Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor agonist: A novel topical therapeutic approach for inflammatory skin diseases

Exploring nature's battlefield: organismic interactions in the discovery of bioactive natural products

Covering: up to March 2024.Microbial natural products have historically been a cornerstone for the discovery of therapeutic agents. Advanced (meta)genome sequencing technologies have revealed that microbes harbor far greater biosynthetic capabilities than previously anticipated. However, despite the application of CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing and high-throughput technologies to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters, the rapid identification of new natural products has not led to a proportional increase in the discovery rate of lead compounds or drugs. A crucial issue in this gap may be insufficient knowledge about the inherent biological and physiological functions of microbial natural products. Addressing this gap necessitates recognizing that the generation of functional natural products is deeply rooted in the interactions between the producing microbes and other (micro)organisms within their ecological contexts, an understanding that is essential for harnessing their potential therapeutic benefits. In this review, we highlight the discovery of functional microbial natural products from diverse niches, including those associated with humans, nematodes, insects, fungi, protozoa, plants, and marine animals. Many of these findings result from an organismic-interaction-guided strategy using multi-omic approaches. The current importance of this topic lies in its potential to advance drug discovery in an era marked by increasing antimicrobial resistance.

Addressing Unmet Needs in Atopic Dermatitis: Evaluating Disease-Modifying Capabilities of Current and Emerging Therapies

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly burdensome inflammatory skin condition affecting nearly one-quarter of the pediatric population and often continuing into adulthood. Despite recent advancements in systemic therapies providing temporary symptom relief over the past decade, AD frequently remains difficult to control, necessitating increased dosages or alternative treatments due to recurrent disease. This review synthesizes current literature to identify unmet needs of treating AD beyond medication-related limitations and evaluates existing therapies for their efficacy in modifying underlying disease mechanisms. Key findings include variability in AD pathophysiology and phenotypes across different age groups and ethnicities, indicating a need for research into endotype-specific treatments. The literature also comprises evidence suggesting that select current drugs, such as targeted biologics and Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, may offer long-term disease-modifying benefits. Future management strategies should explore novel approaches, including manipulation of the microbiome, immune response, and neural function, as these may lead to additional improvements in AD treatment and long-term symptom relief.

The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in vitiligo: a review

Vitiligo is an acquired autoimmune dermatosis characterized by patchy skin depigmentation, causing significant psychological distress to the patients. Genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, oxidative stress, and autoimmunity contribute to melanocyte destruction in vitiligo. Due to the diversity and complexity of pathogenesis, the combination of inhibiting melanocyte destruction and stimulating melanogenesis gives the best results in treating vitiligo. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that can regulate the expression of various downstream genes and play roles in cell differentiation, immune response, and physiological homeostasis maintenance. Recent studies suggested that AhR signaling pathway was downregulated in vitiligo. Activation of AhR pathway helps to activate antioxidant pathways, inhibit abnormal immunity response, and upregulate the melanogenesis gene, thereby protecting melanocytes from oxidative stress damage, controlling disease progression, and promoting lesion repigmentation. Here, we review the relevant literature and summarize the possible roles of the AhR signaling pathway in vitiligo pathogenesis and treatment, to further understand the links between the AhR and vitiligo, and provide new potential therapeutic strategies.