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Woldt KM, Pratt RB, Statham MJ, Barthman-Thompson LM, Sustaita D. Comparative skeletal anatomy of salt marsh and western harvest mice in relation to locomotor ecology. J Anat 2024; 245:289-302. [PMID: 38613221 PMCID: PMC11259749 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris) is an endangered species, endemic to the San Francisco Bay Estuary, that co-occurs with the more broadly distributed species, the western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Despite their considerable external morphological similarities, the northern subspecies of salt marsh harvest mice have relatively longer and thicker tails than do western harvest mice, which may be related to their abilities to climb emergent marsh vegetation to avoid tidal inundation. We used micro-CT to compare post-cranial skeletal anatomy between the salt marsh and western harvest mouse, to examine whether the salt marsh harvest mouse's restriction to brackish marshes is associated with skeletal adaptations for scansorial locomotion. We found that salt marsh harvest mice exhibited a deeper 3rd caudal vertebra, a more caudally located longest tail vertebra, craniocaudally longer tail vertebrae, and a longer digit III proximal phalanx than western harvest mice. These phalangeal and vertebral characteristics are known to decrease body rotations during climbing, increase contact with substrates, and decrease fall susceptibility in arboreal mammals, suggesting that the salt marsh harvest mouse may be morphologically specialized for scansorial locomotion, adaptive for its dynamic wetland environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Woldt
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, California, USA
- Rocks Biological Consulting, San Diego, California, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Mark J Statham
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Laureen M Barthman-Thompson
- California Department of Fish & Wildlife, Suisun Marsh Monitoring & Compliance Unit, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Diego Sustaita
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, California, USA
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2
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Schwab JA, Figueirido B, Martín-Serra A, van der Hoek J, Flink T, Kort A, Esteban Núñez JM, Jones KE. Evolutionary ecomorphology for the twenty-first century: examples from mammalian carnivores. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231400. [PMID: 38018109 PMCID: PMC10685142 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivores (cats, dogs and kin) are a diverse group of mammals that inhabit a remarkable range of ecological niches. While the relationship between ecology and morphology has long been of interest in carnivorans, the application of quantitative techniques has resulted in a recent explosion of work in the field. Therefore, they provide a case study of how quantitative techniques, such as geometric morphometrics (GMM), have impacted our ability to tease apart complex ecological signals from skeletal anatomy, and the implications for our understanding of the relationships between form, function and ecological specialization. This review provides a synthesis of current research on carnivoran ecomorphology, with the goal of illustrating the complex interaction between ecology and morphology in the skeleton. We explore the ecomorphological diversity across major carnivoran lineages and anatomical systems. We examine cranial elements (skull, sensory systems) and postcranial elements (limbs, vertebral column) to reveal mosaic patterns of adaptation related to feeding and hunting strategies, locomotion and habitat preference. We highlight the crucial role that new approaches have played in advancing our understanding of carnivoran ecomorphology, while addressing challenges that remain in the field, such as ecological classifications, form-function relationships and multi-element analysis, offering new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Schwab
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - Borja Figueirido
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín-Serra
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julien van der Hoek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - Therese Flink
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Kort
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Katrina E. Jones
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
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3
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Tarquini J, Mosto MC, Ercoli MD. Functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the forelimb myology of two South American carnivorans, the ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21587. [PMID: 37183491 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the forelimb myology of two neotropical procyonids (Nasua nasua and Procyon cancrivorus) was performed to assess how observed differences in their myological configuration would be related to their diverse ecological behaviors and phylogeny. Although both species are associated with the arboreal substrate, N. nasua is a more agile climber that usually digs; whereas P. cancrivorus spends most of its time on the ground foraging, climbing on the trees as shelter and is a good swimmer. Here, myological descriptions, muscle maps, phylogenetic optimizations, and muscle mass data of the forelimb of these two procyonids are presented. The main functional muscular groups are discussed in a comparative framework with other carnivorans that present a wide ecological diversity. Also, muscular characters were mapped onto a phylogeny to explore their evolution and to obtain ancestral state reconstructions. Results indicate clear myological differences among the two neotropical procyonids associated with their ecological preferences. One of the most remarkable anatomical differences is the arrangement and relative mass of the extrinsic musculature, mainly the musculus rhomboideus and the delto-pectoral complexes. In Nasua nasua, these suggested a greater stability in their shoulder girdle for climbing and digging and probably would provide stronger neck and head movements when they use them for foraging on the ground. Conversely, P. cancrivorus has a different extrinsic muscular configuration, which would allow an increment on the stride length and faster movements of the forelimb associated with more frequent terrestrial gaits. Also, significant differences are observed in the distal musculature, associated with strong movements of forepaws when climbing and digging in N. nasua; whereas, P. cancrivorus configuration suggested precise forearm and digits movements, related to manipulation of food items when they are catching prey or feeding. Most of the codified features of P. cancrivorus would reflect retention of plesiomorphies acquired in the common ancestor of caniforms or arctoids, whereas N. nasua shows derived traits, particularly in the proximal forelimb region. The present work increases the information available on the myology of these particular taxa and extant generalized arctoid models in general. The analyses presented here will be useful both for other comparative myological studies (morpho-functional and phylogenetic) and for muscular reconstruction in extinct procyonids, as well as other carnivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tarquini
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (CICYTTP, CONICET-Prov. ER-UADER), Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M Clelia Mosto
- División Zoología Vertebrados, CONICET, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos D Ercoli
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA, UNJu-CONICET), Jujuy, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto de Geología y Minería UNJu-CONICET, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
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4
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Bader C, Delapré A, Houssaye A. Shape variation in the limb long bones of modern elephants reveals adaptations to body mass and habitat. J Anat 2023; 242:806-830. [PMID: 36824051 PMCID: PMC10093169 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution, several vertebrate lineages have shown trends towards an increase in mass. Such a trend is associated with physiological and musculoskeletal changes necessary to carry and move an increasingly heavy body. Due to their prominent role in the support and movement of the body, limb long bones are highly affected by these shifts in body mass. Elephants are the heaviest living terrestrial mammals, displaying unique features allowing them to withstand their massive weight, such as the columnarity of their limbs, and as such are crucial to understand the evolution towards high body mass in land mammals. In this study, we investigate the shape variation of the six limb long bones among the modern elephants, Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana, to understand the effect of body mass and habitat on the external anatomy of the bones. To do so, we use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (GMMs) and qualitative comparisons to describe the shape variation, at both the intraspecific and interspecific levels. Our results reveal that the two species share similar negative ontogenetic allometric patterns (i.e. becoming stouter with increased length) in their humerus and femur, but not in the other bones: the proximal epiphyses of the stylopod bones develop considerably during growth, while the distal epiphyses, which are involved in load distribution in the elbow and knee joints, are already massive in juveniles. We attribute this pattern to a weight-bearing adaptation already present in young specimens. Among adults of the same species, bone robustness increases with body mass, so that heavier specimens display stouter bones allowing for a better mechanical load distribution. While this robustness variation is significant for the humerus only, all the other bones appear to follow the same pattern. This is particularly visible in the ulna and tibia, but less so in the femur, which suggests that the forelimb and hindlimb adapted differently to high body mass support. Robustness analyses, while significant for the humerus only, suggest more robust long bones in Asian elephants than in African savanna elephants. More specifically, GMMs and qualitative comparisons indicate that three bones are clearly distinct when comparing the two species: in E. maximus the humerus, the ulna and the tibia display enlarged areas of muscular insertions for muscles involved in joint and limb stabilization, as well as in limb rotation. These results suggest a higher limb compliance in Asian elephants, associated with a higher dexterity, which could be linked to their habitat and foraging habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bader
