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Esberg A, Kindstedt E, Isehed C, Lindquist S, Holmlund A, Lundberg P. LIGHT protein: A novel gingival crevicular fluid biomarker associated with increased probing depth after periodontal surgery. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:852-862. [PMID: 38390754 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the protein profiles in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in relation to clinical outcomes after periodontal surgery and examine if any selected proteins affect the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS This exploratory study included 21 consecutive patients with periodontitis. GCF was collected, and the protein pattern (n = 92) and clinical parameters were evaluated prior to surgery and 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Fibroblastic gene expression was analysed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Surgical treatment reduced periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and changed the GCF protein pattern. Twelve months after surgery, 17% of the pockets showed an increase in PPD. Levels of a number of proteins in the GCF decreased after surgical treatment but increased with early signs of tissue destruction, with LIGHT being one of the proteins that showed the strongest association. Furthermore, LIGHT up-regulated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and MMP9 in human gingival fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS LIGHT can potentially detect subjects at high risk of periodontitis recurrence after surgical treatment. Moreover, LIGHT induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines and tissue-degrading enzymes in gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Esberg
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elin Kindstedt
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Catrine Isehed
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Periodontology, Public Dental Health County Council of Gävleborg, Gävle County Hospital, Gävle, Sweden
- Center for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Susanne Lindquist
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Holmlund
- Department of Periodontology, Public Dental Health County Council of Gävleborg, Gävle County Hospital, Gävle, Sweden
- Center for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Lundberg
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Michalowicz BS, Anderson JP, Kottke TE, Dehmer SP, Worley DC, Kane S, Basile S, Rindal DB. Periodontal treatment and subsequent clinical outcomes and medical care costs: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290028. [PMID: 37578943 PMCID: PMC10424874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is a common oral disease associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We studied if periodontitis treatment improves clinical outcomes and reduces medical care costs in patients with CAD, CBVD or T2D. METHODS We used clinic records and claims data from a health care system to identify patients with periodontitis and CAD, CBVD or T2D, and to assess periodontal treatments, hospitalizations, medical costs (total, inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy), glycated hemoglobin, cardiovascular events, and death following concurrent disease diagnoses. We compared clinical outcomes according to receipt of periodontal treatment and/or maintenance care in the follow-up period, and care costs according to treatment status within one year following concurrent disease diagnoses, while adjusting for covariates. The data were analyzed in 2019-21. RESULTS We identified 9,503 individuals, 4,057 of whom were in the CAD cohort; 3,247 in the CBVD cohort; and 4,879 in the T2D cohort. Patients who were selected and elected to receive treatment and maintenance care were less likely to be hospitalized than untreated individuals (CAD: OR = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.92); CBVD: OR = 0.73 (0.56, 0.94); T2D: OR = 0.80 (0.64, 0.99)). Selection to treatment and/or maintenance care was not significantly associated with cardiovascular events, mortality, or glycated hemoglobin change. Total care costs did not differ significantly between treated and untreated groups over 4 years. Treated patients experienced lower inpatient costs but higher pharmacy costs. CONCLUSIONS Patients with periodontitis and CAD, CBVD or T2D who were selected and elected to undergo periodontal treatment or maintenance care had lower rates of hospitalizations, but did not differ significantly from untreated individuals in terms of clinical outcomes or total medical care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas E. Kottke
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Steven P. Dehmer
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Donald C. Worley
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sheryl Kane
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sarah Basile
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - D. Brad Rindal
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States of America
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Bale BF, Doneen AL, Leimgruber PP, Vigerust DJ. The critical issue linking lipids and inflammation: Clinical utility of stopping oxidative stress. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1042729. [PMID: 36439997 PMCID: PMC9682196 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1042729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of an atheroma begins when lipoproteins become trapped in the intima. Entrapped lipoproteins become oxidized and activate the innate immune system. This immunity represents the primary association between lipids and inflammation. When the trapping continues, the link between lipids and inflammation becomes chronic and detrimental, resulting in atherosclerosis. When entrapment ceases, the association between lipids and inflammation is temporary and healthy, and the atherogenic process halts. Therefore, the link between lipids and inflammation depends upon lipoprotein retention in the intima. The entrapment is due to electrostatic forces uniting apolipoprotein B to polysaccharide chains on intimal proteoglycans. The genetic transformation of contractile smooth muscle cells in the media into migratory secretory smooth muscle cells produces the intimal proteoglycans. The protein, platelet-derived growth factor produced by activated platelets, is the primary stimulus for this genetic change. Oxidative stress is the main stimulus to activate platelets. Therefore, minimizing oxidative stress would significantly reduce the retention of lipoproteins. Less entrapment decreases the association between lipids and inflammation. More importantly, it would halt atherogenesis. This review will analyze oxidative stress as the critical link between lipids, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Through this perspective, we will discuss stopping oxidative stress to disrupt a harmful association between lipids and inflammation. Numerous therapeutic options will be discussed to mitigate oxidative stress. This paper will add a new meaning to the Morse code distress signal SOS-stopping oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Field Bale
