endodontic conditions. This case series aimed to introduce the concept of one-stage VRR with radicular retrograde partial pulpotomy (VRRretro).

SUMMARY

Seven vital maxillary molars with residual probing pocket depths (PPD) ≥ 6 mm and furcation ≥ class 2 of five patients with stage III/IV periodontitis were treated with VRRretro using mineral trioxide aggregate. Teeth with residual through-and-through furcations were additionally tunnelled. Follow-up up to 2.5 years postoperatively during supportive periodontal care included full periodontal status, percussion and thermal sensitivity testing. Periapical radiographs were obtained to rule out possible periradicular radiolucencies. All seven treated molars were in-situ at an average of 26.84 ± 5.37 months postoperatively and were clinically and radiographically inconspicuous independent of tooth position, the resected root, the need for tunnelling and the restorative status. The mean PPD on the seven treated molars was 4.02 ± 0.85 mm (6-10 mm) preoperatively and 2.62 ± 0.42 mm (3-4 mm) at the last follow-up. Clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing could also be decreased. The teeth showed no mobility over time and furcations class 2 were reduced to class 1 while the tunnelled furcations were accessible with interdental brushes. All molars reacted negatively to percussion and positively to thermal sensitivity testing.

KEY LEARNING POINTS

In carefully selected cases considering patient- and tooth-related factors, VRRretro could be a promising treatment option to establish stable periodontal and endodontic conditions in furcation-involved maxillary molars while preserving tooth vitality.

Maxillary root amputation: Case report with a 14-year-follow-up and updated mini review

Root resection is performed to create a maintainable furcation area in teeth with advanced periodontitis. However, the long-term feasibility of this treatment remains controversial. We present a case in which distal root resection in a maxillary molar successfully preserved the form and function of the dentition for approximately 14 years.

Probing pocket depth reduction after non-surgical periodontal therapy: Tooth-related factors

BACKGROUND

To investigate tooth-related factors that influence the reduction of probing pocket depths (PPD) after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NST).

METHODS

Seven hundred forty-six patients with a total of 16,825 teeth were included and retrospectively analyzed. PPD reduction after NST was correlated with the tooth-related factors; tooth type, number of roots, furcation involvement, vitality, mobility, and type of restoration; using logistic multilevel regression for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

NST was able to reduce probing depth overall stratified probing depths (1.20 ± 1.51 mm, p ≤ 0.001). The reduction was significantly higher at teeth with higher probing depths at baseline. At pockets with PPD ≥ 6 mm, PPD remains high after NST. Tooth type, number of roots, furcation involvement, vitality, mobility, and type of restoration are significantly and independently associated with the rate of pocket closure.

CONCLUSIONS

The tooth-related factors: tooth type, number of roots, furcation involvement, vitality, mobility, and type of restoration had a significant and clinically relevant influence on phase I and II therapy. Considering these factors in advance may enhance the prediction of sites not responding adequately and the potential need for additional treatment, such as re-instrumentation or periodontal surgery, to ultimately achieve the therapy end points.

The Development of Thermoresponsive Polymeric Simvastatin Prodrug for the Treatment of Experimental Periodontitis in Rats

Periodontitis (PD) is a severe inflammatory gum pathology that damages the periodontal soft tissue and bone. It is highly prevalent in the US, affecting more than 47% of adults. Besides routine scaling and root planing, there are few effective treatments for PD. Developed as an effective treatment for hyperlipidemia, simvastatin (SIM) is also known for its well-established anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties, suggesting its potential utility in treating PD. Its clinical translation, however, has been impeded by its poor water-solubility, lack of osteotropicity, and side effects (e.g., hepatoxicity) associated with systemic exposure. To address these challenges, an N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-based thermoresponsive polymeric prodrug of SIM (ProGel-SIM) was developed as a local therapy for PD. Its aqueous solution is free-flowing at 4 °C and transitions into a hydrogel at ∼30 °C, allowing for easy local application and retention. After a thorough characterization of its physicochemical properties, ProGel-SIM was administered weekly into the periodontal pocket of an experimental rat model of PD. At 3 weeks post initiation of the treatment, the animals were euthanized with palate isolated for μ-CT and histological analyses. When compared to dose equivalent simvastatin acid (SMA, active form of SIM) treatment, the rats in the ProGel-SIM treated group showed significantly higher periodontal bone volume (0.34 mm3 vs 0.20 mm3, P = 0.0161) and less neutrophil (PMN) infiltration (P < 0.0001) and IL-1β secretion (P = 0.0036). No measurable side effect was observed. Collectively, these results suggest that ProGel-SIM may be developed as a promising drug candidate for the effective clinical treatment of PD.