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179, Mécanismes adaptatifs et Évolution (MECADEV) CNRS/Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Delapré
- UMR 7205, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179, Mécanismes adaptatifs et Évolution (MECADEV) CNRS/Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
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5
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Rothier PS, Fabre AC, Clavel J, Benson RBJ, Herrel A. Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity. eLife 2023; 12:81492. [PMID: 36700542 PMCID: PMC9908075 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate limb morphology often reflects the environment due to variation in locomotor requirements. However, proximal and distal limb segments may evolve differently from one another, reflecting an anatomical gradient of functional specialization that has been suggested to be impacted by the timing of development. Here, we explore whether the temporal sequence of bone condensation predicts variation in the capacity of evolution to generate morphological diversity in proximal and distal forelimb segments across more than 600 species of mammals. Distal elements not only exhibit greater shape diversity, but also show stronger within-element integration and, on average, faster evolutionary responses than intermediate and upper limb segments. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that late developing distal bones display greater morphological variation than more proximal limb elements. However, the higher integration observed within the autopod deviates from such developmental predictions, suggesting that functional specialization plays an important role in driving within-element covariation. Proximal and distal limb segments also show different macroevolutionary patterns, albeit not showing a perfect proximo-distal gradient. The high disparity of the mammalian autopod, reported here, is consistent with the higher potential of development to generate variation in more distal limb structures, as well as functional specialization of the distal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S Rothier
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Naturhistorisches Museum BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Julien Clavel
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Roger BJ Benson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
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6
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The impact of environmental factors on the evolution of brain size in carnivorans. Commun Biol 2022; 5:998. [PMID: 36130990 PMCID: PMC9492690 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The reasons why some animals have developed larger brains has long been a subject of debate. Yet, it remains unclear which selective pressures may favour the encephalization and how it may act during evolution at different taxonomic scales. Here we studied the patterns and tempo of brain evolution within the order Carnivora and present large-scale comparative analysis of the effect of ecological, environmental, social, and physiological variables on relative brain size in a sample of 174 extant carnivoran species. We found a complex pattern of brain size change between carnivoran families with differences in both the rate and diversity of encephalization. Our findings suggest that during carnivorans’ evolution, a trade-off have occurred between the cognitive advantages of acquiring a relatively large brain allowing to adapt to specific environments, and the metabolic costs of the brain which may constitute a disadvantage when facing the need to colonize new environments. The brain size of carnivores has evolved to balance a trade-off between increased cognitive function and increased metabolic cost.
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7
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Abstract
The reasons why some animals have developed larger brains has long been a subject of debate. Yet, it remains unclear which selective pressures may favour the encephalization and how it may act during evolution at different taxonomic scales. Here we studied the patterns and tempo of brain evolution within the order Carnivora and present large-scale comparative analysis of the effect of ecological, environmental, social, and physiological variables on relative brain size in a sample of 174 extant carnivoran species. We found a complex pattern of brain size change between carnivoran families with differences in both the rate and diversity of encephalization. Our findings suggest that during carnivorans' evolution, a trade-off have occurred between the cognitive advantages of acquiring a relatively large brain allowing to adapt to specific environments, and the metabolic costs of the brain which may constitute a disadvantage when facing the need to colonize new environments.
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8
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Gardin A, Salesa MJ, Siliceo G, Antón M, Pastor JF, de Bonis L. The hindlimb of Amphicynodon leptorhynchus from the lower Oligocene of the Quercy Phosphorites (France): Highlight of new climbing adaptations of this early arctoid. J MAMM EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Bader C, Böhmer C, Abou M, Houssaye A. How does bone microanatomy and musculature covary? An investigation in the forelimb of two species of martens (Martes foina, Martes martes). J Anat 2022; 241:145-167. [PMID: 35266144 PMCID: PMC9178392 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The long bones and associated musculature play a prominent role in the support and movement of the body and are expected to reflect the associated mechanical demands. But in addition to the functional response to adaptive changes, the conjoined effects of phylogenetic, structural and developmental constraints also shape the animal's body. In order to minimise the effect of the aforementioned constraints and to reveal the biomechanical adaptations in the musculoskeletal system to locomotor mode, we here study the forelimb of two closely related martens: the arboreal pine marten (Martes martes) and the more terrestrial stone marten (Martes foina), focusing on their forelimb muscle anatomy and long bone microanatomy; and, especially, on their covariation. To do so, we quantified muscle data and bone microanatomical parameters and created 3D and 2D maps of the cortical thickness distribution for the three long bones of the forelimb. We then analysed the covariation of muscle and bone data, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results reveal that species-specific muscular adaptations are not clearly reflected in the microanatomy of the bones. Yet, we observe a global thickening of the bone cortex in the radius and ulna of the more arboreal pine marten, as well a stronger flexor muscle inserting on its elbow. We attribute these differences to variation in their locomotor modes. Analyses of our 2D maps revealed a shift of cortical thickness distribution pattern linked to ontogeny, rather than species-specific patterns. We found that although intraspecific variation is not negligible, species distinction was possible when taking muscular and bone microanatomical data into consideration. Results of our covariation analyses suggest that the muscle-bone correlation is linked to ontogeny rather than to muscular strength at zones of insertion. Indeed, if we find a correlation between cortical thickness distribution and the strength of some muscles in the humerus, that is not the case for the others and in the radius and ulna. Cortical thickness distribution appears rather linked to bone contact zones and ligament insertions in the radius and ulna, and to some extent in the humerus. We conclude that inference on muscle from bone microanatomy is possible only for certain muscles in the humerus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bader
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Christine Böhmer
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
- Zoological InstituteChristian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu KielKielGermany
| | - Maroua Abou
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
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10
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Integrative Approach Uncovers New Patterns of Ecomorphological Convergence in Slow Arboreal Xenarthrans. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIdentifying ecomorphological convergence examples is a central focus in evolutionary biology. In xenarthrans, slow arboreality independently arose at least three times, in the two genera of ‘tree sloths’, Bradypus and Choloepus, and the silky anteater, Cyclopes. This specialized locomotor ecology is expectedly reflected by distinctive morpho-functional convergences. Cyclopes, although sharing several ecological features with ‘tree sloths’, do not fully mirror the latter in their outstandingly similar suspensory slow arboreal locomotion. We hypothesized that the morphology of Cyclopes is closer to ‘tree sloths’ than to anteaters, but yet distinct, entailing that slow arboreal xenarthrans evolved through ‘incomplete’ convergence. In a multivariate trait space, slow arboreal xenarthrans are hence expected to depart from their sister taxa evolving toward the same area, but not showing extensive phenotypical overlap, due to the distinct position of Cyclopes. Conversely, a pattern of ‘complete’ convergence (i.e., widely overlapping morphologies) is hypothesized for ‘tree sloths’. Through phylogenetic comparative methods, we quantified humeral and femoral convergence in slow arboreal xenarthrans, including a sample of extant and extinct non-slow arboreal xenarthrans. Through 3D geometric morphometrics, cross-sectional properties (CSP) and trabecular architecture, we integratively quantified external shape, diaphyseal anatomy and internal epiphyseal structure. Several traits converged in slow arboreal xenarthrans, especially those pertaining to CSP. Phylomorphospaces and quantitative convergence analyses substantiated the expected patterns of ‘incomplete’ and ‘complete’ convergence for slow arboreal xenarthrans and ‘tree sloths’, respectively. This work, highlighting previously unidentified convergence patterns, emphasizes the value of an integrative multi-pronged quantitative approach to cope with complex mechanisms underlying ecomorphological convergence.
