1
|
Koti S, Demyan L, Deutsch G, Weiss M. Surgery for Oligometastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Defining Biologic Resectability. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:4031-4041. [PMID: 38502293 PMCID: PMC11076395 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-024-15129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is most often metastatic at diagnosis. As systemic therapy continues to improve alongside advanced surgical techniques, the focus has shifted toward defining biologic, rather than technical, resectability. Several centers have reported metastasectomy for oligometastatic PDAC, yet the indications and potential benefits remain unclear. In this review, we attempt to define oligometastatic disease in PDAC and to explore the rationale for metastasectomy. We evaluate the existing evidence for metastasectomy in liver, peritoneum, and lung individually, assessing the safety and oncologic outcomes for each. Furthermore, we explore contemporary biomarkers of biological resectability in oligometastatic PDAC, including radiographic findings, biochemical markers (such as CA 19-9 and CEA), inflammatory markers (including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and scoring indices), and liquid biopsy techniques. With careful consideration of existing data, we explore the concept of biologic resectability in guiding patient selection for metastasectomy in PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Koti
- Department of General Surgery, Northwell Health, Queens, NY, USA.
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
| | - Lyudmyla Demyan
- Department of General Surgery, Northwell Health, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Gary Deutsch
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Weiss
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sukniam K, Manaise HK, Popp K, Popp R, Gabriel E. Role of Surgery in Metastatic Melanoma and Review of Melanoma Molecular Characteristics. Cells 2024; 13:465. [PMID: 38534309 PMCID: PMC10969165 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to review the molecular characteristics of metastatic melanoma and the role of surgery in metastasectomy for metastatic melanoma. We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed to identify relevant studies focusing on several mutations, including NRAS, BRAF, NF1, MITF, PTEN, TP53, CDKN2A, TERT, TMB, EGFR, and c-KIT. This was performed in the context of metastatic melanoma and the role of metastasectomy in the metastatic melanoma population. A comprehensive review of these molecular characteristics is presented with a focus on their prognosis and role in surgical metastasectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kulkaew Sukniam
- Department of General Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Harsheen K. Manaise
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh 160047, India
| | - Kyle Popp
- Department of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Reed Popp
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Emmanuel Gabriel
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Faries MB, Lowe M. Metastasectomy in Stage IV Melanoma: How and When Should We Employ It? Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:5312-5313. [PMID: 37326813 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Faries
- Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Surgical Oncology, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Michael Lowe
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Desai AD, Chinta S, Yeh C, Shah VP, Shah R, Paskhover B, Schwartz RA. An analysis of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in advanced stage IV melanoma of the skin: prognostic capabilities and demographic variability. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 315:799-806. [PMID: 36318305 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite its limitations, in part due to decreased specificity in advanced disease, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is one of few serum factors used in cancer staging. This study quantifies the predictive capabilities of LDH in stage IV melanoma of the skin and explores the validity of suggested demographic discrepancies which may exist in its use. The 1975-2017 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was queried for stage IV cutaneous melanoma cases. Demographic characteristics were compared between LDH groups using chi-square and t tests. Subsequent Cox multivariable regression was performed to assess survival differences. 334 cases of stage IV cutaneous melanoma (average age: 63.0 years) with measured serum LDH levels were identified. Of these patients, 150 (44.9%) had normal LDH, 112 (33.5%) had LDH < 1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN), 57 (17.1%) had LDH 1.5-10 × ULN, and 15 (4.5%) had LDH > 10 × ULN. Lower incomes were associated with higher LDH; individuals with incomes < $50,000 had the greatest proportion of LDH 10 × ULN (19.2%; p = 0.0031). LDH > 10 × ULN also had the lowest proportion of White patients (p = 0.04). On Cox multivariable survival analysis, increasing LDH levels showed increased risk of death (LDH < 1.5 × ULN: HR = 2.05, p = 0.01; LDH 1.5-10 × ULN: HR = 1.46, p < 0.001; LDH > 10 × ULN: HR = 5.91, p < 0.001). This study reaffirms the utility of LDH as a significant predictor of mortality with incremental severity, suggesting possible use for mortality projections. We note that Black patients and those with lower incomes may be more likely to have an elevated LDH. Older age groups and presence of ulceration among patients with stage IV melanoma were also associated with a greater risk of mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar D Desai
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sree Chinta
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Christopher Yeh
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Vraj P Shah
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Radhika Shah
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, NJ, USA
| | - Boris Paskhover
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Robert A Schwartz