Effectiveness of root resection techniques compared with root canal retreatment or apical surgery for the treatment of apical periodontitis and tooth survival: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

To manage apical periodontitis in root filled maxillary and mandibular molars, root resection techniques may be employed to avoid the loss of the tooth.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the study were to systematically analyse the effectiveness of root resection techniques (root resection/crown resection/root amputation) for the management of apical periodontitis with non-surgical root canal retreatment or apical surgery by the evaluation of clinical and patient-related outcomes (PROMS), in human experimental studies and longitudinal studies.

METHODS

An electronic literature search in PubMed, MEDLINE via OVID interface, EMBASE and Cochrane Central, supplemented by a manual hand search of the grey literature, was performed up to 25th September 2021. Randomized controlled trials, comparative clinical trials and observational studies reporting on the outcome (tooth survival and patient-reported outcome measures with a minimum follow-up of 1 year) of root resection techniques for treating apical periodontitis were identified. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

RESULTS

From a total of 2098 reports, 36 were considered for further screening. Three retrospective studies, published between 2018 and 2020, were included in this systematic review. A high heterogeneity in terms of protocols, study design and the reported outcomes were observed. The risk of bias was scored as low to moderate. These three studies consisted of data from 305 resected teeth, from 254 patients, with a follow-up period of 1-16.8 years. Overall, 151 teeth were extracted during the follow-up period. In these studies, root resection treatment was carried out on 42 teeth exclusively for endodontic reasons. One of these studies reported 12 out of 23 teeth lost at follow-up. None of the studies reported on PROMS.

DISCUSSION

Although root resection techniques may be used for treating teeth with apical periodontitis, the data are limited. Furthermore, the studies are very heterogeneous and associated with high risk of bias.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the current level of available evidence, it is not possible to recommend, or dismiss, root resection techniques for managing apical periodontitis.

REGISTRATION

PROSPERO database (CRD42021260306).

Adjunctive use of platelet-rich fibrin in surgical treatment of furcation defects: A systematic review

Periodontitis is an infectious disease characterized by the inflammatory destruction of the tooth supporting tissues. In multi-rooted teeth, this process leads to periodontal destruction within furcations creating defects demanding in terms of treatment. Regeneration of class II furcation involvement, although possible, is considered an unpredictable procedure, especially in terms of the bone fill. The interest in wound healing improvement by additional use of autologous concentrates of growth factors remains high in many fields of dentistry. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation platelet concentrate and biomaterial. PRF forms a solid fibrin matrix, which is slowly remodeled comparable to the natural blood clot. Its utilization is associated with release of growth factors and glycoproteins over a long period of time. PRF activates alkaline phosphates, which show osteoblastic activity and this activation influences the bone formation. The aim of this review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to evaluate the adjunctive use of platelet-rich fibrin in surgical treatment of furcation defects.

Advances in hydrogels for the treatment of periodontitis

Periodontitis is the second most prevalent oral disease and can cause serious harm to human health. Hydrogels are excellent biomaterials that can be used for periodontitis as drug delivery platforms to achieve inflammation control through high drug delivery efficiency and sustained drug release and as tissue scaffolds to achieve tissue remodelling through encapsulated cell wrapping and effective mass transfer. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the treatment of periodontitis with hydrogels. The pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis are introduced first, followed by the recent progress of hydrogels in controlling inflammation and tissue reconstruction, in which the specific performance of hydrogels is discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and limitations of hydrogels for clinical applications in periodontitis are discussed and possible directions for development are proposed. This review aims to provide a reference for the design and fabrication of hydrogels for the treatment of periodontitis.

Survival analysis of root-resected molars from 1 to 13.4 years: A retrospective cohort study

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

While root resective therapy may extend the longevity of a molar, data on patient selection and outcomes of root resection are scarce.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to analyze the survival of root-resected molars and investigate factors affecting the decision and outcomes of the therapy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patient- and tooth-related data from participants who had received root resection between 1999 and 2022 were collected. Cox regression was used to build predictive models for time-to-tooth loss based on predictors-initial diagnoses (carious, endodontic, periodontal, or endodontic-periodontal lesions), the presence of a complete-coverage crown, and the location of the tooth in the arch (P<.001).

RESULTS

Of 60 teeth, all from different participants, 31 molars were resected because of endodontic lesions. The failure rate was 35% with 21 teeth extracted. At 5 years, the survival probability was 0.58, considering all predictors. The survival of molars resected because of carious or endodontic lesions was significantly lower than those because of periodontal or endodontic-periodontal lesions (P<.05). The hazard ratio for tooth loss in the resected teeth was 15.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) (3.7 to 83.2) without complete-coverage crowns and 8.6, 95% CI (2.2 to 43.2) at the most posterior location.

