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Tan Y, Yan Z, Yin J, Cao J, Xie B, Zhang F, Zhang W, Xiong W. Elucidating the role of genetically determined metabolites in Diabetic Retinopathy: insights from a mendelian randomization analysis. Acta Diabetol 2024:10.1007/s00592-024-02345-7. [PMID: 39090426 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic retinopathy (DR) results from complex genetic and metabolic interactions. Unraveling the links between blood metabolites and DR can advance risk prediction and therapy. METHODS Leveraging Mendelian Randomization (MR) and Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression (LDSC), we analyzed 10,413 DR cases and 308,633 controls. Data was sourced from the Metabolomics GWAS server and the FinnGen project. RESULTS Our research conducted a comprehensive MR analysis across 486 serum metabolites to investigate their causal role in DR. After stringent selection and validation of instrumental variables, we focused on 480 metabolites for analysis. Our findings revealed 38 metabolites potentially causally associated with DR. Specifically, 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 2 was identified as significantly associated with a reduced risk of DR (OR = 0.471, 95% CI = 0.324-0.684, p = 7.87 × 10- 5), even after rigorous adjustments for multiple testing. Sensitivity analyses further validated the robustness of this association, and linkage disequilibrium score regression analyses showed no significant genetic correlation between this metabolite and DR, suggesting a specific protective effect against DR. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 2, a metabolite of androgens, as a significant protective factor against diabetic retinopathy, suggesting androgens as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Postdoctoral Station of Clinical Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zuyun Yan
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiayang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiamin Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bingyu Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, Hunan Province, China.
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Dai J, Wu Z, Liu Z, Li C, Zhu L, Chen H, Chen X. Sources and control of impurity during one-pot enzymatic production of dehydroepiandrosterone. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:399. [PMID: 38951177 PMCID: PMC11217079 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has a promising market due to its capacity to regulate human hormone levels as well as preventing and treating various diseases. We have established a chemical esterification coupled biocatalytic-based scheme by lipase-catalyzed 4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-AD) hydrolysis to obtain the intermediate product 5-androstene-3,17-dione (5-AD), which was then asymmetrically reduced by a ketoreductase from Sphingomonas wittichii (SwiKR). Co-enzyme required for KR is regenerated by a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus subtilis. This scheme is more environmentally friendly and more efficient than the current DHEA synthesis pathway. However, a significant amount of 4-AD as by-product was detected during the catalytic process. Focused on the control of by-products, we investigated the source of 4-AD and identified that it is mainly derived from the isomerization activity of SwiKR and GDH. Increasing the proportion of glucose in the catalytic system as well as optimizing the catalytic conditions drastically reduced 4-AD from 24.7 to 6.5% of total substrate amount, and the final yield of DHEA achieved 40.1 g/L. Furthermore, this is the first time that both SwiKR and GDH have been proved to be promiscuous enzymes with dehydrogenase and ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) activities, expanding knowledge of the substrate diversity of the short-chain dehydrogenase family enzymes. KEY POINTS: • A strategy of coupling lipase, ketoreductase, and glucose dehydrogenase in producing DHEA from 4-AD • Both SwiKR and GDH are identified with ketosteroid isomerase activity. • Development of catalytic strategy to control by-product and achieve highly selective DHEA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Dai
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zheyi Wu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zebin Liu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Linjiang Zhu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hanchi Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Li X, Hao W, Lin S, Yang N. Association between AST/ALT ratio and diabetic retinopathy risk in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional investigation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1361707. [PMID: 38633757 PMCID: PMC11021722 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1361707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the association between the aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST/ALT ratio) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods In this cross-sectional study, clinical data from 3002 patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to the Department of Endocrinology of our hospital between January 1, 2021, and December 1, 2022, were retrospectively collected. Measurements of AST and ALT were conducted and diabetes-related complications were screened. The association between AST/ALT ratio and diabetic retinopathy was assessed using multivariate logistic regression, and a generalized additive model (GAM) was used to investigate nonlinear relationships. