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Santos MA, Antunes MA, Grandela A, Carromeu-Santos A, Quina AS, Santos M, Matos M, Simões P. Heat-induced female biased sex ratio during development is not mitigated after prolonged thermal selection. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:64. [PMID: 37919666 PMCID: PMC10623787 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity are consistently increasing. Developmental stages are particularly sensitive in many ectotherms. Moreover, sex-specific differences in how organisms cope with thermal stress can produce biased sex ratios upon emergence, with potentially major impacts on population persistence. This is an issue that needs investigation, particularly testing whether thermal selection can alleviate sex ratio distortions in the long-term is a critical but neglected issue. Here, we report an experiment analyzing the sex ratio patterns at different developmental temperatures in Drosophila subobscura populations subjected to long-term experimental evolution (~ 30 generations) under a warming environment. RESULTS We show that exposure to high developmental temperatures consistently promotes sex ratio imbalance upon emergence, with a higher number of female than male offspring. Furthermore, we found that thermal selection resulting from evolution in a warming environment did not alleviate such sex ratio distortions generated by heat stress. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that heat stress during development can lead to clear sex ratio deviations upon emergence likely because of differential survival between sexes. In face of these findings, it is likely that sex ratio deviations of this sort occur in natural populations when facing environmental perturbation. The inability of many insects to avoid thermal shifts during their (more) sessile developmental stages makes this finding particularly troublesome for population subsistence in face of climate warming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta A Antunes
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Afonso Grandela
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Carromeu-Santos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Quina
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mauro Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Margarida Matos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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2
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Santos MA, Carromeu-Santos A, Quina AS, Santos M, Matos M, Simões P. No evidence for short-term evolutionary response to a warming environment in Drosophila. Evolution 2021; 75:2816-2829. [PMID: 34617283 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution is key in mediating responses to global warming and may sometimes be the only solution for species to survive. Such evolution will expectedly lead to changes in the populations' thermal reaction norm and improve their ability to cope with stressful conditions. Conversely, evolutionary constraints might limit the adaptive response. Here, we test these expectations by performing a real-time evolution experiment in historically differentiated Drosophila subobscura populations. We address the phenotypic change after nine generations of evolution in a daily fluctuating environment with average constant temperature, or in a warming environment with increasing average and amplitude temperature across generations. Our results showed that (1) evolution under a global warming scenario does not lead to a noticeable change in the thermal response; (2) historical background appears to be affecting responses under the warming environment, particularly at higher temperatures; and (3) thermal reaction norms are trait dependent: although lifelong exposure to low temperature decreases fecundity and productivity but not viability, high temperature causes negative transgenerational effects on productivity and viability, even with high fecundity. These findings in such an emblematic organism for thermal adaptation studies raise concerns about the short-term efficiency of adaptive responses to the current rising temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
| | - Ana Carromeu-Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, 3810-193
| | - Ana S Quina
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, 3810-193
| | - Mauro Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, 08193
| | - Margarida Matos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
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3
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Berdan EL, Blanckaert A, Butlin RK, Bank C. Deleterious mutation accumulation and the long-term fate of chromosomal inversions. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009411. [PMID: 33661924 PMCID: PMC7963061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions contribute widely to adaptation and speciation, yet they present a unique evolutionary puzzle as both their allelic content and frequency evolve in a feedback loop. In this simulation study, we quantified the role of the allelic content in determining the long-term fate of the inversion. Recessive deleterious mutations accumulated on both arrangements with most of them being private to a given arrangement. This led to increasing overdominance, allowing for the maintenance of the inversion polymorphism and generating strong non-adaptive divergence between arrangements. The accumulation of mutations was mitigated by gene conversion but nevertheless led to the fitness decline of at least one homokaryotype under all considered conditions. Surprisingly, this fitness degradation could be permanently halted by the branching of an arrangement into multiple highly divergent haplotypes. Our results highlight the dynamic features of inversions by showing how the non-adaptive evolution of allelic content can play a major role in the fate of the inversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Berdan
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Roger K. Butlin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Bank
