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Kraev K, Hristov B, Uchikov P, Kraeva M, Basheva-Kraeva Y, Valova S, Koleva-Ivanova M, Popova-Belova S, Sandeva M, Chakarov D, Geneva-Popova M. Comprehensive Exploration of Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs): Unveiling Clinical Significance, Associations with Cancer, and the Nuances of Differential Diagnosis in Positive ANA Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:320. [PMID: 38337836 PMCID: PMC10855796 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the complex realm of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), expanding beyond their traditional involvement in autoimmune rheumatic disorders. By digging into historical changes, diagnostic complexity, and clinical significance, the debate reveals the shifting relationships between ANAs, particularly with cancer. Specialized studies provide practical insights on ANA testing processes, standardization, and upcoming challenges. Examining prevalence trends in the United States provides a time dimension to ANA dynamics, linking autoimmune and oncological considerations. The debate delves into the complexity of lupus erythematosus, emphasizing ANAs' diverse presentations and their potential as flexible diagnostic and prognostic indicators. The complex relationship between ANAs and cancer is highlighted, demonstrating their potential as early markers or indicators of malignancies. Looking ahead, this synthesis anticipates advances in personalized medicine and collaborative research, putting ANAs at the forefront of advanced diagnostics and treatments for autoimmune disorders and cancer. This synthesis envisions a future for ANA research in which these antibodies play a critical role in promoting personalized treatment, enhancing diagnostics, and fostering collaborative initiatives that cross traditional boundaries. As ANAs grow more prominent at the junction of autoimmune illnesses and cancer, this synthesis lays the path for further research and novel advances in understanding, diagnosing, and treating complicated medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kraev
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases “Prof. Dr. Anton Mitov”, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.P.-B.); (M.G.-P.)
| | - Bozhidar Hristov
- Second Department of Internal Diseases, Section “Gastroenterology”, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Petar Uchikov
- Department of Special Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Maria Kraeva
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Yordanka Basheva-Kraeva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Siyana Valova
- Second Department of Internal Diseases, Section “Nephrology”, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Maria Koleva-Ivanova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Stanislava Popova-Belova
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases “Prof. Dr. Anton Mitov”, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.P.-B.); (M.G.-P.)
| | - Milena Sandeva
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Dzhevdet Chakarov
- Department of Propaedeutics of Surgical Diseases, Section of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mariela Geneva-Popova
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases “Prof. Dr. Anton Mitov”, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.P.-B.); (M.G.-P.)
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Zhu Q, Zhu C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang G. A case of lupus erythematosus tumidus misdiagnosed as erysipelas. EUR J INFLAMM 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x231164009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A patient presented with erythema and oedema on the right eyelid, malar region and left thigh with pruritus and pain. She was diagnosed with erysipelas and had been treated with anti-inflammatory drugs, but the symptoms did not improve. Laboratory investigation and biopsy showed that she was consistent with lupus erythematosus tumidus. It's a typical and rare diease relatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chenglin Zhu
- Huzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Niebel D, de Vos L, Fetter T, Brägelmann C, Wenzel J. Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: An Update on Pathogenesis and Future Therapeutic Directions. Am J Clin Dermatol 2023; 24:521-540. [PMID: 37140884 PMCID: PMC10157137 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-023-00774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus comprises a spectrum of autoimmune diseases that may affect various organs (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]) or the skin only (cutaneous lupus erythematosus [CLE]). Typical combinations of clinical, histological and serological findings define clinical subtypes of CLE, yet there is high interindividual variation. Skin lesions arise in the course of triggers such as ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, smoking or drugs; keratinocytes, cytotoxic T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) establish a self-perpetuating interplay between the innate and adaptive immune system that is pivotal for the pathogenesis of CLE. Therefore, treatment relies on avoidance of triggers and UV protection, topical therapies (glucocorticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors) and rather unspecific immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs. Yet, the advent of licensed targeted therapies for SLE might also open new perspectives in the management of CLE. The heterogeneity of CLE might be attributable to individual variables and we speculate that the prevailing inflammatory signature defined by either T cells, B cells, pDCs, a strong lesional type I interferon (IFN) response, or combinations of the above might be suitable to predict therapeutic response to targeted treatment. Therefore, pretherapeutic histological assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate could stratify patients with refractory CLE for T-cell-directed therapies (e.g. dapirolizumab pegol), B-cell-directed therapies (e.g. belimumab), pDC-directed therapies (e.g. litifilimab) or IFN-directed therapies (e.g. anifrolumab). Moreover, Janus kinase (JAK) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors might broaden the therapeutic armamentarium in the near future. A close interdisciplinary exchange with rheumatologists and nephrologists is mandatory for optimal treatment of lupus patients to define the best therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Niebel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Luka de Vos