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were also conducted. Results Among the 3002 patients, 1590 (52.96%) were male and 1412 (47.04%) were female. The mean AST/ALT ratio was 0.98 ± 0.32, ranging from 0.37 (Min) to 2.17 (Max). Diabetic retinopathy was present in 40.47% of the patients. After multivariate adjustments, for each 0.1 unit increase in AST/ALT ratio, the risk of DR increased by 4% (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07, p=0.0053). Higher AST/ALT ratio quartiles were associated with Higher prevalence of DR (OR vs. Q1: Q4 = 1.34 (CI: 1.03-1.75, p=0.0303).The GAM and smoothed curve fit indicated a linear relationship between AST/ALT ratio and DR risk, with no significant interaction effects across different subgroups. Conclusion Our study demonstrates a positive correlation between the AST/ALT ratio and diabetic retinopathy risk in type 2 diabetes, suggesting its potential role in assessing DR risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Nursing and Hospital Infection Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenqing Hao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Nursing and Hospital Infection Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Shouguang People’s Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Nailong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Nursing and Hospital Infection Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Rentflejsz J, Wojszel ZB. Diabetes Mellitus Should Be Considered While Analysing Sarcopenia-Related Biomarkers. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1107. [PMID: 38398421 PMCID: PMC10889814 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a chronic, progressive skeletal muscle disease characterised by low muscle strength and quantity or quality, leading to low physical performance. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are more at risk of sarcopenia than euglycemic individuals. Because of several shared pathways between the two diseases, sarcopenia is also a risk factor for developing T2DM in older patients. Various biomarkers are under investigation as potentially valuable for sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Biomarkers related to sarcopenia can be divided into markers evaluating musculoskeletal status (biomarkers specific to muscle mass, markers of the neuromuscular junction, or myokines) and markers assuming causal factors (adipokines, hormones, and inflammatory markers). This paper reviews the current knowledge about how diabetes and T2DM complications affect potential sarcopenia biomarker concentrations. This review includes markers recently proposed by the expert group of the European Society for the Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) as those that may currently be useful in phase II and III clinical trials of sarcopenia: myostatin (MSTN); follistatin (FST); irisin; brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); procollagen type III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP; P3NP); sarcopenia index (serum creatinine to serum cystatin C ratio); adiponectin; leptin; insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1); dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS); C-reactive protein (CRP); interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). A better understanding of factors influencing these biomarkers' levels, including diabetes and diabetic complications, may lead to designing future studies and implementing results in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rentflejsz
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-471 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Zyta Beata Wojszel
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-471 Bialystok, Poland;
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Chen S, Li S, Zhang X, Fan Y, Liu M. Low serum dehydroepiandrosterone is associated with diabetic dyslipidemia risk in males with type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1272797. [PMID: 38075062 PMCID: PMC10704365 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1272797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Sex steroid hormones are associated with the advancement of metabolic diseases such as dyslipidemia. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, and testosterone levels and the risk of dyslipidemia in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods The analysis included 1,927 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, and testosterone levels were determined using lipid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable analyses were performed to investigate the association between the variables and dyslipidemia. Results The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of dyslipidemia across DHEA tertiles were 0.39 and 0.24-0.64, respectively (p trend = 0.001). This relationship was still maintained when analyzed as a continuous variable (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.99; P < 0.01). However, in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus, no significant correlations were found between rising levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, and total testosterone and the risk of dyslipidemia (all P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant association between androgen precursors and total testosterone with regard to the risk of developing dyslipidemia (all P > 0.05). Conclusions Serum dehydroepiandrosterone levels were substantially and adversely correlated with dyslipidemia in adult men with T2DM. These results indicated that dehydroepiandrosterone may have an essential role in the development of dyslipidemia. More prospective research is required to validate this link.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuxin Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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