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Sillero N, Huey RB, Gilchrist G, Rissler L, Pascual M. Distribution modelling of an introduced species: do adaptive genetic markers affect potential range? Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201791. [PMID: 32933443 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions have increased in the last few decades mostly due to anthropogenic causes such as globalization of trade. Because invaders sometimes cause large economic losses and ecological disturbances, estimating their origin and potential geographical ranges is useful. Drosophila subobscura is native to the Old World but was introduced in the New World in the late 1970s and spread widely. We incorporate information on adaptive genetic markers into ecological niche modelling and then estimate the most probable geographical source of colonizers; evaluate whether the genetic bottleneck experienced by founders affects their potential distribution; and finally test whether this species has spread to all its potential suitable habitats worldwide. We find the environmental space occupied by this species in its native and introduced distributions are notably the same, although the introduced niche has shifted slightly towards higher temperature and lower precipitation. The genetic bottleneck of founding individuals was a key factor limiting the spread of this introduced species. We also find that regions in the Mediterranean and north-central Portugal show the highest probability of being the origin of the colonizers. Using genetically informed environmental niche modelling can enhance our understanding of the initial colonization and spread of invasive species, and also elucidate potential areas of future expansions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftalí Sillero
- CICGE Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Observatório Astronómico Prof. Manuel de Barros, Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Raymond B Huey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George Gilchrist
- Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA.,Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Leslie Rissler
- Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Marta Pascual
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Flagel LE, Blackman BK, Fishman L, Monnahan PJ, Sweigart A, Kelly JK. GOOGA: A platform to synthesize mapping experiments and identify genomic structural diversity. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006949. [PMID: 30986215 PMCID: PMC6483263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding genomic structural variation such as inversions and translocations is a key challenge in evolutionary genetics. We develop a novel statistical approach to comparative genetic mapping to detect large-scale structural mutations from low-level sequencing data. The procedure, called Genome Order Optimization by Genetic Algorithm (GOOGA), couples a Hidden Markov Model with a Genetic Algorithm to analyze data from genetic mapping populations. We demonstrate the method using both simulated data (calibrated from experiments on Drosophila melanogaster) and real data from five distinct crosses within the flowering plant genus Mimulus. Application of GOOGA to the Mimulus data corrects numerous errors (misplaced sequences) in the M. guttatus reference genome and confirms or detects eight large inversions polymorphic within the species complex. Finally, we show how this method can be applied in genomic scans to improve the accuracy and resolution of Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lex E. Flagel
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LEF); (JKK)
| | - Benjamin K. Blackman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Lila Fishman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Monnahan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Andrea Sweigart
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John K. Kelly
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LEF); (JKK)
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6
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Batista MRD, Penha RES, Sofia SH, Klaczko LB. Comparative analysis of adaptive and neutral markers of Drosophila mediopunctata populations dispersed among forest fragments. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12681-12693. [PMID: 30619573 PMCID: PMC6308856 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of adaptive and neutral genetic markers is a valuable approach to characterize the evolutionary consequences of populations living in environments threatened by anthropogenic disturbances, such as forest fragmentation. Shifts in allele frequencies, low genetic variability, and a small effective population size can be considered clear signs of forest fragmentation effects (due to genetic drift) over natural populations, while adaptive responses correlate with environmental variables. Brazilian Atlantic Forest had its landscape drastically reduced and fragmented. Now, several forest remnants are isolated from each other by urban and crop areas. We sampled Drosophila mediopunctata populations from eight forest remnants dispersed on two adjacent geomorphological regions, which are physiognomic and climatically quite distinct. Microsatellite data of inversion-free chromosomes (neutral genetic marker) indicate low structuration among populations suggesting that they were panmictic and greatly influenced by gene flow. Moreover, significant differences in chromosomal inversion frequencies (adaptive genetic marker) among populations and their correlations with climatic and geographical variables indicate that genetic divergence among populations could be an adaptive response to their environment. Nonetheless, we observed a significant difference in inversion frequencies of a population in two consecutive years that may be associated with edge and demographic effects. Also, it may be reflecting seasonal changes of inversion frequencies influenced by great temperature variation due to edge effects. Moreover, the forest fragment size does not affect genetic variation of neutral markers. Our data indicate that despite oscillations in chromosomal inversion frequencies, D. mediopunctata populations from Brazilian Atlantic Forest and their divergence may be driven by adaptive factors to local differences, perhaps because it is a small flying insect easily carried by the wind increasing its migration rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R. D. Batista
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e ImunologiaInstituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UnicampCampinasSPBrasil
| | - Rafael E. S. Penha
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e ImunologiaInstituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UnicampCampinasSPBrasil
| | - Silvia H. Sofia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrinaPRBrasil
| | - Louis B. Klaczko
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e ImunologiaInstituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UnicampCampinasSPBrasil
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7