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Surgery for liver metastases from primary melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2022; 407:3235-3247. [PMID: 36201022 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-022-02658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically , liver metastases due to melanoma have been associated with dismal prognosis. Moreover, the actual survival benefit from the treatment of melanoma liver metastases is still controversial. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the difference in surgical versus non-surgical options for melanoma liver metastases. METHODS Four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) were searched from inception to July 17, 2022. Studies were included if they compared outcomes between surgical and non-surgical treatment for patients with liver metastases from resectable melanoma. Meta-analyses were performed for the outcomes of 1-year, 2-year, 3-year and 5-year OS. Sensitivity analyses were performed for outcomes with substantial statistical heterogeneity. To account for possible moderators that might contribute to statistical heterogeneity, univariate meta-regression with mixed-effects models and subgroup analyses were conducted for the outcome of 2-year OS. RESULTS The search yielded 6610 articles; 13 studies were included in our analysis. Meta-analyses showed that survival outcomes were in favour of patients undergoing surgery as compared to non-surgery: 1-year OS (HR = 0.29, 95%CI 0.19-0.44, p < 0.00001), 2-year OS (HR = 0.19, 95%CI 0.09-0.38, p < 0.00001), 3-year OS (HR = 0.07, 95%CI 0.03-0.19, p < 0.00001) and 5-year OS (HR = 0.07, 95%CI 0.02-0.22, p < 0.00001). All included studies were of high quality. There was moderate-to-high statistical heterogeneity. Findings were robust to sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analyses and univariate meta-regression revealed neoadjuvant therapy and age as statistically significant subgroup and moderator respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that surgical treatment of melanoma liver metastases could offer better OS outcomes compared with non-surgical treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wankhede D, Grover S. Outcomes After Curative Metastasectomy for Patients with Malignant Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:3709-3723. [PMID: 35128602 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-11351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the role of curative metastasectomy (CM) for malignant melanoma (MM) patients is limited, especially in the current era of effective systemic therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to ascertain the role of CM compared with incomplete or nonsurgical treatment for patients with MM. METHODS Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for studies investigating CM for MM until 30 September 2021. The review included studies that compared CM with no-CM and reported a hazard ratio (HR) after multivariate analysis for overall survival. A random-effects model with inverse variance was used to calculate pooled HR. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS For the final analysis, 40 studies including 31,282 patients (CM, 9958; no-CM, 21,324) were considered. Compared with no-CM, CM was associated with a significantly lower risk of death (HR, 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.47; p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis showed that the outcome was independent of the effective systemic therapy and anatomic location of metastasis. An unfavorable prognosis was associated with advancing age, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), male gender, prior stage 3 disease, multiple metastases and organ sites, and shorter disease-free interval. CONCLUSION Curative metastasectomy for MM is associated with a lower risk of death than non-curative treatment methods. Selection bias and underlying weakness of studies reduced the strength of evidence in this review. However, CM should be a part of the multimodality treatment of MM whenever technically feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Wankhede
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu W, Yu Q, Wang F, Li Y, Zhang G, Tao S. Taraxasterol attenuates melanoma progression via inactivation of reactive oxygen species-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271211069034. [PMID: 35128947 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211069034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Taraxasterol (TX), a pentacyclic triterpene, is one of the main active constituents isolated from Taraxacum officinale. A growing number of studies have reported that TX exhibits a wide range of biological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuro-protective effects. Recently, TX has been demonstrated to be a potential drug candidate for treatment of some types of cancers. However, the specific role of TX in melanoma remains unclear.Purpose: In this study, we aimed at exploration of the effect of TX on melanoma cell viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as the underlying mechanisms.Research design: A375 and SK-MEL-28 cells were treated with various concentrations of TX for different times. Cell viability was measured using CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. Transwell assays were performed to measure cell migration and invasion. The expression of E-cadherin, α-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt and Akt was detected using western blot.Results: The study showed that TX induced A375 and SK-MEL-28 cell apoptosis. Furthermore, exposure to TX inhibited A375 and SK-MEL-28 cell migration and invasion. Besides, the EMT process was reversed in A375 and SK-MEL-28 cells after TX treatment. We also observed that TX reduced the protein expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt; thus, inhibiting activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway in A375 and SK-MEL-28 cells. In addition, TX treatment increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A375 and SK-MEL-28 cells, and treatment with the ROS scavenger NAC significantly rescued TX-induced down-regulation of p-PI3K and p-Akt in A375 and SK-MEL-28 cells.Conclusions: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TX induced ROS accumulation followed by inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and subsequently attenuated melanoma progression, suggesting that TX may be a potential candidate for treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Liu
