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Fioravanti A, Antonelli M, Vitale M. Advances in modern Balneology: new evidence-based indications from recent studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00484-024-02749-8. [PMID: 39085662 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Balneotherapy (BT) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes various forms of water-based treatments to promote health and well-being. BT possesses a rich historical heritage and has garnered recognition from esteemed institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO). Recent scientific research enables the identification of relevant diseases (obesity, metabolic diseases, sleep disorders, mental health conditions, Long-COVID-19, and cancer rehabilitation) that could potentially benefit from balneo-therapeutic treatments, thereby presenting new avenues of opportunity for SPA ("Salus per Aquam") medicine. These conditions exemplify the potential benefits of BT for ailments beyond the traditional scope of treatment associated with BT (most commonly osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, rheumatic back pain, and chronic inflammatory respiratory or skin disorders). Overall, the current scientific evidence suggests that BT holds significant potential for enhancing both individual wellbeing and public health. However, further high-quality clinical trials are essential to corroborate these preliminary findings and to provide critical insights into the therapeutic benefits of BT, paving the way for its broader integration into healthcare practices and public health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Fioravanti
- OMTh (Organizzazione Mondiale del Termalismo), Levico Terme, Italy
- ISMH (International Society of Medical Hydrology and Climatology), Aix-les-Bains, France
| | - Michele Antonelli
- Department of Public Health, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Marco Vitale
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- FoRST (Foundation for Scientific Research in Balneology), Rome, Italy
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Kulisch Á, Mándó Z, Sándor E, Lengyel Z, Illés A, Kósa J, Árvai K, Lakatos P, Tóbiás B, Papp M, Bender T. Evaluation of the effects of Lake Hévíz sulfur thermal water on skin microbiome in plaque psoriasis: An open label, pilot study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:661-673. [PMID: 36864227 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is associated with changes in skin microbiome. The aim of this study was to evaluate how Lake Hévíz sulfur thermal water influences the composition of microbial communities that colonizes skin in patients with psoriasis. Our secondary objective was to investigate the effects of balneotherapy on disease activity. In this open label study, participants with plaque psoriasis underwent 30-min therapy sessions in Lake Hévíz, at a temperature of 36 °C, five times a week for 3 weeks. The skin microbiome samples were collected by swabbing method from two different areas (lesional skin-psoriatic plaque and non-lesional skin). From 16 patients, 64 samples were processed for a 16S rRNA sequence-based microbiome analysis. Outcome measures were alpha-diversity (Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 indexes), beta-diversity (Bray-Curtis metric), differences in genus level abundances, and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Skin microbiome samples were collected at baseline, and immediately after treatment. Based on the visual examination of the employed alpha- and beta-diversity measures, no systematic difference based on sampling timepoint or sample location could be revealed in these regards. Balneotherapy in the unaffected area significantly increased the level of Leptolyngbya genus, and significantly decreased the level of Flavobacterium genus. A similar trend was revealed by the results of the psoriasis samples, but the differences were not statistically significant. In patients with mild psoriasis, a significant improvement was observed in PASI scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Kulisch
- St. Andrew Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Schulhof Vilmos sétány 1., Hévíz, 8380, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Mándó
- St. Andrew Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Schulhof Vilmos sétány 1., Hévíz, 8380, Hungary
| | - Enikő Sándor
- St. Andrew Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Schulhof Vilmos sétány 1., Hévíz, 8380, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Lengyel
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Oncodermatology, Medical School, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Akác utca 1., Pécs, 7632, Hungary
| | - Anett Illés
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - János Kósa
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Endocrine Molecular Pathology Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Vascular Diagnostics Kft., Lechner Ödön fasor 3. C. Lház. 3. Em. 1., Budapest, 1095, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Árvai
- Vascular Diagnostics Kft., Lechner Ödön fasor 3. C. Lház. 3. Em. 1., Budapest, 1095, Hungary
| | - Péter Lakatos
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Endocrine Molecular Pathology Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Vascular Diagnostics Kft., Lechner Ödön fasor 3. C. Lház. 3. Em. 1., Budapest, 1095, Hungary
| | - Bálint Tóbiás
- Endocrine Molecular Pathology Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Vascular Diagnostics Kft., Lechner Ödön fasor 3. C. Lház. 3. Em. 1., Budapest, 1095, Hungary
| | - Márton Papp
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2., Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bender
- Polyclinic of the Hospitaller Brothers of St John of God, Árpád fejedelem útja 7., Budapest, 1023, Hungary.