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11
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Gardin A, Salesa MJ, Siliceo G, Antón M, Pastor JF, de Bonis L. Climbing Adaptations of an Enigmatic Early Arctoid Carnivoran: the Functional Anatomy of the Forelimb of Amphicynodon leptorhynchus From the Lower Oligocene of the Quercy Phosphorites (France). J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kilbourne BM. Differing limb functions and their potential influence upon the diversification of the mustelid hindlimb skeleton. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Though form-function relationships of the mammalian locomotor system have been investigated for over a century, recent models of trait evolution have hitherto been seldom used to identify likely evolutionary processes underlying the locomotor system’s morphological diversity. Using mustelids, an ecologically diverse carnivoran lineage, I investigated whether variation in hindlimb skeletal morphology functionally coincides with climbing, digging, swimming and generalized locomotor habits by using 15 linear traits of the femur, tibia, fibula, calcaneum and metatarsal III across 44 species in a principal component analysis. I subsequently fit different models of Brownian motion and adaptive trait diversification individually to each trait. Climbing, digging and swimming mustelids occupy distinct regions of phenotypic space characterized by differences in bone robustness. Models of adaptive and neutral evolution are, respectively, the best fits for long bone lengths and muscle in-levers, suggesting that different kinds of traits may be associated with different evolutionary processes. However, simulations based upon models of best fit reveal low statistical power to rank the models. Though differences in mustelid hindlimb skeletal morphology appear to coincide with locomotor habits, further study, with sampling expanded beyond the Mustelidae, is necessary to better understand to what degree adaptive evolution shapes morphological diversity of the locomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Lynch LM, Felice R, O'Brien HD. Appendicular skeletal morphology of North American Martes reflect independent modes of evolution in conjunction with Pleistocene glacial cycles. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1439-1462. [PMID: 33099887 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pleistocene glacial cycles are thought to have driven ecological niche shifts, including novel niche formation. North American pine martens, Martes americana and M. caurina, are exemplar taxa thought to have diverged molecularly and morphologically during Pleistocene glaciation. Previous research found correlations between Martes limb morphology with biome and climate, suggesting that appendicular evolution may have occurred via adaptation to selective pressures imposed by novel and shifting habitats. Such variation can also be achieved through non-adaptive means such as genetic drift. Here, we evaluate whether regional genetic differences reflect limb morphology differences among populations of M. americana and M. caurina by analyzing evolutionary tempo and mode of six limb elements. Our comparative phylogenetic models indicate that genetic structure predicts limb shape better than size. Marten limb size has low phylogenetic signal, and the best supported model of evolution is punctuational (kappa), with morphological and genetic divergence occurring simultaneously. Disparity through time analysis suggests that the tempo of limb evolution in Martes tracks Pleistocene glacial cycles, such that limb size may be responding to shifting climates rather than population genetic structure. Contrarily, we find that limb shape is strongly tied to genetic relationships, with high phylogenetic signal and a lambda mode of evolution. Overall, this pattern of limb size and shape variation may be the result of geographic isolation during Pleistocene glacial advance, while declines in disparity suggest hybridization during interglacial periods. Future inclusion of extinct populations of Martes, which were more morphologically and ecologically diverse, may further clarify Martes phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigha M Lynch
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.,Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ryan Felice
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haley D O'Brien
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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14
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Lefeuvre M, Gouat P, Mulot B, Cornette R, Pouydebat E. Behavioural variability among captive African elephants in the use of the trunk while feeding. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9678. [PMID: 32874780 PMCID: PMC7441921 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Proboscideans, an order of mammals including elephants, are the largest of the Earth lands animals. One probable consequence of the rapid increase of their body size is the development of the trunk, a multitask highly sensitive organ used in a large repertoire of behaviours. The absence of bones in the trunk allows a substantial degree of freedom for movement in all directions, and this ability could underlie individual-level strategies. We hypothesised a stronger behavioural variability in simple tasks, and a correlation between the employed behaviours and the shape and size of the food. The observations of a captive group of African elephants allowed us to create a complete catalogue of trunk movements in feeding activities. We noted manipulative strategies and impact of food item properties on the performed behaviours. The results show that a given item is manipulated with a small panel of behaviours, and some behaviours are specific to a single shape of items. The study of the five main feeding behaviours emphasises a significant variability between the elephants. Each individual differed from every other individual in the proportion of at least one behaviour, and every behaviour was performed in different proportions by the elephants. Our findings suggest that during their lives elephants develop individual strategies adapted to the manipulated items, which increases their feeding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Lefeuvre
- Adaptive Mechanisms and Evolution, CNRS/MNHN MECADEV, Paris, France.,Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Patrick Gouat
- Laboratoire d'Éthologie Expérimentale et Comparée E.A. 4443, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Baptiste Mulot
- Zooparc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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15
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Janis CM, Martín-Serra A. Postcranial elements of small mammals as indicators of locomotion and habitat. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9634. [PMID: 32953256 PMCID: PMC7474524 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown a correlation between postcranial anatomy and locomotor behavior in mammals, but the postcrania of small mammals (<5 kg) is often considered to be uninformative of their mode of locomotion due to their more generalized overall anatomy. Such small body size was true of all mammals during the Mesozoic. Anatomical correlates of locomotor behavior are easier to determine in larger mammals, but useful information can be obtained from the smaller ones. Limb bone proportions (e.g., brachial index) can be useful locomotor indicators; but complete skeletons, or even complete long bones, are rare for Mesozoic mammals, although isolated articular surfaces are often preserved. Here we examine the correlation of the morphology of long bone joint anatomy (specifically articular surfaces) and locomotor behavior in extant small mammals and demonstrate that such anatomy may be useful for determining the locomotor mode of Mesozoic mammals, at least for the therian mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Janis
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon, UK
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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16
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17
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Lewton KL, Brankovic R, Byrd WA, Cruz D, Morales J, Shin S. The effects of phylogeny, body size, and locomotor behavior on the three-dimensional shape of the pelvis in extant carnivorans. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8574. [PMID: 32117630 PMCID: PMC7036272 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian pelvis is thought to exhibit adaptations to the functional demands of locomotor behaviors. Previous work in primates has identified form-function relationships between pelvic shape and locomotor behavior; few studies have documented such relationships in carnivorans, instead focusing on long bones. Most work on the functional morphology of the carnivoran pelvis, in particular, has used univariate measures, with only a few previous studies incorporating a three-dimensional (3D) analysis. Here we test the hypothesis that carnivoran taxa that are characterized by different locomotor modes also differ in 3D shape of the os coxae. Using 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods, we evaluate the phylogenetic, functional, and size-related effects on 3D pelvis shape in a sample of 33 species of carnivorans. Using surface models derived from laser scans, we collected a suite of landmarks (N = 24) and curve semilandmarks (N = 147). Principal component analysis on Procrustes coordinates demonstrates patterns of shape change in the ischiopubis and ilium likely related to allometry. Phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis on principal component scores demonstrates that phylogeny and body size have greater effects on pelvic shape than locomotor function. Our results corroborate recent research finding little evidence of locomotor specialization in the pelvis of carnivorans. More research on pelvic morphological integration and evolvability is necessary to understand the factors driving pelvic evolution in carnivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Lewton
