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Kjærsgaard A, Blanckenhorn WU, Berger D, Esperk T. Weak sex-specific evolution of locomotor activity of Sepsis punctum (Diptera: Sepsidae) thermal experimental evolution lines. J Therm Biol 2023; 116:103680. [PMID: 37579518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated temperatures are expected to rise beyond what the physiology of many organisms can tolerate. Behavioural responses facilitating microhabitat shifts may mitigate some of this increased thermal selection on physiology, but behaviours are themselves mediated by physiology, and any behavioural response may trade-off against other fitness-related activities. We investigated whether experimental evolution in different thermal regimes (Cold: 15 °C; Hot: 31 °C; Intergenerational fluctuation 15/31 °C; Control: 23 °C) resulted in genetic differentiation of standard locomotor activity in the dung fly Sepsis punctum. We assessed individual locomotor performance, an integral part of most behavioral repertoires, across eight warm temperatures from 24 °C to 45 °C using an automated device. We found no evidence for generalist-specialist trade-offs (i.e. changes in the breadth of the performance curve) for this trait. Instead, at the warmest assay temperatures hot-selected flies showed somewhat higher maximal performance than all other, especially cold-selected flies, overall more so in males than females. Yet, the flies' temperature optimum was not higher than that of the cold-selected flies, as expected under the 'hotter-is-better' hypothesis. Maximal locomotor performance merely weakly increased with body size. These results suggest that thermal performance curves are unlikely to evolve as an entity according to theory, and that locomotor activity is a trait of limited use in revealing thermal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Kjærsgaard
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - David Berger
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Toomas Esperk
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu University, Juhan Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia.
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Parmenter MD, Nelson JP, Gray MM, Weigel S, Vinyard CJ, Payseur BA. A complex genetic architecture underlies mandibular evolution in big mice from Gough Island. Genetics 2022; 220:iyac023. [PMID: 35137059 PMCID: PMC8982026 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most compelling examples of morphological evolution come from island populations. Alterations in the size and shape of the mandible have been repeatedly observed in murid rodents following island colonization. Despite this pattern and the significance of the mandible for dietary adaptation, the genetic basis of island-mainland divergence in mandibular form remains uninvestigated. To fill this gap, we examined mandibular morphology in 609 F2s from a cross between Gough Island mice, the largest wild house mice on record, and mice from a mainland reference strain (WSB). Univariate genetic mapping identifies 3 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for relative length of the temporalis lever arm and 2 distinct QTL for relative condyle length, 2 traits expected to affect mandibular function that differ between Gough Island mice and WSB mice. Multivariate genetic mapping of coordinates from geometric morphometric analyses identifies 27 QTL contributing to overall mandibular shape. Quantitative trait loci show a complex mixture of modest, additive effects dispersed throughout the mandible, with landmarks including the coronoid process and the base of the ascending ramus frequently modulated by QTL. Additive effects of most shape quantitative trait loci do not align with island-mainland divergence, suggesting that directional selection played a limited role in the evolution of mandibular shape. In contrast, Gough Island mouse alleles at QTL for centroid size and QTL for jaw length increase these measures, suggesting selection led to larger mandibles, perhaps as a correlated response to the evolution of larger bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob P Nelson
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Melissa M Gray
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sara Weigel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Christopher J Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Bret A Payseur
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Moghadam NN, Sidhu K, Summanen PAM, Ketola T, Kronholm I. Quantitative genetics of temperature performance curves of Neurospora crassa. Evolution 2020; 74:1772-1787. [PMID: 32432345 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Earth's temperature is increasing due to anthropogenic CO 2 emissions; and organisms need either to adapt to higher temperatures, migrate into colder areas, or face extinction. Temperature affects nearly all aspects of an organism's physiology via its influence on metabolic rate and protein structure, therefore genetic adaptation to increased temperature may be much harder to achieve compared to other abiotic stresses. There is still much to be learned about the evolutionary potential for adaptation to higher temperatures, therefore we studied the quantitative genetics of growth rates in different temperatures that make up the thermal performance curve of the fungal model system Neurospora crassa. We studied the amount of genetic variation for thermal performance curves and examined possible genetic constraints by estimating the G-matrix. We observed a substantial amount of genetic variation for growth in different temperatures, and most genetic variation was for performance curve elevation. Contrary to common theoretical assumptions, we did not find strong evidence for genetic trade-offs for growth between hotter and colder temperatures. We also simulated short-term evolution of thermal performance curves of N. crassa, and suggest that they can have versatile responses to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda N Moghadam
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Karendeep Sidhu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Pauliina A M Summanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kronholm
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
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Havird JC, Neuwald JL, Shah AA, Mauro A, Marshall CA, Ghalambor CK. Distinguishing between active plasticity due to thermal acclimation and passive plasticity due to
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effects: Why methodology matters. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Havird
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Jennifer L. Neuwald
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Alisha A. Shah
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - Alexander Mauro
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | | | - Cameron K. Ghalambor