CONCLUSIONS

Root resection provided to manage a localized periodontal lesion had the highest prognosis. The absence of a crown and the location as the most posterior tooth in the arch were associated with poor survival following resection.

The endodontic-periodontal juncture: Where two worlds meet. An overview of endo-perio lesions

Endodontic and periodontal infections can be difficult to differentiate from one another and often share common clinical features making diagnosis challenging. The aim of this review is to discuss endodontic and periodontal infections in situations where they occur concurrently, or where one influences the other. The available literature investigating endodontic and periodontal infections was examined for contemporary knowledge regarding endodontic-periodontal interactions. Strategies to facilitate diagnosis and treatment planning are discussed. When endodontic and periodontal infections occur together, or signs and symptoms are similar, diagnosis can be challenging. Determining the primary source of infection is imperative to ensure appropriate treatment planning. The pulp and periodontal tissues are intimately related, with many possible pathways for infection from one to the other. Diagnosis of the primary source of the infection can be difficult and sometimes an inter-disciplinary approach to treatment is required. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

Have extraction patterns in German adults with severe periodontitis changed between 2000 and 2010? Results from two cohort studies

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether extraction thresholds in persons with severe periodontitis have changed between 2000 and 2010 and whether potential shifts have contributed to the reported decrease in tooth extractions in German adults over the last decades.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data from two German population-based cohort studies in Northeast Germany (Studies of Health in Pomerania; SHIP-START [baseline 1997-2001; 11-year follow-up] and SHIP-TREND [baseline 2008-2012; 7-year follow-up]) were used. In SHIP-START (SHIP-TREND), 522 (478) participants with severe periodontitis according to the CDC/AAP case definition were included. Patterns of maximum probing depth (PD) and maximum clinical attachment level (CAL) for retained and extracted teeth were compared between SHIP-START and SHIP-TREND participants.

RESULTS

No major differences in patterns of baseline maximum CAL of retained or extracted teeth were detected between SHIP-START and SHIP-TREND. Extraction thresholds were identified at the baseline at maximum CAL ≥6 and ≥9 mm. Tooth-level incidence rates for extraction for baseline maximum CAL of 6 mm were comparable between SHIP-START and SHIP-TREND (17.1 vs. 15.9 events per 1000 person-years).

CONCLUSIONS

After a decade, teeth in persons with severe periodontitis were still undergoing extraction with minor or moderate attachment loss. A change in extraction pattern did not contribute to the higher tooth retention rate.

Furcation-involved molar teeth - part 2: management and prognosis

Furcation-involved molars are a common presentation in general dental practice. Teeth with increasing degrees of furcation involvement are at a higher risk of requiring extraction. This second article reviews management and prognosis of furcation-involved molar teeth. An improved understanding of how to appropriately manage these teeth can result in improved outcomes for patients.

Cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel with or without a collagen matrix in the treatment of class III furcation defects: A histologic and histomorphometric study in dogs

AIM

To histologically evaluate the effects of cross-linked hyaluronic acid (xHyA) with or without a collagen matrix (CM) on periodontal wound healing/regeneration in class III furcation defects in dogs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Class III furcation defects were surgically created in the mandibular premolars in six beagle dogs. The defects were randomly treated as follows: open flap debridement (OFD) + CM (CM), OFD + xHyA (xHyA), OFD + xHyA + CM (xHyA/CM) and OFD alone (OFD). At 10 weeks, the animals were euthanized for histological evaluation.

RESULTS

The newly formed bone areas in the xHyA (4.04 ± 1.51 mm² ) and xHyA/CM (4.32 ± 1.14 mm² ) groups were larger than those in the OFD (3.25 ± 0.81 mm² ) and CM (3.31 ± 2.26 mm² ) groups. The xHyA (6.25 ± 1.45 mm) and xHyA/CM (6.40 ± 1.35 mm) groups yielded statistically significantly (p < .05) greater formation of new connective tissue attachment (i.e., new cementum, with inserting connective tissue fibres) compared with the OFD (1.47 ± 0.85 mm) group. No significant differences were observed in any of the histomorphometric parameters between the xHyA and xHyA/CM groups. Complete furcation closure was not observed in any of the four treatment modalities.

CONCLUSIONS

Within their limits, the present results suggest that the use of xHyA with or without CM positively influences periodontal wound healing in surgically created, acute-type class III furcation defects.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes periodontal regeneration in a beagle model of furcation involvement

Objective: To evaluate the regeneration potential of periodontitis tissue treated by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) combined with the guided tissue regeneration (GTR) technique in a beagle model of furcation involvement (FI).

