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Rivera-Vega LJ, Grunseich JM, Aguirre NM, Valencia CU, Sword GA, Helms AM. A Beneficial Plant-Associated Fungus Shifts the Balance toward Plant Growth over Resistance, Increasing Cucumber Tolerance to Root Herbivory. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030282. [PMID: 35161264 PMCID: PMC8838125 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants allocate their limited resources toward different physiological processes, dynamically adjusting their resource allocation in response to environmental changes. How beneficial plant-associated microbes influence this allocation is a topic that continues to interest plant biologists. In this study, we examined the effect of a beneficial fungus, Phialemonium inflatum, on investment in growth and anti-herbivore resistance traits in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus). We inoculated cucumber seeds with P. inflatum spores and measured several growth parameters, including germination rate, above and belowground biomass, and number of flowers. We also examined plant resistance to adult and larval striped cucumber beetles (Acalymma vitattum), and quantified levels of defense hormones in leaves and roots. Our results indicate that P. inflatum strongly enhances cucumber plant growth and reproductive potential. Although fungus treatment did not improve plant resistance to cucumber beetles, inoculated plants were more tolerant to root herbivory, experiencing less biomass reduction. Together, these findings document how a beneficial plant-associated fungus shifts plant investment in growth over herbivore resistance, highlighting the importance of microbes in mediating plant-herbivore interactions. These findings also have important implications for agricultural systems, where beneficial microbes are often introduced or managed to promote plant growth or enhance resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren J. Rivera-Vega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
| | - John M. Grunseich
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Natalie M. Aguirre
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Cesar U. Valencia
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Gregory A. Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Anjel M. Helms
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Bode RF, Black C. Biocontrol exerts natural selection against fecundity traits in Cytisus scoparius (L.). Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Krieger C, Roselli S, Kellner-Thielmann S, Galati G, Schneider B, Grosjean J, Olry A, Ritchie D, Matern U, Bourgaud F, Hehn A. The CYP71AZ P450 Subfamily: A Driving Factor for the Diversification of Coumarin Biosynthesis in Apiaceous Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:820. [PMID: 29971079 PMCID: PMC6018538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of coumarins and furanocoumarins (FCs) in higher plants is widely considered a model illustration of the adaptation of plants to their environment. In this report, we show that the multiplication of cytochrome P450 variants within the CYP71AZ subfamily has contributed to the diversification of these molecules. Multiple copies of genes encoding this enzyme family are found in Apiaceae, and their phylogenetic analysis suggests that they have different functions within these plants. CYP71AZ1 from Ammi majus and CYP71AZ3, 4, and 6 from Pastinaca sativa were functionally characterized. While CYP71AZ3 merely hydroxylated esculetin, the other enzymes accepted both simple coumarins and FCs. Superimposing in silico models of these enzymes led to the identification of different conformations of three regions in the enzyme active site. These sequences were subsequently utilized to mutate CYP71AZ4 to resemble CYP71AZ3. The swapping of these regions lead to significantly modified substrate specificity. Simultaneous mutations of all three regions shifted the specificity of CYP71AZ4 to that of CYP71AZ3, exclusively accepting esculetin. This approach may explain the evolution of this cytochrome P450 family regarding the appearance of FCs in parsnip and possibly in the Apiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Krieger
- Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Sandro Roselli
- Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Sandra Kellner-Thielmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gianni Galati
- Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Jérémy Grosjean
- Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Alexandre Olry
- Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - David Ritchie
- INRIA Nancy, Grand-Est Research Centre, Laboratoire Lorrain De Recherche En Informatique Et Ses Applications, Nancy, France
| | - Ulrich Matern
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Alain Hehn
- Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Alain Hehn,
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Stastny M, Sargent RD. Evidence for rapid evolutionary change in an invasive plant in response to biological control. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1042-1052. [PMID: 28370749 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence that populations of an invasive plant species that have become re-associated with a specialist herbivore in the exotic range through biological control have rapidly evolved increased antiherbivore defences compared to populations not exposed to biocontrol. We grew half-sib families of the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria sourced from 17 populations near Ottawa, Canada, that differed in their history of exposure to a biocontrol agent, the specialist beetle Neogalerucella calmariensis. In a glasshouse experiment, we manipulated larval and adult herbivory to examine whether a population's history of biocontrol influenced plant defence and growth. Plants sourced from populations with a history of biocontrol suffered lower defoliation than naïve, previously unexposed populations, strongly suggesting they had evolved higher resistance. Plants from biocontrol-exposed populations were also larger and produced more branches in response to herbivory, regrew faster even in the absence of herbivory and were better at compensating for the impacts of herbivory on growth (i.e. they exhibited increased tolerance). Furthermore, resistance and tolerance were positively correlated among genotypes with a history of biocontrol but not among naïve genotypes. Our findings suggest that biocontrol can rapidly select for increased defences in an invasive plant and may favour a mixed defence strategy of resistance and tolerance without an obvious cost to plant vigour. Although rarely studied, such evolutionary responses in the target species have important implications for the long-term efficacy of biocontrol programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stastny
