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Jáni M, Mikeš O, Marecek R, Brazdil M, Mareckova K. Prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal depression: Combined effects on brain aging and mental health in young adulthood. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111062. [PMID: 38906411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both maternal depression problems during pregnancy and prenatal exposure to air pollution have been associated with changes in the brain as well as worse mood and anxiety in the offspring in adulthood. However, it is not clear whether these effects are independent or whether and how they might interact and impact the brain age and mental health of the young adult offspring. METHODS A total of 202 mother-child dyads from a prenatal birth cohort were assessed for maternal depression during pregnancy through self-report questionnaires administered in the early 90s, exposure to air pollutants (Sulfur dioxide [SO2], nitrogen oxides [NOx], and suspended particle matter [SPM]) during each trimester based on maternal address and air quality data, mental health of the young adult offspring (28-30 years of age; 52% men, all of European ancestry) using self-report questionnaires for depression (Beck Depression Inventory), mood dysregulation (Profile of Mood States), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and psychotic symptoms (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire), and brain age, estimated from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and previously published neuroanatomical age prediction model using cortical thickness maps. The brain age gap estimate (BrainAGE) was computed by subtracting structural brain age from chronological age. Trajectories of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy were assessed using Growth Mixture Modeling. The interactions of prenatal depression and prenatal exposure to air pollutants on adult mental health and BrainAGE were assessed using hierarchical linear regression. RESULTS We revealed two distinct trajectories of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy: "early exposure," characterized by high exposure during the first trimester, followed by a steady decrease, and "late exposure," characterized by low exposure during the first trimester, followed by a steady increase in the exposure during the subsequent trimesters. Maternal depression during the first half of pregnancy interacted with NOX exposure trajectory, predicting mood dysregulation and schizotypal symptoms in young adults. In addition, maternal depression during the second half of pregnancy interacted with both NOx and SO2 exposure trajectories, respectively, and predicted BrainAGE in young adults. In those with early exposure to NOx, maternal depression during pregnancy was associated with worse mental health and accelerated brain aging in young adulthood. In contrast, in those with early exposure to SO2, maternal depression during pregnancy was associated with slower brain aging in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence of the combined effects of prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal depression on mental health outcomes and brain age in young adult offspring. Moreover, they point out the importance of the timing and trajectory of the exposure during prenatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jáni
- Brain and Mind Research, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Marecek
- Brain and Mind Research, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Brazdil
- Brain and Mind Research, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Mareckova
- Brain and Mind Research, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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McGuinn LA, Klein DN, Gutiérrez-Avila I, Keil AP, Ortiz MT, Just A, Coull B, Torres-Calapiz M, Kloog I, Téllez-Rojo MM, Wright RJ, Wright RO. Individual and joint effects of prenatal PM 2.5 and maternal stress on child temperament. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118432. [PMID: 38354885 PMCID: PMC11065570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and maternal psychological functioning have been associated with child cognitive outcomes, though their independent and joint impacts on earlier behavioral outcomes remains less studied. We used data from 382 mother-child pairs from a prospective birth cohort in Mexico City. Temperament was measured at 24 months using the Carey Toddler Temperament Scale (TTS). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to update the factor structure of the TTS. During pregnancy, mothers completed the Crisis in Family Systems-Revised, Edinburgh Depression Scale, pregnancy-specific anxiety scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Pregnancy PM2.5 was assessed using estimates from a satellite-based exposure model. We assessed the association between prenatal maternal stress and PM2.5 on temperament, in both independent and joint models. Quantile g-computation was used to estimate the joint associations. Models were adjusted for maternal age, SES, education, child sex, and child age. In EFA, we identified three temperament factors related to effortful control, extraversion, and negative affect. Our main results showed that higher levels of PM2.5 and several of the maternal psychological functioning measures were related to both effortful control and negative affect in the child, both individually and as a mixture. For instance, a one quartile increase in the prenatal mixture was associated with higher negative affect scores in the child (0.34, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.53). We observed modification of these associations by maternal SES, with associations seen only among lower SES participants for both effortful control (-0.45, 95% CI: -0.70, -0.20) and negative affect outcomes (0.60, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.85). Prenatal PM2.5 and maternal psychological functioning measures were associated with toddler temperament outcomes, providing evidence for impacts of chemical and non-chemical stressors on early child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. McGuinn