Background: Achieving predictable regeneration remains a clinical challenge for periodontitis tissue due to the compromised regenerative potential caused by chronic inflammation stimulation. LIPUS, an FDA-approved therapy for long bone fracture and non-unions, has been demonstrated effective in the in vitro attenuation of inflammation-induced dysfunction of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), the key cells contributing to periodontal regeneration. However, the in vivo effect of LIPUS on periodontitis tissue is rarely reported.

Methods: A beagle model of FI was established, and the experimental teeth were randomly assigned into three groups: control group, GTR group, and GTR+LIPUS group. Radiographic examinations were performed, and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded to reflect the periodontal condition of different groups. Histological analyses using H&amp;E and Masson’s staining were conducted to evaluate the periodontal tissue regeneration.

Results: LIPUS could enhance new periodontal bone formation and bone matrix maturity in FI after GTR treatment. Moreover, clinical assessment and histomorphometric analyses revealed less inflammatory infiltration and superior vascularization within bone grafts in the LIPUS treatment group, indicating the anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects of LIPUS in FI.

Conclusion: Our investigation on a large animal model demonstrated that LIPUS is a promising adjunctive approach for the regeneration of periodontitis tissue, paving a new avenue for LIPUS application in the field of periodontal regenerative medicine.

The Radiographic Assessment of Furcation Area in Maxillary and Mandibular First Molars while Considering the New Classification of Periodontal Disease

This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic reliability in the diagnosis of furcation involvement in first molars. A total of 52 subjects were included in the current study. Personal history regarding smoking was recorded and a periodontal examination was performed. Pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession, and furcation involvement in all first molars were assessed for each patient. Periodontal staging and grading were evaluated using the new classification of periodontal disease. Class II and Class III furcation classification were more frequently observed in radiographs than the Class I furcation; however, no significant differences were observed. Radiographic observation of the furcation was seen more when PD and CAL were >5 mm in all molars. The presence of gingival recession and its relation to the radiographic assessment did not reveal any statistically significant association (p > 0.05) except for tooth #16. The trend of visibility of furcation radiographically was more as the grade of staging was increased. Moreover, the presence of smoking habits and visibility of furcation radiographically did not have any statistical significance. Smoking may not be a factor in the furcation involvement. There is a direct relationship between the staging and grading of the periodontitis and furcation involvement.

Outcomes reporting in systematic reviews on surgical endodontics: A scoping review for the development of a core outcome set

BACKGROUND

Evidence-informed decision-making in healthcare relies on the translation of research results to everyday clinical practice. A fundamental requirement is that the validity of any healthcare intervention must be supported by the resultant favourable treatment outcome. Unfortunately, differences in study design and the outcome measures evaluated often make it challenging to synthesise the available research evidence required for secondary research analysis and guideline development. Core outcome sets (COS) are defined as an agreed standardised set of outcomes which should be measured and reported as a minimum in all clinical trials on a specific topic. The benefits of COS include less heterogeneity, a reduction in the risk of reporting bias, ensuring all trials contribute data to facilitate meta-analyses, and given the engagement of key stakeholders, it also increases the chances that clinically-relevant outcomes are identified. The recognition of the need for COS for assessing endodontic treatment outcomes lead to the development of Core Outcome Sets for Endodontic Treatment modalities (COSET) protocol, which is registered (No. 1879) on the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) website.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this scoping review are to: (1) identify the outcomes assessed in studies evaluating surgical endodontic procedures; (2) report on the method of assessment used to measure the outcomes; (3) and assess selective reporting bias in the included studies. The data obtained will be used to inform the development of COS for surgical endodontics.

METHODS

A structured literature search of electronic databases and the grey literature was conducted to identify systematic reviews on periradicular surgery (PS), intentional replantation (IR) and tooth/root resection (RR), published between January 1990 and December 2020. Two independent reviewers were involved in the literature selection, data extraction and the appraisal of the studies identified. The type of intervention, outcomes measured, type of outcomes reported (clinician- or patient-reported), outcome measurement method, and follow-up period, were recorded using a standardised form.