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Brankovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - William A Byrd
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Life Sciences, Santa Monica College, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniela Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Morales
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Serin Shin
- North Hollywood High School, North Hollywood, CA, United States of America
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18
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Parsi-Pour P, Kilbourne BM. Functional Morphology and Morphological Diversification of Hind Limb Cross-Sectional Traits in Mustelid Mammals. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obz032. [PMID: 33791583 PMCID: PMC7671153 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor habits in mammals are strongly tied to limb bones’ lengths, diameters, and proportions. By comparison, fewer studies have examined how limb bone cross-sectional traits relate to locomotor habit. Here, we tested whether climbing, digging, and swimming locomotor habits reflect biomechanically meaningful differences in three cross-sectional traits rendered dimensionless— cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD)—using femora, tibiae, and fibulae of 28 species of mustelid. CSA and SMA represent resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents structural strength. Given the need to counteract buoyancy in aquatic environments and soil’s high density, we predicted that natatorial and fossorial mustelids have higher values of cross-sectional traits. For all three traits, we found that natatorial mustelids have the highest values, followed by fossorial mustelids, with both of these groups significantly differing from scansorial mustelids. However, phylogenetic relatedness strongly influences diversity in cross-sectional morphology, as locomotor habit strongly correlates with phylogeny. Testing whether hind limb bone cross-sectional traits have evolved adaptively, we fit Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) and Brownian motion (BM) models of trait diversification to cross-sectional traits. The cross-sectional traits of the femur, tibia, and fibula appear to have, respectively, diversified under a multi-rate BM model, a single rate BM model, and a multi-optima OU model. In light of recent studies on mustelid body size and elongation, our findings suggest that the mustelid body plan—and perhaps that of other mammals—is likely the sum of a suite of traits evolving under different models of trait diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parsi-Pour
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - B M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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19
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The selective constraints of ecological specialization in mustelidae on mitochondrial genomes. MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Peckre LR, Lowie A, Brewer D, Ehmke E, Welser K, Shaw E, Wall C, Pouydebat E, Fabre AC. Food mobility and the evolution of grasping behaviour: a case study in strepsirrhine primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.207688. [PMID: 31558589 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Manual grasping is widespread among tetrapods but is more prominent and dexterous in primates. Whether the selective pressures that drove the evolution of dexterous hand grasping involved the collection of fruit or predation on mobile insects remains an area of debate. One way to explore this question is to examine preferences for manual versus oral grasping of a moving object. Previous studies on strepsirrhines have shown a preference for oral grasping when grasping static food items and a preference for manual grasping when grasping mobile prey such as insects, but little is known about the factors at play. Using a controlled experiment with a simple and predictable motion of a food item, we tested and compared the grasping behaviours of 53 captive individuals belonging to 17 species of strepsirrhines while grasping swinging food items and static food items. The swinging motion increased the frequency of hand-use for all individuals. Our results provide evidence that the swinging motion of the food is a sufficient parameter to increase hand grasping in a wide variety of strepsirrhine primates. From an evolutionary perspective, this result gives some support to the idea that hand-grasping abilities evolved under selective pressure associated with the predation of food items in motion. Looking at a common grasping pattern across a large set of species, this study provides important insight into comparative approaches to understanding the evolution of the hand grasping of food in primates and potentially other tetrapod taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Rachel Peckre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France .,Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Leibniz Science Campus 'Primate Cognition', 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aurélien Lowie
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France.,Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Erin Ehmke
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kay Welser
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Erin Shaw
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Christine Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France.,Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5DB, UK
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21
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Amson E, Kilbourne BM. Trabecular bone architecture in the stylopod epiphyses of mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190938. [PMID: 31824706 PMCID: PMC6837213 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mustelidae, a carnivoran clade that includes for instance weasels, badgers, otters and martens, has undergone several evolutionary transitions of lifestyle, resulting in specializations for fossorial, natatorial and scansorial locomotion, in addition to more generalized species. The family is therefore regarded as offering an adequate framework for morpho-functional analyses. However, the architecture of the epiphyseal trabecular bone, which is argued to be particularly responsive to the biomechanical environment, has never been studied. Here, we quantify trabecular bone parameters of the proximal and distal epiphyses of the humerus and femur in 29 species of mustelids and assess the differences of these parameters among groups defined a priori based on the aforementioned locomotor types. The parameters are assessed in a phylogenetic framework, taking into account the potential effect on an individual's body mass. The range of variation described by the acquired parameters is relatively restricted when compared to that of other clades. Generalists, however, are featuring a wider range of variation than the other types. While clear discrimination of locomotor types is difficult, some differences were highlighted by our analysis, such as a greater bone fraction associated with the natatorial taxa, which we discuss in a functional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Amson
- Author for correspondence: E. Amson e-mail:
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22
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De Oliveira-Lagôa S, Cruz FB, Azócar DLM, Lavilla EO, Abdala V. Anuran forelimb muscle tendinous structures and their relationship with locomotor modes and habitat use. Curr Zool 2019; 65:599-608. [PMID: 31616491 PMCID: PMC6784496 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between organisms and their environment is central in functional morphology. Differences in habitat usage may imply divergent morphology of locomotor systems; thus, detecting which morphological traits are conservative across lineages and which ones vary under environmental pressure is important in evolutionary studies. We studied internal and external morphology in 28 species of Neotropical anurans. Our aim was to determine if internal morphology (muscle and tendons) shows lower phylogenetic signal than external morphology. In addition, we wanted to know if morphology varies in relation to the habitat use and if there are different functional groups. We found differences in the degree of phylogenetic signal on the groups of traits. Interestingly, postaxial regions of the forelimb are evolutionarily more labile than the preaxial regions. Phylomorphospace plots show that arboreal (jumpers and graspers) and swimmer frogs cluster based on length of fingers and the lack of sesamoid, also reflected by the use of habitat. These functional clusters are also related to phylogeny. Sesamoid and flexor plate dimensions together with digit tendons showed to be important to discriminate functional groups as well as use of habitat classification. Our results allow us to identify a "grasping syndrome" in the hand of these frogs, where palmar sesamoid and flexor plate are absent and a third metacarpal with a bony knob are typical. Thus, a lighter skeleton, long fingers and a prensile hand may be key for arboreality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Oliveira-Lagôa
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Félix B Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCOMA) Quintral Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Débora L Moreno Azócar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCOMA) Quintral Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Esteban O Lavilla