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Tamás B, Gabriella K, Kristóf Á, Anett I, János Pál K, Bálint T, Péter L, Márton P, Katalin N. The Effects of Lakitelek Thermal Water and Tap Water on Skin Microbiome, a Randomized Control Pilot Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030746. [PMID: 36983902 PMCID: PMC10051609 DOI: 10.3390/life13030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of balneotherapy have been proven by numerous clinical studies on locomotor disorders. To date, there is only scant data on changes in the microbiome system of the skin during balneotherapy. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of thermal water and tap water on the skin’s microbiome in healthy volunteers. 30 healthy female volunteers participated in the study. The experimental group (of 15 women) spent 30-min 10 times, in Gabriella Spring’s thermal baths (i.e., mineral water containing sodium hydrogen carbonate).The controlled group (15 women) had the same, but in tap water. The results of this study have proven that there is a difference in the influencing effects of tap water and medicinal water on the microbiome of the skin. After bathing in the thermal water of Lakitelek, Deinococcus increased significantly at the genus level, and the tendency for Rothia mucilaginosa bacteria also increased. At the species level, Rothia mucilaginosa increased significantly, while Paracoccus aminovorans and the tendency for Paracoccus marcusii decreased. When the values of the two trial groups after bathing at the genus level were compared, Rothia bacteria increased significantly, while Haemophilus tended to increase, Pseudomonas tended to decrease, Neisseria tended to increase significantly, and Flavobacterium tended to decrease. At the species level, Geobacillus vulcani decreased significantly, and the tendency for Burkholderia gladioli decreased. The growth of Rothia mucilaginosa and the decrease in the tendency of Paracoccus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacteroium, and Burkholderia gladioli confirm the beneficial effect of balneotherapy. In this study, trends are represented by the uncorrected p value. The main result was that the thermal water changed certain bacteria of the skin, both on the genus and species levels, but there were no significant changes in the tap water used, either at the genus or species level. We first compared the worlds of thermal water and tap water’s microbiome systems. The thermal water decreased the number of certain inflammatory infectious agents and could enhance some of their positive effects, which have been proven at the molecular level. Our results can provide an important clue in the treatment of certain skin diseases. The research of the skin microbiome during balneotherapy can be one of the most intriguing and exciting topics of the future and can bring us closer to understanding the mechanism of action of balneotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bender Tamás
- Polyclinic of the Hospitaller Brothers of St John of God, Árpád Fejedelem Útja 7, H-1023 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Kalics Gabriella
- Ligetszépe Health Center, Folk College Foundation of Lakitelek, H-6065 Lakitelek, Hungary; (K.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Árvai Kristóf
- Vascular Diagnostics Kft., Lechner Ödön Fasor 3. C. lház. 3. em. 1, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.K.); (K.J.P.); (T.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Illés Anett
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Kósa János Pál
- Vascular Diagnostics Kft., Lechner Ödön Fasor 3. C. lház. 3. em. 1, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.K.); (K.J.P.); (T.B.); (L.P.)
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- Endocrine Molecular Pathology Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tobiás Bálint
- Vascular Diagnostics Kft., Lechner Ödön Fasor 3. C. lház. 3. em. 1, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.K.); (K.J.P.); (T.B.); (L.P.)
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- Endocrine Molecular Pathology Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lakatos Péter
- Vascular Diagnostics Kft., Lechner Ödön Fasor 3. C. lház. 3. em. 1, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.K.); (K.J.P.); (T.B.); (L.P.)
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- Endocrine Molecular Pathology Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Papp Márton
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Nemes Katalin
- Ligetszépe Health Center, Folk College Foundation of Lakitelek, H-6065 Lakitelek, Hungary; (K.G.); (N.K.)