RESULTS

Twenty-six systematic reviews consisting of 19 studies for PS, three studies for IR and four studies for RR were selected for inclusion. Outcome measures identified for PS and IR included pain, swelling, mobility and tenderness, outcomes related to periodontal/soft tissue healing (including sinus tract), periradicular healing, tooth survival, life impact (including Oral-Health-Related-Quality-of-Life), resource use and/or adverse effects. For RR, in addition to tooth survival, endodontic complications, and adverse effects, the outcome measures were primarily periodontal-related, including pocket depth reduction, attachment gain, periodontal disease, and periodontic-endodontic lesions. The majority of outcome measures for PS, IR, and RR were assessed clinically, radiologically and/or via patient history. Specific tools such as rating scales (Visual Analog Scale, Verbal rating Scale, Numerical Rating Scale, and other scales) were used for the assessment of pain, swelling, and tenderness, and validated questionnaires were used for the assessment of oral health-related quality of life. The range of follow-up periods were variable, dependent on the outcome measure and the type of intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Outcome measures, method of assessment and follow-up periods for PS, IR and RR were identified and categorised to help standardise the reporting of outcomes for future research studies. Additional outcome measures that were not reported, but may be considered in the COSET consensus process include loss of root-end filling material, number of clinic visits, surgery-related dental anxiety and muco-gingival aesthetic-related measures, such as scarring, black triangles, root surface exposure, and tissue discolouration.

Radiographic Evaluation of Regeneration Strategies for the Treatment of Advanced Mandibular Furcation Defects: A Retrospective Study

Teeth with furcation involvement (FI) present a higher risk of loss and are difficult to maintain. This study evaluated the efficacy of furcation defect regeneration (FDR) as a regeneration strategy. Pre-operative and 6-month postoperative radiographs were collected from patients receiving regeneration therapy for mandibular teeth with degree II and early degree III FI. The linear furcation involvement (LFI), ratio of LFI (RLI), LFI and RLI adjusted bythe alveolar bone crest (ABC), and radiographic intensity were assessed. The effects of demographic characteristics, regeneration treatment strategies, the relationship between furcation and ABC, and adjacent intrabony defect regeneration (AIDR) were evaluated using a generalized linear model and logistic regression. The results demonstrated that 1.5 mm adjusted LFI and 40% adjusted RLI were achieved in both pure furcation defects and combined furcation–angular defects by the combination of bone replacement grafts (BRG) and enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) or collagen membrane (CM); deproteinized bovine bone matrix (DBBM) showed a superior outcome among BRG. In combined furcation–angular defects, EMD appeared more beneficial than CM, and AIDR significantly promoted adjusted LFI and RLI. In conclusion, DBBM with EMD or CM was effective for FDR, and AIDR had a positive effect on FDR in the combined furcation–angular defect.

Periodontal regeneration: is it still a goal in clinical periodontology?

In the last decades, Periodontal Regeneration has been one of the most discussed topics in Periodontics, attracting the attention of researchers and clinicians. This can be justified by the evident and continuous progress observed in the field, characterized by a better understanding of the biological mechanisms involved, significant improvement of operative and technical principles, and the emergence of a wide range of biomaterials available for this purpose. Together, these aspects put the theme much in evidence in the search for functional and esthetic therapeutic solutions for periodontal tissue destruction. Despite the evident evolution, periodontal regeneration may be challenging and require the clinician to carefully evaluate each case before making a therapeutic decision. With a critical reassessment of the clinical and preclinical literature, the present study aimed to discuss the topic to answer whether Periodontal Regeneration is still a goal in clinical periodontology. The main aspects involved in the probability of success or failure of regenerative approaches were considered. A greater focus was given to intrabony and furcation defects, clinical conditions with greater therapeutic predictability. Aspects such as more appropriate materials/approaches, long-term benefits and their justification for a higher initial cost were discussed for each condition. In general, deep intrabony defects associated with residual pockets and buccal/lingual class II furcation lesions have predictable and clinically relevant results. Careful selection of the case (based on patient and defect characteristics) and excellent maintenance are essential conditions to ensure initial and long-term success.

Long-term prognosis of teeth with class III furcation involvement

OBJECTIVE

Evaluation of survival of teeth with class III furcation involvement (FI) ≥5 years after active periodontal treatment (APT) and identification of prognostic factors.

METHODS

All charts of patients who completed APT at the Department of Periodontology of Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany, beginning October 2004 were screened for teeth with class III FI. APT had to be accomplished for ≥5 years. Charts were analysed for data of class III FI teeth at baseline (T0), at accomplishment of APT (T1), and at the last supportive periodontal care (T2). Baseline radiographic bone loss (RBL) and treatment were assessed.

RESULTS

One-hundred and sixty patients (age: 54.4 ± 9.8 years; 82 females; 39 active smokers; 9 diabetics, 85 stage III, 75 stage IV, 59 grade B, 101 grade C) presented 265 teeth with class III FI. Ninety-eight teeth (37%) were lost during 110, 78/137 (median, lower/upper quartile) months. Logistic mixed-model regression and mixed Cox proportional hazard model associated adjunctive systemic antibiotics with fewer tooth loss (26% vs. 42%; p = .019/.004) and RBL (p = .014/.024) and mean probing pocket depth (PPD) at T1 (p < .001) with more tooth loss.