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel N. Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Iván Gutiérrez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander P. Keil
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marcela Tamayo Ortiz
- Occupational Health Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Allan Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Schrott R, Feinberg JI, Newschaffer CJ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Croen LA, Fallin MD, Volk HE, Ladd-Acosta C, Feinberg AP. Exposure to air pollution is associated with DNA methylation changes in sperm. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2024; 10:dvae003. [PMID: 38559770 PMCID: PMC10980975 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollutants has been associated with adverse health outcomes in adults and children who were prenatally exposed. In addition to reducing exposure to air pollutants, it is important to identify their biologic targets in order to mitigate the health consequences of exposure. One molecular change associated with prenatal exposure to air pollutants is DNA methylation (DNAm), which has been associated with changes in placenta and cord blood tissues at birth. However, little is known about how air pollution exposure impacts the sperm epigenome, which could provide important insights into the mechanism of transmission to offspring. In the present study, we explored whether exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter, particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or ozone (O3) was associated with DNAm in sperm contributed by participants in the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation prospective pregnancy cohort. Air pollution exposure measurements were calculated as the average exposure for each pollutant measured within 4 weeks prior to the date of sample collection. Using array-based genome-scale methylation analyses, we identified 80, 96, 35, and 67 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) significantly associated with particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter, particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter, NO2, and O3, respectively. While no DMRs were associated with exposure to all four pollutants, we found that genes overlapping exposure-related DMRs had a shared enrichment for gene ontology biological processes related to neurodevelopment. Together, these data provide compelling support for the hypothesis that paternal exposure to air pollution impacts DNAm in sperm, particularly in regions implicated in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Schrott
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jason I Feinberg
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Craig J Newschaffer
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heather E Volk
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christine Ladd-Acosta
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew P Feinberg
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Epigenetics, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Muzard A, Olhaberry M, Nuñez C, Vaccarezza S, Franco P, Morán J, Sieverson C, León MJ, Apter G. Parental personality traits and emotion regulation: Its relationship with infants' socioemotional development during the perinatal period. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2023; 83:20-26. [PMID: 37030058 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Socioemotional development is central throughout life, and it unfolds in an interpersonal context in which each significant caregiver has an impact, particularly during infancy. However, only a relatively small number of studies have investigated associations between mothers and fathers' personality and emotional characteristics with their infant's socioemotional development during the perinatal period. Therefore, the present article examines the relationship between maternal and paternal personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties during the prenatal period with offspring's socioemotional development. This was a non-experimental and longitudinal study that included a community sample of 55 mother-father-baby triads. Parental assessments were carried out between the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and baby's socio-emotional development was assessed during their 2nd month after birth. Results evidenced differences between maternal and paternal personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties during the perinatal period as well as distinct contributions on infant's socioemotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Muzard
- Psychotherapy, School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile; School of Psychology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcia Olhaberry
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile.
| | - Catalina Nuñez
- Psychotherapy, School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile; School of Psychology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile; School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Stephanie Vaccarezza
- Psychotherapy, School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; School of Psychology, Universidad de Chile; Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile; School of Psychology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pamela Franco
- Doctoral Program in Psychotherapy, School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile.
| | - Javier Morán
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile; Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP); Fundación Mente en Mente, Chile.
| | - Catalina Sieverson
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile.
| | - María José León
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP); Fundación Mente en Mente, Chile.
| | - Gisele Apter
- Doctoral Program in Psychotherapy, Université de Rouen Normandie, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, France.