- Instituto de Herpetología, UEL (Fundación Miguel Lillo - CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (UNT-CONICET) Horco Molle s/n Yerba Buena, Tucumán. Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
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23
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Siliceo G, Antón M, Morales J, Salesa MJ. Built for Strength: Functional Insights from the Thoracolumbar and Sacrocaudal Regions of the Late Miocene Amphicyonid Magericyon anceps (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from Batallones-1 (Madrid, Spain). J MAMM EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-019-09477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Nations JA, Heaney LR, Demos TC, Achmadi AS, Rowe KC, Esselstyn JA. A simple skeletal measurement effectively predicts climbing behaviour in a diverse clade of small mammals. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArboreal locomotion allows access to above-ground resources and might have fostered the diversification of mammals. Nevertheless, simple morphological measurements that consistently correlate with arboreality remain indefinable. As such, the climbing habits of many species of mammals, living and extinct, remain speculative. We collected quantitative data on the climbing tendencies of 20 species of murine rodents, an ecologically and morphologically diverse clade. We leveraged Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models (BPMMs), incorporating intraspecific variation and phylogenetic uncertainty, to determine which, if any, traits (17 skeletal indices) predict climbing frequency. We used ordinal BPMMs to test the ability of the indices to place 48 murine species that lack quantitative climbing data into three qualitative locomotor categories (terrestrial, general and arboreal). Only two indices (both measures of relative digit length) accurately predict locomotor styles, with manus digit length showing the best fit. Manus digit length has low phylogenetic signal, is largely explained by locomotor ecology and might effectively predict locomotion across a multitude of small mammals, including extinct species. Surprisingly, relative tail length, a common proxy for locomotion, was a poor predictor of climbing. In general, detailed, quantitative natural history data, such as those presented here, are needed to enhance our understanding of the evolutionary and ecological success of clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Nations
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Anang S Achmadi
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Centre for Biology, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Kevin C Rowe
- Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacob A Esselstyn
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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25
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Bardua C, Felice RN, Watanabe A, Fabre AC, Goswami A. A Practical Guide to Sliding and Surface Semilandmarks in Morphometric Analyses. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:obz016. [PMID: 33791531 PMCID: PMC7780474 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in imaging technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) and surface scanning, have facilitated the rapid generation of large datasets of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) specimen reconstructions in recent years. The wealth of phenotypic information available from these datasets has the potential to inform our understanding of morphological variation and evolution. However, the ever-increasing ease of compiling 3D datasets has created an urgent need for sophisticated methods of capturing high-density shape data that reflect the biological complexity in form. Landmarks often do not take full advantage of the rich shape information available from high-resolution 3D specimen reconstructions, as they are typically restricted to sutures or processes that can be reliably identified across specimens and exclude most of the surface morphology. The development of sliding and surface semilandmark techniques has greatly enhanced the quantification of shape, but their application to diverse datasets can be challenging, especially when dealing with the variable absence of some regions within a structure. Using comprehensive 3D datasets of crania that span the entire clades of birds, squamates and caecilians, we demonstrate methods for capturing morphology across incredibly diverse shapes. We detail many of the difficulties associated with applying semilandmarks to comparable regions across highly disparate structures, and provide solutions to some of these challenges, while considering the consequences of decisions one makes in applying these approaches. Finally, we analyze the benefits of high-density sliding semilandmark approaches over landmark-only studies for capturing shape across diverse organisms and discuss the promise of these approaches for the study of organismal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bardua
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - R N Felice
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - A-C Fabre
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - A Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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26
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Böhmer C, Fabre AC, Taverne M, Herbin M, Peigné S, Herrel A. Functional relationship between myology and ecology in carnivores: do forelimb muscles reflect adaptations to prehension? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d’Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Maxime Taverne
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d’Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d’Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 CR 2P, MNHN/CNRS/UPMC, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d’Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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27
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Tarquini J, Morgan CC, Toledo N, Soibelzon LH. Comparative osteology and functional morphology of the forelimb ofCyonasua(Mammalia, Procyonidae), the first South American carnivoran. J Morphol 2019; 280:446-470. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tarquini
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados; Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción (CICYTTP-CONICET-Entre Ríos-UADER), Matteri y España s/n.; E3105BWA, Diamante Entre Ríos Argentina
| | - Cecilia C. Morgan
- División Zoología de Vertebrados, Sección Mastozoología, CONICET; Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Néstor Toledo
- División Paleontología Vertebrados; Unidades de Investigación Anexo Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leopoldo H. Soibelzon
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, CONICET; Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata; Buenos Aires Argentina
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28
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Kilbourne BM, Hutchinson JR. Morphological diversification of biomechanical traits: mustelid locomotor specializations and the macroevolution of long bone cross-sectional morphology. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:37. [PMID: 30700269 PMCID: PMC6354431 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological diversity of limb bone lengths, diameters, and proportions in mammals is known to vary strongly with locomotor habit. It remains less well known how different locomotor habits are correlated with cross-sectional traits of the limb skeleton, such as cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD) and whether these traits have evolved adaptively. CSA and SMA represent the bone's resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents bone structural strength related to shape. Sampling 28 species of mustelids, a carnivoran lineage with diverse locomotor habits, we tested for differences in humeral, radial, and ulnar cross-sectional traits among specialists for climbing, digging, and swimming, in addition to generalists. Given that the limbs of digging specialists function in the dense substance of soil, and that swimming specialists need to counteract buoyancy, we predicted that these mustelids with these specializations should have the greatest values of cross-sectional traits. RESULTS We analyzed cross-sectional traits (calculated via μCT scanning and rendered dimensionless) in 5% increments along a bone's length and found significant differences among locomotor habits, though differences in ulnar cross-sectional traits were fewer than those for the humerus and radius. Swimming specialists had the greatest values of cross-sectional traits, followed by digging specialists. Climbing specialists had the lowest values of cross-sectional traits. However, phylogenetic affinity underlies these results. Fitting models of trait evolution to CSA and SMA revealed that a multi-rate Brownian motion model and a multi-optima Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model are the best-fitting models of evolution for these traits. However, inspection of α-values uncovered that many of the OU models did not differ from a Brownian motion model. CONCLUSIONS Within Mustelidae, differences in limb function and locomotor habit influence cross-sectional traits in ways that produce patterns that may diverge from adaptive patterns exhibited by external traits (e.g., bone lengths) of the mammalian limb skeleton. These results suggest that not all the traits of a single organ evolve under a single evolutionary process and that models of trait evolution should be fit to a range of traits for a better understanding of the evolution of the mammalian locomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