CONCLUSIONS

Subgingival instrumentation with adjunctive systemic antibiotics favours retention of class III furcation-involved teeth. Baseline RBL and PPD at T1 deteriorate long-term prognosis.

Periodontal furcation lesions: A survey of diagnosis and management by general dental practitioners

AIM

The aim of this study was to explore general dental practitioners' (GDPs) attitude to periodontal furcation involvement (FI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An online survey focused on diagnosis and management of periodontal FI was circulated to GDPs in seven different countries.

RESULTS

A total of 400 responses were collected. Nearly a fifth of participants reported rarely or never taking 6-point pocket charts; 65.8% of participants had access to a Nabers probe in their practice. When shown clinical pictures and radiographs of FI-involved molars, the majority of participants correctly diagnosed it. Although 47.1% of participants were very/extremely confident in detecting FI, only 8.9% felt very/extremely confident at treating it. Differences in responses were detected according to country and year of qualification, with a trend towards less interest in periodontal diagnosis and treatment in younger generations. Lack of knowledge of management/referral pathways (reported by 22.8%) and lack of correct equipment were considered the biggest barriers to FI management. Most participants (80.9%) were interested in learning more about FI, ideally face to face followed by online tutorials.

CONCLUSIONS

Plans should be put in place to improve general dentists' knowledge and ability to manage FI, as this can have a significant impact on public health.

Results of an experimental study of subgingival cleaning effectiveness in the furcation area

BACKGROUND

Sufficient biofilm removal in the furcation area (FA) is a major challenge in the clinical practice of supportive periodontal therapy. The aim of the present experimental study was to simulate subgingival cleaning of the FA using a powered scaler (sonic scaler (AIR), ultrasonic scaler (US)) for conventional mechanical debridement versus two air polishing with nonabrasive powder (LAPA-1: glycine powder, LAPA-2: erythritol powder) and different nozzles for supra-/subgingival cleaning for each device.

METHODS

Seven trained and calibrated operators with ≥ 2 years each of professional experience in treating periodontitis used the instruments to clean 3D-printed replicas of six molars with through-and-through FA (four 3-rooted and two 2-rooted teeth) in a manikin head. AIR and US were used in the control group; air polishing instruments were used in the test group. For reproducible evaluation, the test teeth were separated vertically into two or three parts, illuminated with ultraviolet light, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. Treatment time (TrT, in s) and relative cleaning efficacy (RCE, in %) were measured.

RESULTS

Overall, 3-rooted molars (RCE in the entire FA, 23.19 ± 20.98%) could be cleaned significantly less effectively than 2-rooted molars (53.04 ± 28.45%, p < 0.001), regardless of the instrument used. In the cleaning of the entire FA, significantly higher RCE values were achieved with conventional mechanical debridement (AIR/US: 46.04 ± 25.96%/39.63 ± 22.02%; AIR vs. US: p > 0.05) than with air polishing (LAPA-1/LAPA-2: 34.06 ± 29.48%/17.09 ± 18.85%; LAPA-1 vs. LAPA-2: p < 0.001) regardless of whether a supra- or subgingival cleaning nozzle used (p < 0.001). Only LAPA-1 with a subgingival nozzle showed RCE values comparable to those of US (41.07 ± 28.95% vs. 39.63 ± 22.02%, p > 0.05). TrT was longest for US (299.40 ± 120.69 s) and shortest for LAPA-1 with a supragingival nozzle (129.67 ± 60.92 s, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

All of the examined instruments were effective to some degree in removing the simulated biofilm from the FA, but they differed substantially in cleaning efficacy. Only one air polishing device (LAPA-1) with a rigid subgingival nozzle was able to achieve RCE values similar to those of US. The current investigation confirmed that conventional mechanical debridement with powered scalers were most effective, but treatment took longer with these devices than air polishing.

Guided Tissue Regeneration Treatment Yields Better Results in Class II Furcations in the Mandible Than in the Maxilla: A Retrospective Study

Absorbable porcine collagen membrane with a bovine bone graft can be considered for regenerative treatment in periodontal class II furcation defects. We evaluated the clinical efficacy of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) treatment with bovine bone xenograft and a porcine collagen membrane in molars with class II furcations. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bone level (BL) were recorded at baseline and at 3, 6, and 9 months postoperatively. Thirty class II furcation defects from the lower and upper molars were assessed. Significant improvements in PD and CAL were observed from baseline to 9 months in all groups (p < 0.01). BL improved in all groups except group A in the upper molars in radiographic assessment (p < 0.05). The lower and upper molars showed PD reduction of 50.5% ± 7.44% and 46.2% ± 11.2%, respectively, at 9 months (p = 0.044). In furcations of 1–3 mm, the lower and upper molars showed PD reductions of 51.2% ± 4.49% and 36.5% ± 16.14%, respectively (p = 0.035). The lower and upper molars showed a CAL gain of 51.1% ± 4.64% and 33.6% ± 18.8%, respectively (p = 0.037). Thus, GTR with bovine bone graft and porcine collagen membrane yielded good results in class II furcations, with better results in the lower than in the upper molars.