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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Stegeman GW, Baird SE, Ryu WS, Cutter AD. Genetically Distinct Behavioral Modules Underlie Natural Variation in Thermal Performance Curves. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:2135-2151. [PMID: 31048400 PMCID: PMC6643873 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal reaction norms pervade organismal traits as stereotyped responses to temperature, a fundamental environmental input into sensory and physiological systems. Locomotory behavior represents an especially plastic read-out of animal response, with its dynamic dependence on environmental stimuli presenting a challenge for analysis and for understanding the genomic architecture of heritable variation. Here we characterize behavioral reaction norms as thermal performance curves for the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae, using a collection of 23 wild isolate genotypes and 153 recombinant inbred lines to quantify the extent of genetic and plastic variation in locomotory behavior to temperature changes. By reducing the dimensionality of the multivariate phenotypic response with a function-valued trait framework, we identified genetically distinct behavioral modules that contribute to the heritable variation in the emergent overall behavioral thermal performance curve. Quantitative trait locus mapping isolated regions on Chromosome II associated with locomotory activity at benign temperatures and Chromosome V loci related to distinct aspects of sensitivity to high temperatures, with each quantitative trait locus explaining up to 28% of trait variation. These findings highlight how behavioral responses to environmental inputs as thermal reaction norms can evolve through independent changes to genetically distinct modular components of such complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E Baird
- Department of Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 45435
| | - William S Ryu
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Asher D Cutter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto
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Soto-Padilla A, Ruijsink R, Sibon OCM, van Rijn H, Billeter JC. Thermosensory perception regulates speed of movement in response to temperature changes in Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.174151. [PMID: 29650755 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Temperature influences the physiology and behavior of all organisms. For ectotherms, which lack central temperature regulation, temperature adaptation requires sheltering from or moving to a heat source. As temperature constrains the rate of metabolic reactions, it can directly affect ectotherm physiology and thus behavioral performance. This direct effect is particularly relevant for insects, as their small bodies readily equilibrate with ambient temperature. In fact, models of enzyme kinetics applied to insect behavior predict performance at different temperatures suggesting that thermal physiology governs behavior. However, insects also possess thermosensory neurons critical for locating preferred temperatures, showing cognitive control. This suggests that temperature-related behavior can emerge directly from a physiological effect, indirectly as a consequence of thermosensory processing, or through a combination of both. To separate the roles of thermal physiology and cognitive control, we developed an arena that allows fast temperature changes in time and space, and in which animals' movements are automatically quantified. We exposed wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and thermosensory receptor mutants to a dynamic temperature environment and tracked their movements. The locomotor speed of wild-type flies closely matched models of enzyme kinetics, but the behavior of thermosensory mutants did not. Mutations in thermosensory receptor gene dTrpA1 (Transient Receptor Potential A1) expressed in the brain resulted in a complete lack of response to temperature changes, while mutations in peripheral thermosensory receptor gene Gr28b(D) resulted in a diminished response. We conclude that flies react to temperature through cognitive control, informed by interactions between various thermosensory neurons, the behavioral output of which resembles models of enzyme kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soto-Padilla
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, PO Box 11103, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Ruijsink
- Ruijsink Dynamic Engineering, Keizerstraat 57, 2801NK Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Ody C M Sibon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Billeter
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, PO Box 11103, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
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Hereford J. Thermal Performance Curves Reveal Variation in the Seasonal Niche of a Short-Lived Annual. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:1010-1020. [PMID: 28992215 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An organism's environment can vary over spatial and temporal scales. Seasonal variation is an important but overlooked source of environmental variation that often shapes the ranges of organisms. The seasonal niche is a description of the spatiotemporal range of an organism resulting from spatial variation in seasonal conditions. In this study, I describe the seasonal niche of a short-lived annual plant, and variation within the species in seasonal niche breadth. I construct a seasonal species distribution model (SDM) for the species, and using thermal performance curves (TPCs), construct mechanistic SDMs (MSDMs) for individual genotypes. I quantify the correlation between the suitability scores generated in the SDM and the predicted dry weight generated by the MSDMs for each genotype, to estimate variation in seasonal niche breadth among genotypes. Thus, the parameters of TPCs reflect generalist/specialist strategies. I detected significant relationships between thermal performance breadth and maximum predicted fitness and significant correlations between optimal growth temperature and thermal performance breadth. There were large positive correlations between predictions of the SDM and MSDMs based on growth within individual genotypes. The variation in these correlations suggests variation in the degree of specialization. Genotypes with the broadest TPCs had the largest correlations between their MSDMs and the SDM, suggesting that they were generalists. The results show that correlative and MSDMs make similar predictions over the seasonal range, and that ecological specialization can vary dramatically within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Hereford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Long-read sequencing technology promises to greatly enhance de novo assembly of genomes for nonmodel species. Although the error rates of long reads have been a stumbling block, sequencing at high coverage permits the self-correction of many errors. Here, we sequence and de novo assemble the genome of Drosophila serrata, a species from the montium subgroup that has been well-studied for latitudinal clines, sexual selection, and gene expression, but which lacks a reference genome. Using 11 PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT cells), we generated 12 Gbp of raw sequence data comprising ∼65 × whole-genome coverage. Read lengths averaged 8940 bp (NRead50 12,200) with the longest read at 53 kbp. We self-corrected reads using the PBDagCon algorithm and assembled the genome using the MHAP algorithm within the PBcR assembler. Total genome length was 198 Mbp with an N50 just under 1 Mbp. Contigs displayed a high degree of chromosome arm-level conservation with the D. melanogaster genome and many could be sensibly placed on the D. serrata physical map. We also provide an initial annotation for this genome using in silico gene predictions that were supported by RNA-seq data.
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