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29
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Fabre AC, Peckre L, Pouydebat E, Wall CE. Does the shape of forelimb long bones co-vary with grasping behaviour in strepsirrhine primates? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fine prehensile activities are often thought to have been associated with the evolution of the human hand. However, there has been no holistic approach establishing the link between the morphology of the forelimb and grasping ability in living primates. The present study investigated the possible relationships between grasping behaviour and the morphology of the forelimb in strepsirrhines in a phylogenetic context. To do so, grasping behaviour during feeding and the shape of the long bones of the forelimb were analysed for 22 species of strepsirrhines. The data obtained show that there is a phylogenetic signal in forelimb morphology in primates in relation to grasping behaviour, but also that there is a marked co-evolution between grasping behaviour and the shape of the humerus and radius. This latter finding suggests a functional association between grasping and forelimb shape, which in turn suggests that bone shape constrains or facilitates behaviour. This result may permit future inferences to be made regarding this behaviour in extinct species and deserves further examination in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Fabre
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N. Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Louise Peckre
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N. Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Kellnerweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N. Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Christine E Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, USA
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30
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Lynch LM. Limb skeletal morphology of North American pine martens,Martes americanaandMartes caurina, correlates with biome and climate. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leigha M Lynch
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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de Souza Junior P, Santos LMRPD, Viotto-Souza W, de Carvalho NDC, Souza EC, Kasper CB, Abidu-Figueiredo M, Santos ALQ. Functional myology of the thoracic limb in Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus): a descriptive and comparative analysis. J Anat 2018; 233:783-806. [PMID: 30318591 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the muscles of the thoracic limb were evaluated in 22 specimens of Lycalopex gymnocercus. Descriptive and comparative analyses showed similarity with other canids in terms of topography and tendon insertions. Differences with the domestic dog were observed in the pectoralis profundus, triceps brachii and interflexorii muscles. Intraspecific variations were observed in the rhomboideus capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digiti I and II, lumbricales, flexor digiti I brevis, abductor digiti I brevis, and flexor digiti V muscles. The analyses of muscle architecture carried out in nine specimens showed that there was no difference in muscle percentage mass in the thoracic limb of males and females, but a young specimen showed significant lower percentage mass. The triceps brachii caput longus muscle showed the greatest mass, the subscapularis muscle showed the greatest physiological cross-sectional area value, and the extrinsic muscles, in general, presented the longest fascicles and higher architectural indexes. Muscle architecture data were compatible with those of a thoracic limb adapted to fast cursorial locomotion that prioritizes movements in a sagittal plane instead of rotation or adduction/abduction. There was a high association between functional percentage mass of the muscles in the thoracic limb and phylogeny in the Carnivora order. It may be inferred that carnivoran muscle mass is largely determined by phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo de Souza Junior
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Viotto-Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Natan da Cruz de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Regional University of Campaign (URCAMP), Alegrete, RS, Brazil
| | - Erick Candiota Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Benhur Kasper
- Birds and Mammals Laboratory (LABIMAVE), Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo
- Department of Animal and Human Anatomy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Fabre AC, Granatosky MC, Hanna JB, Schmitt D. Do forelimb shape and peak forces co-vary in strepsirrhines? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:602-614. [PMID: 30159895 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we explore whether ground reaction forces recorded during horizontal walking co-vary with the shape of the long bones of the forelimb in strepsirrhines. To do so, we quantify (1) the shape of the shaft and articular surfaces of each long bone of the forelimb, (2) the peak vertical, mediolateral, and horizontal ground reaction forces applied by the forelimb during arboreal locomotion, and (3) the relationship between the shape of the forelimb and peak forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Geometric morphometric approaches were used to quantify the shape of the bones. Kinetic data were collected during horizontal arboreal walking in eight species of strepsirrhines that show variation in habitual substrate use and morphology of the forelimb. These data were then used to explore the links between locomotor behavior, morphology, and mechanics using co-variation analyses in a phylogenetic framework. RESULTS Our results show significant differences between slow quadrupedal climbers (lorises), vertical clinger and leapers (sifaka), and active arboreal quadrupeds (ring-tailed lemur, ruffed lemur) in both ground reaction forces and the shape of the long bones of the forelimb, with the propulsive and medially directed peak forces having the highest impact on the shape of the humerus. Co-variation between long bone shape and ground reaction forces was detected in both the humerus and ulna even when accounting for differences in body mass. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate the importance of considering limb-loading beyond just peak vertical force, or substrate reaction force. A re-evaluation of osseous morphology and functional interpretations is necessary in light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Fabre
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N. Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jandy B Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Science, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Taverne M, Fabre AC, Herbin M, Herrel A, Peigné S, Lacroux C, Lowie A, Pagès F, Theil JC, Böhmer C. Convergence in the functional properties of forelimb muscles in carnivorans: adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Taverne
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 – CR2P, CNRS/MNHN, Département Origines et Evolution, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lacroux
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Lowie
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Pagès
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Theil
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
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Law CJ, Mehta RS. Carnivory maintains cranial dimorphism between males and females: Evidence for niche divergence in extant Musteloidea. Evolution 2018; 72:1950-1961. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Law
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95060
| | - Rita S. Mehta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95060
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Law CJ, Slater GJ, Mehta RS. Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods. Syst Biol 2018; 67:127-144. [PMID: 28472434 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is hypothesized to be a primary mechanism that drives the remarkable species diversity and morphological disparity across the Tree of Life. Tests for adaptive radiation in extant taxa are traditionally estimated from calibrated molecular phylogenies with little input from extinct taxa. With 85 putative species in 33 genera and over 400 described extinct species, the carnivoran superfamily Musteloidea is a prime candidate to investigate patterns of adaptive radiation using both extant- and fossil-based macroevolutionary methods. The species diversity and equally impressive ecological and phenotypic diversity found across Musteloidea is often attributed to two adaptive radiations coinciding with two major climate events, the Eocene-Oligocene transition and the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition. Here, we compiled a novel time-scaled phylogeny for 88% of extant musteloids and used it as a framework for testing the predictions of adaptive radiation hypotheses with respect to rates of lineage diversification and phenotypic evolution. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence for rapid bursts of lineage diversification at the origin of Musteloidea, and further analyses of lineage diversification rates using molecular and fossil-based methods did not find associations between rates of lineage diversification and the Eocene-Oligocene transition or Mid-Miocene Climate Transition as previously hypothesized. Rather, we found support for decoupled diversification dynamics driven by increased clade carrying capacity in the branches leading to a subclade of elongate mustelids. Supporting decoupled diversification dynamics between the subclade of elongate mustelids and the ancestral musteloid regime is our finding of increased rates of body length evolution, but not body mass evolution, within the decoupled mustelid subclade. The lack of correspondence in rates of body mass and length evolution suggest that phenotypic evolutionary rates under a single morphological metric, even one as influential as mass, may not capture the evolution of diversity in clades that exhibit elongate body shapes. The discordance in evolutionary rates between body length and body mass along with evidence of decoupled diversification dynamics suggests that body elongation might be an innovation for the exploitation of novel Mid-Miocene resources, resulting in the radiation of some musteloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Law