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Pedron R, Esposito A, Cozza W, Paolazzi M, Cristofolini M, Segata N, Jousson O. Microbiome characterization of alpine water springs for human consumption reveals site- and usage-specific microbial signatures. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946460. [PMID: 36274724 PMCID: PMC9581249 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of water springs is gaining increasing interest, especially in water intended for human consumption. However, the knowledge about large-scale patterns in water springs microbiome is still incomplete. The presence of bacteria in water sources used for human consumption is a major concern for health authorities; nonetheless, the standard microbiological quality checks are focused only on pathogenic species and total microbial load. Using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing, we characterized the microbiome from 38 water springs in Trentino (Northern Italy) for 2 consecutive years in order to gain precious insights on the microbiome composition of these unexplored yet hardly exploited environments. The microbiological studies were integrated with standard measurements of physico-chemical parameters performed by the Provincial Office for Environmental Monitoring in order to highlight some of the dynamics influencing the microbial communities of these waters. We found that alpha diversity showed consistent patterns of variation overtime, and showed a strong positive correlation with the water nitrate concentration and negatively with fixed residue, electrical conductivity, and calcium concentration. Surprisingly, alpha diversity did not show any significant correlation with neither pH nor temperature. We found that despite their remarkable stability, different water springs display different coefficients of variation in alpha diversity, and that springs used for similar purposes showed similar microbiomes. Furthermore, the springs could be grouped according to the number of shared species into three major groups: low, mid, and high number of shared taxa, and those three groups of springs were consistent with the spring usage. Species belonging to the phyla Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia were prevalent and at relatively high abundance in springs classified as low number of shared species, whereas the phylum Lentisphaerae and the Candidate Phyla radiation were prevalent at higher abundance in the mineral and potable springs. The present study constitutes an example for standard water spring monitoring integrated with microbial community composition on a regional scale, and provides information which could be useful in the design and application of future water management policies in Trentino.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Pedron
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alfonso Esposito
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology – ICGEB, Trieste, Italy
| | - William Cozza
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Massimo Paolazzi
- Agenzia provinciale per la protezione dell'ambiente – APPA, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Segata
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Olivier Jousson
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- *Correspondence: Olivier Jousson,
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Smrhova T, Jani K, Pajer P, Kapinusova G, Vylita T, Suman J, Strejcek M, Uhlik O. Prokaryotes of renowned Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad) thermal springs: phylogenetic and cultivation analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:48. [PMID: 36089611 PMCID: PMC9465906 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extreme conditions of thermal springs constitute a unique aquatic habitat characterized by low nutrient contents and the absence of human impacts on the microbial community composition. Thus, these springs may host phylogenetically novel microorganisms with potential use in biotechnology. With this hypothesis in mind, we examined the microbial composition of four thermal springs of the world-renowned spa town of Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad), Czechia, which differ in their temperature and chemical composition. RESULTS Microbial profiling using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the presence of phylogenetically novel taxa at various taxonomic levels, spanning from genera to phyla. Many sequences belonged to novel classes within the phyla Hydrothermae, Altiarchaeota, Verrucomicrobia, and TA06. Cultivation-based methods employing oligotrophic media resulted in the isolation of 44 unique bacterial isolates. These include strains that withstand concentrations of up to 12% NaClw/v in cultivation media or survive a temperature of 100 °C, as well as hitherto uncultured bacterial species belonging to the genera Thermomonas, Paenibacillus, and Cellulomonas. These isolates harbored stress response genes that allow them to thrive in the extreme environment of thermal springs. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to analyze the overall microbial community composition of the renowned Karlovy Vary thermal springs. We provide insight into yet another level of uniqueness of these springs. In addition to their unique health benefits and cultural significance, we demonstrate that these springs harbor phylogenetically distinct microorganisms with unusual life strategies. Our findings open up avenues for future research with the promise of a deeper understanding of the metabolic potential of these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Smrhova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kunal Jani
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pajer
- Military Health Institute, Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Kapinusova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vylita