Effect of orthodontic therapy in periodontitis and non-periodontitis patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis

AIM

To answer these PICO questions: #1: In adult patients with malocclusion, what are the effects of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) on clinical attachment level (CAL) changes in treated periodontitis patients with a healthy but reduced periodontium compared to non-periodontitis patients? #2: In adult patients with treated periodontitis and malocclusion, which is the efficacy of skeletal anchorage devices compared to conventional systems in terms of orthodontic treatment outcomes?

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Seven databases were searched until June 2020 looking for randomized, non-randomized trials and case series. Mean effects (ME) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS

Twenty-six studies with high risk of bias were included. PICO#1: In 26 patients without periodontitis and in 69 treated periodontitis patients, minimal changes in periodontal outcomes were reported after orthodontic therapy (p>0.05). A significant CAL gain (mm) (ME=3.523; 95% CI [2.353; 4.693]; p<0.001) was observed in 214 patients when periodontal outcomes were retrieved before a combined periodontal and orthodontic therapy. PICO#2: Orthodontic variables were scarcely reported and objective assessment of the results on orthodontic therapy were missing.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on a small number of low-quality studies, in non-periodontitis and in stable treated periodontitis patients, OTM had no significant impact on periodontal outcomes.

BSP implementation of European S3 - level evidence-based treatment guidelines for stage I-III periodontitis in UK clinical practice

OBJECTIVES

To adapt the supranational European Federation for Periodontology (EFP) S3-Level Clinical Practice Guideline for treatment of periodontitis (stage I-III) to a UK healthcare environment, taking into account the views of a broad range of stakeholders, and patients.

SOURCES

This UK version is based on the supranational EFP guideline (Sanz et al., 2020) published in the Journal of Clinical Periodontology. The source guideline was developed using the S3-level methodology, which combined the assessment of formal evidence from 15 systematic reviews with a moderated consensus process of a representative group of stakeholders, and accounts for health equality, environmental factors and clinical effectiveness. It encompasses 62 clinical recommendations for the treatment of stage I-III periodontitis, based on a step-wise process mapped to the 2017 classification system.

METHODOLOGY

The UK version was developed from the source guideline using a formal process called the GRADE ADOLOPMENT framework. This framework allows for the adoption (unmodified acceptance), adaptation (acceptance with modifications) and the de novo development of clinical recommendations. Using this framework and following the S3-process, the underlying systematic reviews were updated and a representative guideline group of 75 delegates from 17 stakeholder organisations was assembled into three working groups. Following the formal S3-process, all clinical recommendations were formally assessed for their applicability to the UK and adoloped accordingly.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Using the ADOLOPMENT protocol, a UK version of the EFP S3-level clinical practice guideline was developed. This guideline delivers evidence- and consensus-based clinical recommendations of direct relevance to the dental community in the UK.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The aim of S3-level guidelines is to combine the evaluation of formal evidence, grading and synthesis with the clinical expertise of a broad range of stakeholders to form clinical recommendations. Herein, the first major international S3-level guideline in dentistry, the EFP guideline, was implemented for direct clinical applicability in the UK healthcare system.

Evidence-based, personalised and minimally invasive treatment for periodontitis patients - the new EFP S3-level clinical treatment guidelines

The 2017 international classification system for periodontal diseases characterises periodontitis patients based upon disease extent, severity and past experience, and in stage IV includes a treatment complexity component. In addition, taking into account well-established risk factors, it aims to estimate the risk for future attachment loss. This classification system draws upon current understanding of disease pathobiology and reflects the complex, multifactorial nature of the periodontitis. It also acknowledges individual patients' risk profiles.Classification and diagnosis are distinct but linked entities, and the inclusion of established risk factors in the system helps signpost the clinician and patient towards a more personalised approach to care provision. The European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) has recently developed an S3-level clinical treatment guideline for stages I to III periodontitis, based upon a rigorous standardised process involving 15 systematic reviews of current evidence and their synthesis by a representative group of experts and stakeholders. The aim is to guide the practitioner through the complex plethora of periodontal management options and to facilitate pragmatic decision-making in full knowledge of the evidence base.Here, we present the structured, stepwise treatment protocols developed by the EFP guideline group and highlight selected specific clinical recommendations. The adapted guidelines for the UK healthcare system will be published in early 2021.