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Fetter
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Petrić M, Radić M. Is Th17-Targeted Therapy Effective in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4331-4343. [PMID: 37232744 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The proposed pathophysiological hypotheses of SLE are numerous, involving both innate and adaptive abnormal immune responses. SLE is characterized by the overproduction of different autoantibodies that form immune complexes, which cause damage in different organs. Current therapeutic modalities are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. In the last decade, we have witnessed the development of many biologicals targeting different cytokines and other molecules. One of them is interleukin-17 (IL-17), a central cytokine of a proinflammatory process that is mediated by a group of helper T cells called Th17. Direct inhibitors of IL-17 are used in psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and other diseases. Evidence about the therapeutic potential of Th17-targeted therapies in SLE is scarce, and probably the most promising is related to lupus nephritis. As SLE is a complex heterogeneous disease with different cytokines involved in its pathogenesis, it is highly unlikely that inhibition of only one molecule, such as IL-17, will be effective in the treatment of all clinical manifestations. Future studies should identify SLE patients that are eligible for Th17-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Petrić
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Center of Excellence for Systemic Sclerosis Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Šoltanska 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mislav Radić
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Center of Excellence for Systemic Sclerosis Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Šoltanska 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Jin H, Zhou S, Yu Y, Zhao M, Wu H, Long H, Fu S, Wu R, Yin H, Liao J, Luo S, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Tan Y, Luo S, Huang X, Li F, Ling G, Lu Q. Panoramic view of clinical features of lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional multicentre study from China. Lupus Sci Med 2023; 10:10/1/e000819. [PMID: 36941021 PMCID: PMC10030678 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a complicated disease with highly heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Previous studies have rarely included all subgroups of patients with lupus and have overlooked the importance of the cutaneous manifestations thereof. We aimed to compare the demographic and clinical differences among patients with different subtypes of lupus. METHODS This is the first real-world study with a relatively large sample size that simultaneously includes patients with isolated cutaneous lupus erythematosus (iCLE) and SLE. All samples were obtained from the Lupus Erythematosus Multicenter Case-control Study in Chinese populations (LEMCSC) (registration number: ChiCTR2100048939). Comparative analyses between different LE subgroups were performed. RESULTS A total of 2097 patients with lupus were included, with 1865 patients with SLE, 1648 with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), and 232 with iCLE. Among the patients with CLE, 1330 had acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE); 160 had subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE); and 546 had chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE). The study included a relatively large number of patients with CCLE subtypes, including 311 with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 262 with chilblain lupus erythematosus (CHLE) and 45 with lupus erythematosus profundus (LEP). Demographic characteristics, systemic involvement, mucocutaneous manifestations and autoantibodies were significantly different among the groups. CONCLUSIONS CLE and iCLE are two distinct disease states, and the selection of broad or narrow CLE definitions should be emphasised in scientific reports. LE-non-specific cutaneous lesions imply more severity, while self-reported photosensitivity and LE-specific cutaneous manifestations imply milder severity. Generalised ACLE appears to be a more severe state than localised ACLE, and CHLE appears to be more severe than DLE. Anti-Sjögren's syndrome-related antigen B (SSB) antibodies have higher specific directivity than anti-Sjögren's syndrome-related antigen A (SSA) antibodies for SCLE lesions. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies have a higher co-occurrence with ACLE and a lower co-occurrence with SCLE and CCLE. Compared with DLE, CHLE has significantly higher positive rates of anti-SSA/Ro60 (71%) and anti-SSA/Ro52 (42.4%) antibodies, whereas LEP is associated with a higher positive rate of antinucleosome antibodies (31.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies of Immune-related Skin Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Shihang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies of Immune-related Skin Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangyiyi Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies of Immune-related Skin Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Fu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruifang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieyue Liao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yixin Tan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuaihantian Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guanghui Ling
