Does Bordetella pertussis vaccine offer any cross-protection against Bordetella bronchiseptica? Implications for pet owners with cystic fibrosis

Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella pertussis: Similarities and Differences in Infection, Immuno-Modulation, and Vaccine Considerations

Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica belong to the genus Bordetella, which comprises 14 other species. B. pertussis is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. B. bronchiseptica is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both Bordetella can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in B. bronchiseptica infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, B. pertussis pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of B. bronchiseptica because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each Bordetella are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate Bordetella. In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.

Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods and Lung Transplant Recipients: A Narrative Review

The respiratory tract of lung transplant recipients (LTR) is likely to be colonized with non-fermentative Gram-negative rods. As a consequence of the improvements in molecular sequencing and taxonomy, an increasing number of bacterial species have been described. We performed a review of the literature of bacterial infections in LTR involving non-fermentative Gram-negative rods with exclusion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter spp. and Burkholderia spp. Overall, non-fermenting GNR were recovered from 17 LTR involving the following genera: Acetobacter, Bordetella, Chryseobacterium, Elizabethkinga, Inquilinus, and Pandoraea. We then discuss the issues raised by these bacteria, including detection and identification, antimicrobial resistance, pathogenesis, and cross-transmission.

A doggy tale: Risk of zoonotic infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients from live licenced bacterial veterinary vaccines for cats and dogs

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Live-attenuated bacterial veterinary vaccines can constitute an infection risk for individuals with any defect in their phagocytic function, including chronic granulomatous disease, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, myeloperoxidase deficiency, as well as Chediak-Higashi syndrome, from accidental acquisition of licenced attenuated live bacterial vaccine, at vaccination or from their vaccinated pet. Ownership of small companion animals, including cats and dogs, is popular within the cystic fibrosis (CF) community. These animals require vaccines as part of their routine care, which may involve live viral and bacterial vaccines, with potential for infection in the CF owner. This report examines the scope of current canine and feline vaccines, with particular emphasis on veterinary vaccination strategies against the Gram-negative pathogen, Bordetella bronchiseptica and describes new vaccine innovations offering protection to both pet and CF owner.

COMMENT

The Gram-negative bacterium, Bordetella bronchoseptica, may cause respiratory disease in small companion animals, as well as in certain human vulnerable groups, including those with CF. Live licenced veterinary bacterial vaccines for Bordetella bronchiseptica (Kennel Cough) are available for cats and dogs, which are an infection concern for humans with CF who may come into contact with vaccinated animals. Live licenced veterinary bacterial vaccines for Bordetella bronchiseptica (Kennel Cough) are available for intranasal administration to cats and dogs. These vaccines require a withdrawal period of vaccinated animal from vulnerable owner, ranging from 35 days - 11 weeks. Recently, a new dead IM vaccine is now available not requiring exclusion of the vaccinated pet from CF owner.

WHAT IS NEW & CONCLUSION

CF pharmacists, hospital pharmacists and community pharmacists are important custodians of vaccine-related advice to people with CF, who are frequently consulted for such advice. Pharmacists should be aware of the recent innovations in veterinary medicines, so that they can give appropriate advice to people with CF when asked. Immunocompromised patients, that is those with CF or those with any defect in their phagocytic function (chronic granulomatous disease, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, myeloperoxidase deficiency, Chediak-Higashi syndrome) should avoid exposure to live veterinary bacterial vaccines and seek animal vaccination utilising non-live vaccines. Most importantly, this manuscript highlights the development of a new veterinary vaccine for dogs, which we want to make the CF healthcare community aware of, which is an acellular dead vaccine, so that those patients with dogs needing annual vaccination can select this vaccine pathway, thereby minimising risk of infection from the vaccine strains and avoiding the social exclusion between CF patient and their pet. CF patients should understand the potential infection implications of live-attenuated viral and bacterial strains as vaccines, whether these are small companion animals, exotic animals or large farm animals. Patients should make their veterinarian aware of their CF status, so that a safe and efficacious vaccine strategy is used, both mitigating the potential infection risks from live vaccine components with the CF patient, but simultaneously offering maximum immunological protection to the animal.