Feasibility and needs for simultaneous or staged bone augmentation to place prosthetically guided dental implants after extraction or exfoliation of first molars due to severe periodontitis

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess bone volumes, healed ridge topography and possibility to plan prosthetically guided implants (PGI) at least 6 months after extraction or exfoliation of first molars as a consequence of terminal periodontitis (EEFMP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

45 subjects with stage III-IV periodontitis providing 74 extraction sites (maxillary = 51 and mandibular = 23) were included. The degree of residual periodontal support on each root was assessed by combining periodontal and radiographic data. Digital planning of PGI with 4.8/4.1 mm diameter, 8 mm long, root-form dental implant and need for bone augmentation (BA) were performed using CBCT with a radiographic stent. Possibility of standard implant placement (STANDARD) and need for simultaneous or staged BA were assessed.

RESULTS

Planning PGI placement was possible in all cases. For a 4.8 mm diameter implant, STANDARD was possible in 37.8% of the sites, 33.8% required BA at the time of implant placement, and 28.4% required staged BA before PGI. The use of 4.1 mm rather than 4.8 mm diameter implant allowed STANDARD in an additional 8.1% of cases that originally required simultaneous BA/osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE). The level of periodontal bone loss did not predict the complexity of implant placement, but significant differences were observed comparing maxillary with mandibular sites.

CONCLUSION

PGI planning at sites with first molar loss due to terminal periodontitis is possible but poses great challenge to rehabilitation, often requiring advanced augmentation procedures and sinus augmentation.

Treatment of stage I-III periodontitis-The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline

BACKGROUND

The recently introduced 2017 World Workshop on the classification of periodontitis, incorporating stages and grades of disease, aims to link disease classification with approaches to prevention and treatment, as it describes not only disease severity and extent but also the degree of complexity and an individual's risk. There is, therefore, a need for evidence-based clinical guidelines providing recommendations to treat periodontitis.

AIM

The objective of the current project was to develop a S3 Level Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) for the treatment of Stage I-III periodontitis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This S3 CPG was developed under the auspices of the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP), following the methodological guidance of the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). The rigorous and transparent process included synthesis of relevant research in 15 specifically commissioned systematic reviews, evaluation of the quality and strength of evidence, the formulation of specific recommendations and consensus, on those recommendations, by leading experts and a broad base of stakeholders.

RESULTS

The S3 CPG approaches the treatment of periodontitis (stages I, II and III) using a pre-established stepwise approach to therapy that, depending on the disease stage, should be incremental, each including different interventions. Consensus was achieved on recommendations covering different interventions, aimed at (a) behavioural changes, supragingival biofilm, gingival inflammation and risk factor control; (b) supra- and sub-gingival instrumentation, with and without adjunctive therapies; (c) different types of periodontal surgical interventions; and (d) the necessary supportive periodontal care to extend benefits over time.

CONCLUSION

This S3 guideline informs clinical practice, health systems, policymakers and, indirectly, the public on the available and most effective modalities to treat periodontitis and to maintain a healthy dentition for a lifetime, according to the available evidence at the time of publication.

Vital root resection in severely furcation-involved maxillary molars: Outcomes after up to 7 years

AIMS

To introduce a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of furcation-involved maxillary molars by vital root resection and report longer-term outcomes of a case series.

METHODS

Eleven patients with 15 maxillary molars affected by double/triple class II (n = 10) or single/double class III (n = 5) furcation defects and advanced vertical bone loss around one root participated. Teeth were treated with deep pulpotomy using a calcium silicate-based cement. After 4 weeks, the affected roots were removed by periodontal microsurgery and processed for histological evaluation of the pulp. All patients were enrolled into a supportive periodontal care programme. During the follow-up period, assessments of tooth sensitivity, response to percussion, mobility, pocket probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were made, periapical radiographs obtained and patient-reported outcomes collected.

RESULTS

All teeth remained sensitive to pulp testing. After 1 year and 3-7 years of follow-up, PD was ≤5 mm at all resected teeth. Furcation status was much improved. Neither increasing mobility nor clinical or radiographic signs of periapical pathology were observed throughout the individual observation period. All patients were pleased with the result of therapy. Histologic sections revealed a functional dentin-pulp complex.

CONCLUSIONS

This case series demonstrates the possibility of maintaining severely furcation-involved molars by vital root resection for up to 7 years. Root canal therapy and its associated costs and complications can thus be avoided.