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Amy Lynn Doneen
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Pierre P. Leimgruber
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, United States
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David John Vigerust
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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Chang YH, Huang CL, Hsieh AT, Jao CA, Lu HK. Expression of advanced glycation end products and receptors in gingival tissues of patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2022; 18:689-695. [PMID: 37021230 PMCID: PMC10068389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are known to accumulate in the periodontal tissues of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Through this study, we aimed to investigate the distribution of AGEs and the receptor of AGEs (RAGE) in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Materials and methods Gingival biopsy samples from 13 patients with both NIDDM and periodontitis and 6 patients with both non-DM (NDM) and periodontitis were collected. The tissue sections were processed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to detect the distributions of AGEs and RAGE. Spearman correlation coefficients of all samples were calculated (P < 0.05) for the AGE and RAGE rankings of the following clinical parameters: plaque score (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and tooth loss (TL). Results IHC analysis revealed that AGEs among patients with NIDDM had a significantly higher ranking than those of the NDM group (P < 0.05). Positive staining for RAGE was observed in both groups but was not significantly different (P > 0.05). A positive correlation between AGE ranking and TL was observed in the NIDDM group, but not between AGE ranking and PI, PD, or BOP. The distribution of RAGE was not correlated with PI, PD, BOP, or TL. Conclusion AGEs were particularly distributed in the highly inflamed gingiva of patients with NIDDM-associated periodontitis and was statistically correlated with the long-term parameter TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Han Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ling Huang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Tsz Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ai Jao
- Department of Dentistry, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Hsein-Kun Lu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Division of Periodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing St, Xinyi District, Taipei City, 110301, Taiwan. Fax: +886 2 2737 2181#3211.
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Lamster IB, Malloy KP, DiMura PM, Cheng B, Wagner VL, Matson JM, Proj A, Xi Y, Abel SN, Alfano MC. Preventive dental care is associated with improved health care outcomes and reduced costs for Medicaid members with diabetes. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.952182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPreventive dental services have been associated with improved health outcomes. This study expands on previous observations by examining the relationship between oral health care and health care outcomes and costs in a publicly insured population with diabetes.MethodsUtilization of dental services, health care outcomes and costs were evaluated for New York State Medicaid members with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM), ages 42 to 64, who were continuously enrolled between July 1, 2012 and June 30, 2015. Utilization of dental services focused on preventive dental care (PDC), and extractions and endodontic treatment (both indicative of advanced dental infection). Data were analyzed using regression models with propensity score weighting to control for potential confounding.ResultsReceipt of PDC was associated with lower utilization rates and costs compared to members who did not access dental services. The most pronounced average cost difference was observed for inpatient admissions at $823 per year for members who had at least one PDC without extraction or endodontic treatment. Each additional PDC visit received was associated with an 11% lower rate of inpatient admissions and lower average inpatient costs by $407 per member. The need for a dental extraction or endodontic therapy was associated with relatively higher rates and costs.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate an association between PDC and improved health care outcome rates and lower average costs among members with DM and suggest a general health benefit associated with provision of preventive dental care for persons with DM.
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A Tale of Two Fimbriae: How Invasion of Dendritic Cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis Disrupts DC Maturation and Depolarizes the T-Cell-Mediated Immune Response. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030328. [PMID: 35335652 PMCID: PMC8954744 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a unique pathogen implicated in severe forms of periodontitis (PD), a disease that affects around 50% of the US population. P. gingivalis is equipped with a plethora of virulence factors that it uses to exploit its environment and survive. These include distinct fimbrial adhesins that enable it to bind to other microbes, colonize inflamed tissues, acquire nutrients, and invade cells of the stroma and immune system. Most notable for this review is its ability to invade dendritic cells (DCs), which bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. This invasion process is tightly linked to the bridging functions of resultant DCs, in that it can disable (or stimulate) the maturation function of DCs and cytokines that are secreted. Maturation molecules (e.g., MHCII, CD80/CD86, CD40) and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1b, TNFa, IL-6) are essential signals for antigen presentation and for proliferation of effector T-cells such as Th17 cells. In this regard, the ability of P. gingivalis to coordinately regulate its expression of major (fimA) and minor (mfa-1) fimbriae under different environmental influences becomes highly relevant. This review will, therefore, focus on the immunoregulatory role of P. gingivalis fimbriae in the invasion of DCs, intracellular signaling, and functional outcomes such as alveolar bone loss and immune senescence.
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