- Surgery Teaching and Research Office, 602852Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China
| | - Qianying Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Surgery Teaching and Research Office, 602852Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Oncology, 730060No. 733 Fulixi Road, Xigu District, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, 381940Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sirui Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Gansu Gem Flower Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Gong Q, Song C, Fang J, Yang Y, Liang X, Huang X, Liu J. Berberine-photodynamic therapy sensitizes melanoma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis through ROS-mediated P38 MAPK pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 418:115484. [PMID: 33716044 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of cisplatin are limited due to its drug resistance. Thus, it is urgent to find effective combination therapy that sensitizes tumor cells to this drug. The combined chemo-photodynamic therapy could increase anti-tumor efficacy while also reduce the side effects of cisplatin. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, which has been reported to show high photosensitizing activity. In this study, we have examined the effect of a combination of cisplatin and berberine-PDT in cisplatin-resistant melanoma cells. The cytotoxic effects of berberine-PDT alone or in combination with cisplatin were tested by MTT assays. We then examined the subcellular localization of berberine with confocal fluorescence microscopy. The percentage of apoptotic cells, the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assessed using flow cytometry analysis. Western blotting used in this study to determine the expression levels of MAPK signaling pathways and apoptosis-related proteins. Experimental data revealed that the mode of cell death is the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Excessive accumulation of ROS played a key role in this process, which is confirmed by alleviation of cytotoxicity upon pretreatment with NAC. Furthermore, we found that the combined treatment activated MAPK signaling pathway. The inhibition of p38 MAPK by pretreating with SB203580 block the combined treatment-induced apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, berberine-PDT could be used as a chemo-sensitizer by promoting cell death through activation of a ROS/p38/caspase cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Qianyi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Changfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiaping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China
| | - Xin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China; Natural Medicine and Health Food Research & Technology Innovation Team of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China; Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Oncological Photodynamic Therapy and Targeted Drug Research, China.
| | - Jianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Viehof J, Livingstone E, Loscha E, Stockhammer P, Bankfalvi A, Plönes T, Mardanzai K, Zimmer L, Sucker A, Schadendorf D, Hegedüs B, Aigner C. Prognostic factors for pulmonary metastasectomy in malignant melanoma: size matters. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 56:1104-1109. [PMID: 31321422 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulmonary metastasectomy for malignant melanoma requires an individualized therapeutic decision. Due to recently developed novel treatment options, the prognosis of patients with melanoma has improved significantly. Validated prognostic factors that identify patients who are most likely to benefit from metastasectomy are urgently needed. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all consecutive patients with melanoma undergoing complete pulmonary metastasectomy between January 2010 and December 2016. The impact of age, sex, extrapulmonary metastases, preoperative systemic therapy, number of metastases, laterality and largest diameter of metastasis on survival after metastasectomy was analysed. RESULTS A total of 29 male and 32 female patients were included in the study. The median follow-up time was 25.6 months. The mean number of resected metastases was 1.7 ± 1.1 (range 1-5). Ten patients had repetitive pulmonary metastasectomies. The median survival time was 31.3 months with a 2-year survival rate of 54%. Bilateral metastases or multiple nodules were not associated with a significantly decreased overall survival rate after metastasectomy. Shorter overall survival times were observed in male patients [hazard ratio (HR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-5.92; P = 0.0035] and in patients with nodules larger than 2 cm (HR 3.18, 95% CI 1.45-6.98; P = 0.004). In multivariable analysis, both gender and tumour size remained significant independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Excellent overall survival rates after pulmonary metastasectomy for melanoma metastases were observed in patients with a metastatic diameter less than 2 cm and in female patients. In view of improved long-term outcome due to novel treatment options, the selection of patients for pulmonary metastasectomy based on prognostic factors will become increasingly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Viehof
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Livingstone
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Loscha
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul Stockhammer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Till Plönes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Khaled Mardanzai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Antje Sucker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Balazs Hegedüs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Clemens Aigner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Behbahani S, Malerba S, Samie F. Acral lentiginous melanoma: clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in the
US
National Cancer Database 2004–2016. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:952-954. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Malerba
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Newark NJ USA
| | - F.H. Samie
- Department of Dermatology Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York NY USA
| |
Collapse
|