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
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6
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Elmgren J, Nyberg F. Clinical aspects of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:984229. [PMID: 36698816 PMCID: PMC9868707 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.984229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease with a wide clinical spectrum from life-threatening multi-organ inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to limited skin disease in cutaneous LE (CLE). The etiology of CLE is still not fully understood but a multifactorial genesis with genetic predisposition and certain environmental factors as triggers for the development are generally accepted features. Lesions can be induced and aggravated by UV-irradiation and smoking is linked to more severe forms of skin disease and to co-morbidity. Drugs, including many common medicines like antihypertensives, are known to induce subacute CLE (SCLE). The mechanisms involved have recently been shown to be part of the IFN-I pathway and new, specific treatments are currently in clinical trials. CLE is currently classified in subtypes based on clinical presentation and duration into acute CLE (ACLE), SCLE, and chronic CLE (CCLE). Distinct subtypes can be seen in individual patients or coexist within the same patient. Because of the confluent and overlapping picture between these subsets, serology, and histopathology constitute an important role guiding towards correct diagnose and there is ongoing work to update the classification. The Cutaneous Lupus Area Severity Index (CLASI) is a validated tool to measure activity and damage both in clinical trials but also for the clinician to evaluate treatment and follow the course of the disease among patients. CLE is known to have substantial impact on the life of those affected. Several tools have been proposed to measure QoL in these patients, currently Skindex-29 is probably the most used. Patient education is an important part of prevention of flares, including UV-protection and smoking cessation. First-line treatment includes topical corticosteroids as well as topical calcineurin inhibitors with the addition of systemic treatment with antimalarials in more severe or therapy resistant cases. Treatment specifically targeting CLE has been lacking, however novel potential therapies are in later phase clinical trials. In this review we aim to describe the different subsets of the cutaneous form in LE with focus on clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elmgren
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Julia Elmgren,
| | - Filippa Nyberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Soto JA, Melo-González F, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Modulation of Immune Cells as a Therapy for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10706. [PMID: 36142624 PMCID: PMC9504747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an autoimmune disorder like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Both SLE and CLE characterize autoantibody secretion and immune cell recruitment. In particular, CLE can be divided into three more frequent types, varying in the severity of the skin lesions they present. The role of type I IFN was shown to be one of the leading causes of the development of this pathology in the skin. Different treatments have been developed and tested against these different variants of CLE to decrease the increasing levels of CLE in humans. In this article, a literature revision discussing the similarities between SLE and CLE is carried out. In addition, new advances in understanding the development of CLE and the leading treatments being evaluated in animal models and clinical trials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-González
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
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9
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Ali A, Woods A, Porter C, Feldman SR. Tumid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus: a rare coexistence. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e245196. [PMID: 34706914 PMCID: PMC8552182 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient diagnosed with tumid lupus erythematosus (TLE) was subsequently found to have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after presenting to a tertiary care medical centre with shortness of breath and oedema. In this commentary, we discuss this patient's presentation and the association between TLE and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailia Ali
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Woods
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline Porter
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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10