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Patterns of geographic variation of thermal adapted candidate genes in Drosophila subobscura sex chromosome arrangements. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:60. [PMID: 29699488 PMCID: PMC5921438 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of chromosomal arrangements in adaptation is supported by the repeatable clinal variation in inversion frequencies across continents in colonizing species such as Drosophila subobscura. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the genetic variation in genes within inversions, possibly targets of climatic selection, across a geographic latitudinal gradient. In the present study we analysed four candidate loci for thermal adaptation, located close to the breakpoints, in two chromosomal arrangements of the sex (A) chromosome of Drosophila subobscura with different thermal preferences. Individual chromosomes with A2 (the inverted arrangement considered warm adapted) or AST (the standard ancestral arrangement considered cold adapted) were sequenced across four European localities at varying latitudes, up to ~ 2500 Kms apart. RESULTS Importantly, we found very low differentiation for each specific arrangement across populations as well as no clinal patterns of genomic variation. This suggests wide gene exchange along the cline. Differentiation between the sex chromosome arrangements was significant in the two more proximal regions relative to the AST orientation but not in the distal ones, independently of their location inside or outside the inversion. This can be possibly due to variation in the levels of gene flux and/or selection acting in these regions. CONCLUSIONS Gene flow appears to have homogenized the genetic content within-arrangement at a wide geographical scale, despite the expected diverse selective pressures in the specific natural environments of the different populations sampled. It is thus likely that the inversion frequency clines in this species are being maintained by local adaptation in face of gene flow. The differences between arrangements at non-coding regions might be associated with the previously observed differential gene expression in different thermal regimes. Higher resolution genomic scans for individual chromosomal arrangements performed over a large environmental gradient are needed to find the targets of selection and further elucidate the adaptive mechanisms maintaining chromosomal inversion polymorphisms.
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8
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Fuller ZL, Haynes GD, Richards S, Schaeffer SW. Genomics of natural populations: Evolutionary forces that establish and maintain gene arrangements inDrosophila pseudoobscura. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6539-6562. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L. Fuller
- Department of Biology; 208 Erwin W. Mueller Laboratory; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
| | - Gwilym D. Haynes
- Department of Biology; 208 Erwin W. Mueller Laboratory; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
| | - Stephen W. Schaeffer
- Department of Biology; 208 Erwin W. Mueller Laboratory; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
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9
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Seabra SG, Fragata I, Antunes MA, Faria GS, Santos MA, Sousa VC, Simões P, Matos M. Different Genomic Changes Underlie Adaptive Evolution in Populations of Contrasting History. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 35:549-563. [PMID: 29029198 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evolution is a powerful tool to understand the adaptive potential of populations under environmental change. Here, we study the importance of the historical genetic background in the outcome of evolution at the genome-wide level. Using the natural clinal variation of Drosophila subobscura, we sampled populations from two contrasting latitudes (Adraga, Portugal and Groningen, Netherlands) and introduced them in a new common environment in the laboratory. We characterized the genome-wide temporal changes underlying the evolutionary dynamics of these populations, which had previously shown fast convergence at the phenotypic level, but not at chromosomal inversion frequencies. We found that initially differentiated populations did not converge either at genome-wide level or at candidate SNPs with signs of selection. In contrast, populations from Portugal showed convergence to the control population that derived from the same geographical origin and had been long-established in the laboratory. Candidate SNPs showed a variety of different allele frequency change patterns across generations, indicative of an underlying polygenic basis. We did not detect strong linkage around candidate SNPs, but rather a small but long-ranging effect. In conclusion, we found that history played a major role in genomic variation and evolution, with initially differentiated populations reaching the same adaptive outcome through different genetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia G Seabra
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Fragata
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta A Antunes
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo S Faria
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Marta A Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CEDOC - Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vitor C Sousa
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Matos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Predictable phenotypic, but not karyotypic, evolution of populations with contrasting initial history. Sci Rep 2017; 7:913. [PMID: 28424494 PMCID: PMC5430419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative impact of selection, chance and history will determine the predictability of evolution. There is a lack of empirical research on this subject, particularly in sexual organisms. Here we use experimental evolution to test the predictability of evolution. We analyse the real-time evolution of Drosophila subobscura populations derived from contrasting European latitudes placed in a novel laboratory environment. Each natural population was sampled twice within a three-year interval. We study evolutionary responses at both phenotypic (life-history, morphological and physiological traits) and karyotypic levels for around 30 generations of laboratory culture. Our results show (1) repeatable historical effects between years in the initial state, at both phenotypic and karyotypic levels; (2) predictable phenotypic evolution with general convergence except for body size; and (3) unpredictable karyotypic evolution. We conclude that the predictability of evolution is contingent on the trait and level of organization, highlighting the importance of studying multiple biological levels with respect to evolutionary patterns.
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11
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Porcelli D, Gaston KJ, Butlin RK, Snook RR. Local adaptation of reproductive performance during thermal stress. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:422-429. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Porcelli
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - K. J. Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - R. K. Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - R. R. Snook
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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