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Liu R, Pagliaccio D, Herbstman JB, Fox NA, Margolis AE. Prenatal exposure to air pollution and childhood internalizing problems: roles of shyness and anterior cingulate cortex activity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023. [PMID: 36789477 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to air pollution increases the risk for psychiatric disorders characterized by internalizing problems. In this study, we examined the roles of shyness and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity in the association between prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and children's internalizing problems at 7-9 years old. METHODS Participants include 53 children (31 girls, 22 boys). Personal air monitoring was conducted over 48 continuous hours during the third trimester of pregnancy to measure 8 PAHs. Mothers reported children's shyness (Emotionality Activity Sociability Temperament Survey) at age 5 and internalizing problems (Child Behavior Checklist) at ages 7-9. ACC activity was measured by fMRI during the Simon Spatial Incompatibility task at ages 7-9. RESULTS Shyness mediated the association between prenatal PAH exposure and internalizing problems. Higher prenatal PAH exposure predicted increased shyness, which in turn predicted greater internalizing problems. Moreover, left ACC activity during the Simon task moderated the association between prenatal PAH exposure and internalizing problems. Prenatal PAH exposure predicted increased risk for internalizing problems only when children showed heightened left ACC activity during the resolution of cognitive conflict. CONCLUSIONS Our study innovatively synthesizes the fields of developmental psychology and environmental health science to offer new insights into the risk factors for anxiety disorders. Facilitating the development of healthy reactive and regulatory processes may improve the developmental outcomes for children highly exposed to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amy E Margolis
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Dong Y, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma Y, Chen J, Li G, Zhou J, Ren Y, Ma H, Xie J, Li H, Zhu Z. Trends in Research of Prenatal Stress From 2011 to 2021: A Bibliometric Study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:846560. [PMID: 35874593 PMCID: PMC9298743 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.846560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal stress during pregnancy can raise the risk of mental disorders in offspring. The continuous emergence of clinical concepts and the introduction of new technologies are great challenges. In this study, through bibliometric analysis, the research trends and hotspots on prenatal stress (PS) were explored to comprehend clinical treatments and recommend future scientific research directions. METHODS Studies on PS published on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database between 2011 and 2021 were reviewed. Bibliometric analysis was conducted according to the number of publications, keywords, journals, citations, affiliations, and countries. With the data collected from the WoSCC, visualization of geographic distribution; clustering analysis of keywords, affiliations, and authors; and descriptive analysis and review of PS were carried out. RESULTS A total of 7,087 articles published in 2011-2021 were retrieved. During this period, the number of publications increased. Psychoneuroendocrinology is the leading journal on PS. The largest contributor was the United States. The University of California system was leading among institutions conducting relevant research. Wang H, King S, and Tain YL were scholars with significant contributions. Hotspots were classified into four clusters, namely, pregnancy, prenatal stress, oxidative stress, and growth. CONCLUSION The number of studies on PS increased. Journals, countries, institutions, researchers with the most contributions, and most cited articles worldwide were extracted. Studies have mostly concentrated on treating diseases, the application of new technologies, and the analysis of epidemiological characteristics. Multidisciplinary integration is becoming the focus of current development. Epigenetics is increasingly used in studies on PS. Thus, it constitutes a solid foundation for future clinical medical and scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengquan Chen
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yating Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hengyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juanping Xie
- School of Medicine, Qinba Chinese Medicine Resources R&D Center, Ankang University, Ankang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Barrett ES, Workman T, Hazlehurst MF, Kauderer S, Loftus C, Kannan K, Robinson M, Smith AK, Smith R, Zhao Q, LeWinn KZ, Sathyanarayana S, Bush NR. Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in relation to placental corticotropin releasing hormone (pCRH) in the CANDLE pregnancy cohort. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1011689. [PMID: 36440232 PMCID: PMC9691680 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1011689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting combustion by-products that have been linked to preterm birth. One possible mechanism is through disruption of placental corticotropin releasing hormone (pCRH), a key hormone implicated in parturition. As an extension of recent research identifying pCRH as a potential target of endocrine disruption, we examined maternal PAH exposure in relation to pCRH in a large, diverse sample. Participants, drawn from the CANDLE cohort, part of the ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium, completed study visits at 16-29 weeks (V1) and 22-39 weeks (V2) gestation (n=812). Seven urinary mono-hydroxylated PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) were measured at V1 and serum pCRH at V1 and V2. Associations between individual log-transformed OH-PAHs (as well as two summed PAH measures) and log(pCRH) concentrations across visits were estimated using mixed effects models. Minimally-adjusted models included gestational age and urinary specific gravity, while fully-adjusted models also included sociodemographic characteristics. We additionally evaluated effect modification by pregnancy complications, fetal sex, and maternal childhood trauma history. We observed associations between 2-OH-Phenanthrene (2-OH-PHEN) and rate of pCRH change that persisted in fully adjusted models (β=0.0009, 0.00006, 0.0017), however, positive associations with other metabolites (most notably 3-OH-Phenanthrene and 1-Hydroxypyrene) were attenuated after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. Associations tended to be stronger at V1 compared to V2 and we observed no evidence of effect modification by pregnancy complications, fetal sex, or maternal childhood trauma history. In conclusion, we observed modest evidence of association between OH-PAHs, most notably 2-OH-PHEN, and pCRH in this sample. Additional research using serial measures of PAH exposure is warranted, as is investigation of alternative mechanisms that may link PAHs and timing of birth, such as inflammatory, epigenetic, or oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Emily S. Barrett,
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marnie F. Hazlehurst
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sophie Kauderer
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Christine Loftus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Roger Smith
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kaja Z. LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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