- Institute of Balneology and Spa Sciences, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic
| | - Jachym Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Strejcek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Uhlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Tuulik VR, Kumm M, Tuulik V, Veraksitš A, Päll T. The therapeutic effect of Värska mud and Värska mineral water baths on the overuse pain and muscle tension syndromes in the working age population. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2101-2110. [PMID: 33929672 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of bath therapy are complex and result from a unique interaction between the aquatic environment and the human body functions. The effect of bath therapy depends on both water temperature and chemical additives (mineral substances and humic substances). Värska Resort Centre, in south-eastern Estonia, uses for the balneotherapy the local curative mud and mineral water. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effects of Värska's local mud bath and mineral water bath on moderate musculoskeletal pains in working-age people. The study involved 64 working-age subjects: within two weeks, 32 of them received five general mineral water baths, and another 32 received five general curative mud baths. Pain was assessed with the Nordic Musculosceletal Questionnaire, and muscle tension was measured with a myotonometer in m. erector spinae and m. trapezius. Measurements were performed three times: before the start of the study, immediately after the last procedure, and 2-3 weeks after the last procedure. Both the Värska curative mud bath and the Värska mineral water bath showed a positive effect on musculoskeletal pain and muscle tension. Both procedures can be recommended as drug-free interventions for mild to moderate musculoskeletal pain syndrome and muscle tensions, in both prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varje-Riin Tuulik
- The Centre of Excellence in Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lihula mnt 12, 90507, Haapsalu, Estonia
- West Tallinn Central Hospital, Paldiski mnt 68, 10617, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Monika Kumm
- The Centre of Excellence in Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lihula mnt 12, 90507, Haapsalu, Estonia.
- Pärnu College, University of Tartu, Ringi 35, 80012, Pärnu, Estonia.
| | - Viiu Tuulik
- The Centre of Excellence in Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lihula mnt 12, 90507, Haapsalu, Estonia
| | - Alar Veraksitš
- Chair of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Taavi Päll
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Lions J. Hydrochemistry of Avène thermal waters (Avène-les-Bains, France). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 34 Suppl 5:4-7. [PMID: 32870558 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Avène Thermal Spring Water (Avène TSW) has been used since 1743 in the treatment of various pathologies. The hydrothermal system is delimited by a reservoir mainly composed by dolomite and quartz in which meteoric waters infiltrate allowing rock-water interactions that control the water's chemical composition. Water analysis and geochemical calculations highlight that water composition is stable and low mineral salt content are controlled by natural geochemical equilibrium and the solubility of the minerals calcite, dolomite and quartz according to temperature and CO2 pressure within the reservoir. In addition, the annual monitoring of surface waters sampled on the impluvium surface area confirms the absence of anthropic impact on water quality. The forest and the low human activity of the watershed contribute to preserve the natural groundwater quality. This confirms that nowadays, the recharge water is still of great quality for the future generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lions
- Water Research Center, Research and Development, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Avène-les-Bains, France
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Abstract
Advances in sequencing, bioinformatics and analytics now allow the structure, function and interrelations of whole microbial communities to be studied in greater detail. Collaborative efforts and multidisciplinary studies, crossing the boundary between environmental and medical microbiology, have allowed specific environmental, animal and human microbiomes to be characterized. One of the main challenges for microbial ecology is to link the phylogenetic diversity of host-associated microbes to their functional roles within the community. Much remains to be learned on the way microbes colonize the skin of different living organisms and the way the skin microbiome reacts to the surrounding environment (air, water, etc.). In this review, we discuss examples of recent studies that have used modern technology to provide insights into microbial communities in water and on skin, such as those in natural resources (thermal spring water), large mammals (humpback whales) and humans (the skin microbiome). The results of these studies demonstrate how a greater understanding of the structure and functioning of microbiota, together with their interactions with the environment, may facilitate the discovery of new probiotics or postbiotics, provide indicators for the quality of the environment, and show how changes in lifestyle and living environment, such as urbanization, can impact on the skin microbiome and skin health and disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Callewaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Katia Ravard Helffer
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique R&D Center, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31035, Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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