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Lab, University of California, Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Graham J Slater
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Rita S Mehta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Lab, University of California, Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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Böhmer C, Fabre AC, Herbin M, Peigné S, Herrel A. Anatomical Basis of Differences in Locomotor Behavior in Martens: AComparison of the Forelimb Musculature Between Two Sympatric Species ofMartes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:449-472. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 CR 2P, MNHN/CNRS/UPMC, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP38; 8 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
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Fabre AC, Perry JMG, Hartstone-Rose A, Lowie A, Boens A, Dumont M. Do Muscles Constrain Skull Shape Evolution in Strepsirrhines? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:291-310. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; 75005 Paris France
| | - Jonathan M. G. Perry
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | | | - AuróLien Lowie
- UMR 7179, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; 75005 Paris France
| | - Andy Boens
- UMR 7179, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; 75005 Paris France
| | - MaÏtena Dumont
- UMR 7179, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; 75005 Paris France
- Uppsala Universitet; Uppsala Sweden
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Shape Covariation (or the Lack Thereof) Between Vertebrae and Other Skeletal Traits in Felids: The Whole is Not Always Greater than the Sum of Parts. Evol Biol 2018; 45:196-210. [PMID: 29755151 PMCID: PMC5938317 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Within carnivorans, cats show comparatively little disparity in overall morphology, with species differing mainly in body size. However, detailed shape analyses of individual osteological structures, such as limbs or skulls, have shown that felids display significant morphological differences that correlate with their observed ecological and behavioural ranges. Recently, these shape analyses have been extended to the felid axial skeleton. Results demonstrate a functionally-partitioned vertebral column, with regions varying greatly in level of correlation between shape and ecology. Moreover, a clear distinction is evident between a phylogenetically-constrained neck region and a selection-responsive posterior spine. Here, we test whether this regionalisation of function reflected in vertebral column shape is also translated into varying levels of phenotypic integration between this structure and most other skeletal elements. We accomplish this comparison by performing pairwise tests of integration between vertebral and other osteological units, quantified with 3D geometric morphometric data and analysed both with and without phylogenetic correction. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test for integration across a comprehensive sample of whole-skeleton elements. Our results show that, prior to corrections, strong covariation is present between vertebrae across the vertebral column and all other elements, with the exception of the femur. However, most of these significant correlations disappear after correcting for phylogeny, which is a significant influence on cranial and limb morphology of felids and other carnivorans. Our results thus suggest that the vertebral column of cats displays relative independence from other skeletal elements and may represent several distinct evolutionary morphological modules.
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Swimmers, Diggers, Climbers and More, a Study of Integration Across the Mustelids’ Locomotor Apparatus (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Evol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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41
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Elbow Joint Geometry in Bears (Ursidae, Carnivora): a Tool to Infer Paleobiology and Functional Adaptations of Quaternary Fossils. J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kilbourne BM. Selective regimes and functional anatomy in the mustelid forelimb: Diversification toward specializations for climbing, digging, and swimming. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8852-8863. [PMID: 29152182 PMCID: PMC5677490 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical traits associated with locomotion often exhibit specializations for ecological niche, suggesting that locomotor specializations may constitute selective regimes acting on limb skeletal traits. To test this, I sampled 42 species of Mustelidae, encompassing climbing, digging, and swimming specialists, and determined whether trait variation reflects locomotor specialization by performing a principal components analysis on 14 forelimb traits. In addition to Brownian motion models, three Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models of selective regimes were applied to PC scores describing trait variation among mustelids: one without a priori defined phenotypic optima, one with optima based upon locomotor habit, and one with a single phenotypic optimum. PC1, which explained 43.8% of trait variance, represented a trade‐off in long bone gracility and deltoid ridge length vs. long robustness and olecranon process length and distinguished between climbing specialists and remaining mustelids. PC2, which explained 17.4% of trait variance, primarily distinguished the sea otter from other mustelids. Best fitting trait diversification models are selective regimes differentiating between scansorial and nonscansorial mustelids (PC1) and selective regimes distinguishing the sea otter and steppe polecat from remaining mustelids (PC2). Phylogenetic half‐life values relative to branch lengths suggest that, in spite of a strong rate of adaptation, there is still the influence of past trait values. However, simulations of likelihood ratios suggest that the best fitting models are not fully adequate to explain morphological diversification within extant mustelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung Berlin Germany
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Saeki I, Niwa S, Osada N, Hyodo F, Ohta T, Oishi Y, Hiura T. Adaptive significance of arboreality: field evidence from a tree-climbing land snail. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fabre AC, Marigó J, Granatosky MC, Schmitt D. Functional associations between support use and forelimb shape in strepsirrhines and their relevance to inferring locomotor behavior in early primates. J Hum Evol 2017. [PMID: 28622924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of primates is intimately linked to their initial invasion of an arboreal environment. However, moving and foraging in this milieu creates significant mechanical challenges related to the presence of substrates differing in their size and orientation. It is widely assumed that primates are behaviorally and anatomically adapted to movement on specific substrates, but few explicit tests of this relationship in an evolutionary context have been conducted. Without direct tests of form-function relationships in living primates it is impossible to reliably infer behavior in fossil taxa. In this study, we test a hypothesis of co-variation between forelimb morphology and the type of substrates used by strepsirrhines. If associations between anatomy and substrate use exist, these can then be applied to better understand limb anatomy of extinct primates. The co-variation between each forelimb long bone and the type of substrate used was studied in a phylogenetic context. Our results show that despite the presence of significant phylogenetic signal for each long bone of the forelimb, clear support use associations are present. A strong co-variation was found between the type of substrate used and the shape of the radius, with and without taking phylogeny into account, whereas co-variation was significant for the ulna only when taking phylogeny into account. Species that use a thin branch milieu show radii that are gracile and straight and have a distal articular shape that allows for a wide range of movements. In contrast, extant species that commonly use large supports show a relatively robust and curved radius with an increased surface area available for forearm and hand muscles in pronated posture. These results, especially for the radius, support the idea that strepsirrhine primates exhibit specific skeletal adaptations associated with the supports that they habitually move on. With these robust associations in hand it will be possible to explore the same variables in extinct early primates and primate relatives and thus improve the reliability of inferences concerning substrate use in early primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Fabre
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; UMR 7179, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Mécadev, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France.