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Zhang B, Zhou T, Wu H, Zhao M, Lu Q. Difference of IFI44L methylation and serum IFN-a1 level among patients with discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy individuals. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100092. [PMID: 33748734 PMCID: PMC7972957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an autoimmune disease that can be divided into two types. The cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), such as discoid LE (DLE), affects only the skin. While the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects the hematopoietic, renal, and other systems. We previously found that IFI44L methylation could be a biomarker for SLE. Here, we detect the IFI44L methylation by high-resolution melting-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HRM-qPCR) assay. The positive percentages of SLE, DLE and healthy controls (HC) are 96.00%, 27.45%, 2.00%, if the curve of 25% methylation was used as the threshold of SLE. And we determined the serum IFN-a1 level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in SLE, DLE and HC. The serum concentration of IFN-a1 in patients with SLE was significantly higher than in the DLE (12.63 ± 6.38 pg/mL vs 7.99 ± 2.28 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and HC (12.63 ± 6.38 pg/mL vs 7.17 ± 1.86 pg/mL, P < 0.05). But the expression level of IFN-a1 in serum was not significantly different between DLE and HC (7.99 ± 2.28 pg/mL vs 7.17 ± 1.86 pg/mL, P = 0.5365). This suggests that methylation of IFI44L and serum concentration of IFN-a1 may be used as biomarkers to distinguish DLE from SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Chanprapaph K, Tankunakorn J, Suchonwanit P, Rutnin S. Dermatologic Manifestations, Histologic Features and Disease Progression among Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Subtypes: A Prospective Observational Study in Asians. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 11:131-147. [PMID: 33280074 PMCID: PMC7859020 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cutaneous manifestations are central to the primary diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, information on the clinical, histopathologic, and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) features among subtypes of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), as well as longitudinal prospective observational study to evaluate the natural history and the progression to SLE, is lacking among Asians. Our objectives are to summarize the differences in the clinical, histopathologic, and DIF characteristics and serological profiles between various subtypes of CLE, and to provide its natural history and the association with disease activity in our Asian population. Methods A prospective observational study on CLE patients was performed between May 2016 and May 2020. Patients underwent full physical/dermatologic examination, skin biopsy for histology, and DIF. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) scores and laboratory data were evaluated. Time schedule and characteristics for resolution and/or the disease progression to SLE were recorded in subsequent follow-ups. Results Of 101 biopsy-proven CLE patients, 25 had acute CLE (ACLE), 8 had subacute CLE (SCLE), 39 had chronic CLE (CCLE) only, 22 had CCLE with SLE, and 7 had LE-nonspecific cutaneous lesions only. Patients with exclusive CLE showed lower female preponderance, serological abnormalities, and correlation to systemic disease. However, when CLE was accompanied with any LE-nonspecific cutaneous manifestations, they were associated with high antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer, renal, hematologic, joint involvement, and greater SLEDAI score. Of 207 biopsy sections, SCLE/CCLE regardless of systemic involvement showed significantly higher percentage of superficial/deep perivascular and perieccrine infiltration than ACLE. On DIF, deposition of multiple immunoreactants was associated with higher systemic disease. Approximately 10% of CLE-only patients later developed SLE but had mild systemic involvement. Conclusion Our findings support that each CLE subtype has a diverse and unique character. Comprehensive understanding of the differences among CLE subtypes is important for achieving the correct diagnosis and providing appropriate disease monitoring and management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13555-020-00471-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumutnart Chanprapaph
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Tankunakorn
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poonkiat Suchonwanit
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthinee Rutnin
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Zhou W, Wu H, Zhao M, Lu Q. New insights into the progression from cutaneous lupus to systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:829-837. [PMID: 32746644 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1805316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Between 5 and 25% of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) can progress to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during the course of the disease. There is no clear predictive guideline for the progression of CLE to SLE. AREAS COVERED Lupus erythematosus (LE), a chronic autoimmune disease, has a wide spectrum of manifestations. On one side of the spectrum is CLE, in which patients only display skin lesions. On the other side of the spectrum is SLE, which develops severe systemic involvement. CLE has even been considered as a separate entity from LE, while CLE is also proposed to be associated with SLE. In this review, the authors will describe the relationship between CLE and SLE; summarize the incidence, risk factors, systemic involvement, and management of patients who transition to SLE. The literature search was conducted mainly through PubMed from March to July 2020. EXPERT OPINION The identification of clinical characteristics and biomarkers in patients facing risk of developing SLE and monitoring the disease on a regular basis are essential to promptly manage and hopefully prevent transition to the systemic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics , Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics , Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics , Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics , Changsha, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Changsha, Hunan, China