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R D Sargent
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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de Jong TJ, Lin T. How to quantify plant tolerance to loss of biomass? Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3080-3086. [PMID: 28480007 PMCID: PMC5415523 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In some plant species the whole shoot is occasionally removed, as a result of specialist herbivory, grazing, mowing, or other causes. The plant can adapt to defoliation by allocating more to tolerance and less to growth and defense. Plant tolerance to defoliation (TOL1) is typically measured as the ratio between the average dry weight of a group of damaged plants and a control group of undamaged plants, both measured some time after recovery. We develop a model to clarify what TOL1 actually measures. We advocate keeping regrowth (REG2) and shoot–root ratio, both elements of TOL1, separate in the analysis. Based on a resource trade‐off, exotic Jacobaea vulgaris plants from populations in the USA (no specialist herbivory) are expected to grow faster and be less tolerant than native Dutch populations (with specialist herbivory). Indeed Dutch plants had both a significantly larger fraction biomass in roots and faster regrowth (REG2), while US plants attained the highest weight in the control without defoliation. Using key‐factor analysis, we illustrate how growth rates, regrowth, and shoot–root ratio each contribute to final biomass (plant fitness). Our proposed method gives more insight in the mechanisms that underly plant tolerance against defoliation and how tolerance contributes to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiantian Lin
- Institute of Biology Leiden Leiden The Netherlands.,College of Forestry Sichuan Agricultural University 611130, Chengdu China
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Liao H, Gurgel PCS, Pal RW, Hooper D, Callaway RM. Solidago giganteaplants from nonnative ranges compensate more in response to damage than plants from the native range. Ecology 2016; 97:2355-2363. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huixuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Priscila C. S. Gurgel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB V; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Campus II Goiânia Goiás 74001-970 Brazil
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Distrito Federal Brasilia 70040-020 Brazil
| | - Robert W. Pal
- Montana Tech of the University of Montana; Butte Montana 59701 USA
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - David Hooper
- Department of Anthropology; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
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Dahro B, Wang F, Peng T, Liu JH. PtrA/NINV, an alkaline/neutral invertase gene of Poncirus trifoliata, confers enhanced tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses by modulating ROS levels and maintaining photosynthetic efficiency. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27025596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaline/neutral invertase (A/N-INV), an enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose irreversibly into glucose and fructose, is essential for normal plant growth,development, and stress tolerance. However, the physiological and/or molecular mechanism underpinning the role of A/N-INV in abiotic stress tolerance is poorly understood. RESULTS In this report, an A/N-INV gene (PtrA/NINV) was isolated from Poncirus trifoliata, a cold-hardy relative of citrus, and functionally characterized. PtrA/NINV expression levels were induced by cold, salt, dehydration, sucrose, and ABA, but decreased by glucose. PtrA/NINV was found to localize in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Overexpression of PtrA/NINV conferred enhanced tolerance to multiple stresses, including cold, high salinity, and drought, as supported by lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced oxidative damages, decreased water loss rate, and increased photosynthesis efficiency, relative to wild-type (WT). The transgenic plants exhibited higher A/N-INV activity and greater reducing sugar content under normal and stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS PtrA/NINV is an important gene implicated in sucrose decomposition, and plays a positive role in abiotic stress tolerance by promoting osmotic adjustment, ROS detoxification and photosynthesis efficiency. Thus, PtrA/NINV has great potential to be used in transgenic breeding for improvement of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachar Dahro
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Impact of reassociation with a coevolved herbivore on oviposition deterrence in a hostplant. Oecologia 2014; 176:117-27. [PMID: 24989119 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although selection by herbivores for increased feeding deterrence in hostplants is well documented, selection for increased oviposition deterrence is rarely examined. We investigated chemical mediation of oviposition by the parsnip webworm (Depressaria pastinacella) on its principal hostplant Pastinaca sativa to determine whether ovipositing adults choose hostplants based on larval suitability and whether hostplants experience selection for increased oviposition deterrence. Webworms consume floral tissues and florivory selects for increased feeding deterrents; moths, however, oviposit on leaves of pre-bolting plants. Exclusive use of different plant parts for oviposition and larval feeding suggests oviposition should select for increased foliar deterrents. Recent webworm colonization of New Zealand (NZ) allowed us to assess phenotypic changes in foliar chemicals in response to webworm oviposition. In a common garden experiment, we compared NZ populations with and without a history of infestation from 2004 to 2006 for changes in leaf chemistry in response to oviposition. Three leaf volatiles, cis- and trans-ocimene, and β-farnesene, elicit strong responses in female moth antennae; these compounds were negatively associated with oviposition and are likely oviposition deterrents. Leaf β-farnesene was positively correlated with floral furanocoumarins that deter florivory; greater oviposition on plants with low floral furanocoumarins indicates that moths preferentially oviposit on parsnips most suitable for larval growth. Unlike florivory, high oviposition on leaves did not lower plant fitness, consistent with the fact that NZ parsnip foliar chemistry was unaffected by 3-6 years of webworm infestation. Thus, in this system, selection by ovipositing moths on foliar chemistry is weaker than selection by larvae on floral chemistry.
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