| | - Judit Marigó
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; UMR 7207 CR2P - C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N., U.P.M.C.-Paris 6, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005, Paris, France; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Z (ICTA-ICP), Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Gould FDH. Testing the Role of Cursorial Specializations as Adaptive Key Innovations in Paleocene-Eocene Ungulates of North America. J MAMM EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Integrating locomotion, postures and morphology: The case of the tayra, Eira barbara (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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MacLaren JA, Nauwelaerts S. A three-dimensional morphometric analysis of upper forelimb morphology in the enigmatic tapir (Perissodactyla: Tapirus) hints at subtle variations in locomotor ecology. J Morphol 2016; 277:1469-1485. [PMID: 27519626 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Forelimb morphology is an indicator for terrestrial locomotor ecology. The limb morphology of the enigmatic tapir (Perissodactyla: Tapirus) has often been compared to that of basal perissodactyls, despite the lack of quantitative studies comparing forelimb variation in modern tapirs. Here, we present a quantitative assessment of tapir upper forelimb osteology using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to test whether the four modern tapir species are monomorphic in their forelimb skeleton. The shape of the upper forelimb bones across four species (T. indicus; T. bairdii; T. terrestris; T. pinchaque) was investigated. Bones were laser scanned to capture surface morphology and 3D landmark analysis was used to quantify shape. Discriminant function analyses were performed to reveal features which could be used for interspecific discrimination. Overall our results show that the appendicular skeleton contains notable interspecific differences. We demonstrate that upper forelimb bones can be used to discriminate between species (>91% accuracy), with the scapula proving the most diagnostic bone (100% accuracy). Features that most successfully discriminate between the four species include the placement of the cranial angle of the scapula, depth of the humeral condyle, and the caudal deflection of the olecranon. Previous studies comparing the limbs of T. indicus and T. terrestris are corroborated by our quantitative findings. Moreover, the mountain tapir T. pinchaque consistently exhibited the greatest divergence in morphology from the other three species. Despite previous studies describing tapirs as functionally mediportal in their locomotor style, we find osteological evidence suggesting a spectrum of locomotor adaptations in the tapirs. We conclude that modern tapir forelimbs are neither monomorphic nor are tapirs as conserved in their locomotor habits as previously described. J. Morphol. 277:1469-1485, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A MacLaren
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Building D, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Nauwelaerts
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Building D, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Koninklijke Maatschappij Voor Dierkunde (KMDA), Koningin Astridplein 26, Antwerp, 2018, Belgium
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Fontanarrosa G, Abdala V. Bone indicators of grasping hands in lizards. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1978. [PMID: 27168987 PMCID: PMC4860302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasping is one of a few adaptive mechanisms that, in conjunction with clinging, hooking, arm swinging, adhering, and flying, allowed for incursion into the arboreal eco-space. Little research has been done that addresses grasping as an enhanced manual ability in non-mammalian tetrapods, with the exception of studies comparing the anatomy of muscle and tendon structure. Previous studies showed that grasping abilities allow exploitation for narrow branch habitats and that this adaptation has clear osteological consequences. The objective of this work is to ascertain the existence of morphometric descriptors in the hand skeleton of lizards related to grasping functionality. A morphological matrix was constructed using 51 morphometric variables in 278 specimens, from 24 genera and 13 families of Squamata. To reduce the dimensions of the dataset and to organize the original variables into a simpler system, three PCAs (Principal Component Analyses) were performed using the subsets of (1) carpal variables, (2) metacarpal variables, and (3) phalanges variables. The variables that demonstrated the most significant contributions to the construction of the PCA synthetic variables were then used in subsequent analyses. To explore which morphological variables better explain the variations in the functional setting, we ran Generalized Linear Models for the three different sets. This method allows us to model the morphology that enables a particular functional trait. Grasping was considered the only response variable, taking the value of 0 or 1, while the original variables retained by the PCAs were considered predictor variables. Our analyses yielded six variables associated with grasping abilities: two belong to the carpal bones, two belong to the metacarpals and two belong to the phalanges. Grasping in lizards can be performed with hands exhibiting at least two different independently originated combinations of bones. The first is a combination of a highly elongated centrale bone, reduced palmar sesamoid, divergence angles above 90°, and slender metacarpal V and phalanges, such as exhibited by Anolis sp. and Tropidurus sp. The second includes an elongated centrale bone, lack of a palmar sesamoid, divergence angles above 90°, and narrow metacarpal V and phalanges, as exhibited by geckos. Our data suggest that the morphological distinction between graspers and non-graspers is demonstrating the existence of ranges along the morphological continuum within which a new ability is generated. Our results support the hypothesis of the nested origin of grasping abilities within arboreality. Thus, the manifestation of grasping abilities as a response to locomotive selective pressure in the context of narrow-branch eco-spaces could also enable other grasping-dependent biological roles, such as prey handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, UNT- CONICET, Tucuman, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, UNT, Cátedra de Biología General, Tucuman, Argentina
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Martín-Serra A, Figueirido B, Palmqvist P. In the Pursuit of the Predatory Behavior of Borophagines (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae): Inferences from Forelimb Morphology. J MAMM EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Abella J, Ruiz-Sánchez FJ, Valenciano A, Hontecillas D, Pérez-Ramos A, Vera D, Santana-Cabrera JA, Cornejo MH, Montoya P, Morales J. When Cotton Rats Grasp Like Pandas. J MAMM EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-015-9314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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