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13
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Garelli CJ, Refat MA, Nanaware PP, Ramirez-Ortiz ZG, Rashighi M, Richmond JM. Current Insights in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Immunopathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1353. [PMID: 32714331 PMCID: PMC7343764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE) is a clinically diverse group of autoimmune skin diseases with shared histological features of interface dermatitis and autoantibodies deposited at the dermal-epidermal junction. Various genetic and environmental triggers of CLE promote infiltration of T cells, B cells, neutrophils, antigen presenting cells, and NK cells into lesional skin. In this mini-review, we will discuss the clinical features of CLE, insights into CLE immunopathogenesis, and novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton J. Garelli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Maggi Ahmed Refat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Padma P. Nanaware
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Zaida G. Ramirez-Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Mehdi Rashighi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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14
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Patsinakidis N, Kautz O, Gibbs BF, Raap U. Lupus erythematosus tumidus: clinical perspectives. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:707-719. [PMID: 31632119 PMCID: PMC6778445 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s166723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus tumidus (LET) is an uncommon and photosensitive inflammatory skin disorder which is characterised by erythematous urticarial plaques. In the last 20 years, extensive research on clinical and histological aspects of the disease have led to a better characterization of this nosological entity and to differentiate it from other similar or related diseases. Today, LET is considered as a separate subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) with a benign, intermittent clinical course (intermittent CLE, ICLE) and only rarely associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsinakidis
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Klinikum Oldenburg Aör, Oldenburg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ocko Kautz
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Klinikum Oldenburg Aör, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Raap
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Klinikum Oldenburg Aör, Oldenburg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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15
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Rutnin S, Chanprapaph K. Vesiculobullous diseases in relation to lupus erythematosus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:653-667. [PMID: 31564947 PMCID: PMC6732903 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s220906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vesiculobullous lesions in lupus erythematosus (LE) are a rare cutaneous manifestation of cutaneous and/or systemic LE with variable presentation. While the minor forms of LE-associated vesiculobullous disease may cause disfigurement and discomfort, the severe forms can present with hyperacute reaction and life-threatening consequences. Specific LE and aspecific cutaneous LE are defined by the presence or absence of interface change on histopathology that can be applied to vesiculobullous diseases in relation to LE. However, the diagnosis of LE-associated vesiculobullous diseases remains difficult, due to the poorly defined nosology and the similarities in clinical and immunohistopathological features among them. Herein, we thoroughly review the topic of vesiculobullous skin disorders that can be encountered in LE patients and organize them into four groups: LE-specific and aspecific vesiculobullous diseases, LE-related autoimmune bullous diseases, and LE in association to non-autoimmune conditions. We sought to provide an updated overview highlighting the pathogenesis, clinical, histological, and immunopathological features, laboratory findings, and treatments and prognosis among vesiculobullous conditions in LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthinee Rutnin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kumutnart Chanprapaph
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Gardet A, Pellerin A, McCarl CA, Diwanji R, Wang W, Donaldson D, Franchimont N, Werth VP, Rabah D. Effect of in vivo Hydroxychloroquine and ex vivo Anti-BDCA2 mAb Treatment on pDC IFNα Production From Patients Affected With Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:275. [PMID: 30846987 PMCID: PMC6394354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a major source of Type-I Interferon (IFN-I), a key driver in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Currently evaluated in Phase II clinical trial, 24F4A (BIIB059) is an antibody targeting BDCA2, an inhibitory receptor expressed on pDCs. Given that Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a widely-used CLE therapy, and 24F4A are both able to inhibit pDC-derived IFN-I production; this study aimed to determine whether 24F4A would show an additional inhibitory effect on pDC response after ex vivo or in vivo treatment with HCQ. Methods: The effect of 24F4A on pDC-derived IFNα was measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) either from healthy donors in presence or absence of HCQ or from CLE patients clinically exposed to various levels of HCQ. TLR7, TLR7/8, and TLR9 agonists (ssRNA, R848, and CpG-A) were used for pDC stimulation. Results: PDCs were the only producers of IFNα in response to CpG-A, R848, and ssRNA stimulation in PBMC cultures. CLE patients with higher levels of blood HCQ showed lower ex vivo pDC responses to CpG-A, but not R848 or ssRNA. In contrast, 24F4A reduced the amount of IFNα produced by pDCs from CLE patients in response to all TLR agonists, irrespective of the blood HCQ level. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that clinically-relevant HCQ concentrations partially inhibit the pDC response to TLR9 and weakly affect the response to TLR7/8 stimulation. 24F4A robustly inhibits pDC responses even in the presence of HCQ, highlighting its unique potential to disrupt pDC disease relevant biology, which could provide additional therapeutic benefit for CLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victoria P Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Furie R, Werth VP, Merola JF, Stevenson L, Reynolds TL, Naik H, Wang W, Christmann R, Gardet A, Pellerin A, Hamann S, Auluck P, Barbey C, Gulati P, Rabah D, Franchimont N. Monoclonal antibody targeting BDCA2 ameliorates skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1359-1371. [PMID: 30645203 DOI: 10.1172/jci124466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) produce large amounts of type I IFN (IFN-I), cytokines convincingly linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. BIIB059 is a humanized mAb that binds blood DC antigen 2 (BDCA2), a pDC-specific receptor that inhibits the production of IFN-I and other inflammatory mediators when ligated. A first-in-human study was conducted to assess safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of single BIIB059 doses in healthy volunteers (HV) and patients with SLE with active cutaneous disease as well as proof of biological activity and preliminary clinical response in the SLE cohort. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in HV (n = 54) and patients with SLE (n = 12). All subjects were monitored for adverse events. Serum BIIB059 concentrations, BDCA2 levels on pDCs, and IFN-responsive biomarkers in whole blood and skin biopsies were measured. Skin disease activity was determined using the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index Activity (CLASI-A). RESULTS Single doses of BIIB059 were associated with favorable safety and PK profiles. BIIB059 administration led to BDCA2 internalization on pDCs, which correlated with circulating BIIB059 levels. BIIB059 administration in patients with SLE decreased expression of IFN response genes in blood, normalized MxA expression, reduced immune infiltrates in skin lesions, and decreased CLASI-A score. CONCLUSIONS Single doses of BIIB059 were associated with favorable safety and PK/PD profiles and robust target engagement and biological activity, supporting further development of BIIB059 in SLE. The data suggest that targeting pDCs may be beneficial for patients with SLE, especially those with cutaneous manifestations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02106897. FUNDING Biogen Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Furie
- Division of Rheumatology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph F Merola
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Cornillet M, Babos F, Magyar A, Sebbag M, Verrouil E, Hudecz F, Serre G, Nogueira L. Seropositivity and Antibody Profiling of Patients Are Dramatically Impacted by the Features of Peptides Used as Immunosorbents: A Lesson from Anti–Citrullinated Protein/Peptide Antibody. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3211-3217. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune condition with variable organ system involvement; manifestations can range from mild to potentially life threatening. Early diagnosis is important, as progression of disease can be halted. Diagnosis is made by review of signs and symptoms, imaging, and serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Kado
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Suite 7C27 North Ingalls Building, 300 North Ingalls SPC 5422, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5422, USA.
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Qi S, Chen Q, Xu D, Xie N, Dai Y. Clinical application of protein biomarkers in lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Lupus 2018; 27:1582-1590. [PMID: 29720035 DOI: 10.1177/0961203318773643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type of autoimmune disease that damages multiple organs, including the heart, joints, liver and kidneys. The main characteristics of SLE are the deposition of circulating autoantibodies; autoantigen complexes in the renal system; and abnormal expression of complements, cytokines and chemokines. Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most serious manifestation of SLE and is characterized by inflammation of the kidney. This review summarizes recent clinical applications of protein biomarkers including autoantibodies, complements, cytokines and chemokines and some new protein biomarkers in SLE and LN. The clinical differential diagnosis of protein biomarkers related to prognosis and diagnosis is discussed and highlighted. Protein biomarkers play crucial roles in the study of SLE and LN. Useful biomarkers will provide insights into effective treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Qi
- 1 National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Q Chen
- 1 National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - D Xu
- 1 National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - N Xie
- 1 National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Dai
- 2 Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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ESCLEROMIXEDEMA EM PACIENTE PORTADORA DE LÚPUS ERITEMATOSO SISTÊMICO – RELATO DE UM CASO. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2017.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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