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Alshehri A, Kolker J, Teixeira E, Xie XJ, Fiegel J, Wertz P. Time Frame Analysis of Potassium Nitrate and Hydrogen Peroxide Diffusion into the Pulp Chamber. Oper Dent 2022; 47:357-365. [PMID: 35671228 DOI: 10.2341/21-006-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an innovative double-layer, single-application desensitizing/whitening technique of potassium nitrate (PN) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffusion at different time points. METHODS AND MATERIALS Specimens were prepared from extracted caries-free human molars (n=90). Teeth were randomly assigned into four groups: Group A (HP CTRL) treated with 25% HP for 45 minutes, group B (PN CTRL) received a single-layer treatment of 5% PN for 45 minutes, group C received the double-layer treatment of 5% PN and 25% HP for 45 minutes, and group D received a 3% PN incorporated in a 40% HP gel for 45 minutes. PN and HP concentrations were measured at 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes using standard chemical kits. Group comparisons were made using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Pairwise tests for differences in diffusion were done, using the Tukey adjustment of p values for multiple comparisons. A significance level of 5% was used. RESULTS Group A showed no significant difference in HP diffusion rates between the 5- and 15- minute, 15- and 30-minute, or 30- and 45-minute time points; group D showed a similar trend; however, group C differed significantly at the 5-and 15-minute time points (p=0.0004), at the 15-and 30-minute time points (p=0.0026), and the 30- and 45-minute time points (p=0.0014). For PN diffusion, groups B and C had significantly different levels at the 15-, 30-, and 45-minute time points (p=0.0005, p=0.0002, and p<0.0001, respectively); and at the 15-, 30-, and 45-minute time points, groups D and C had significantly different PN diffusion (p=0.0327, p=0.0004, and p< 0.0001, respectively). Group C had significantly different PN diffusion at the 5- and 15-minute time points (p=0.0004), the 15- and 30-minute time points (p=0.0026), and at the 30- and 45-minute time points (p=0.0014). CONCLUSION The double-layer technique showed superior diffusion of PN into the pulp chamber and did not affect the diffusion of HP when compared to other techniques. The double-layer technique may be suggested as an alternative tooth-whitening treatment to minimize tooth sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alshehri
- *Abdullah Alshehri, BDS, MS, PhD, Conservative Dental Department, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Kolker
- Justine Kolker, DDS, MS, PhD, College of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E Teixeira
- Erica Teixeira, DDS, MS. PhD, College of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - X J Xie
- Xian Jin Xie, MS, MS, PhD, College of Dentistry, Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J Fiegel
- Jennifer Fiegel, BS, PhD, College of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P Wertz
- Philip Wertz, MS, PhD, Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Kolsuz Ozcetin H, Surmelioglu D. Effects of bleaching gel containing TiO 2 and chitosan on tooth surface roughness, microhardness and colour. Aust Dent J 2020; 65:269-277. [PMID: 32585733 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an experimental bleaching gel made with TiO2 and chitosan, along with the Opalescence Boost PF and Philips Zoom bleaching agents, on tooth surface roughness, microhardness and colour. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental gel, containing 6% hydrogen peroxide (HP), was evaluated against the two existing treatments, which incorporate 40% and 25% HP. For colour evaluation, 36 human premolar teeth were divided into three groups (n = 12). For surface roughness and microhardness evaluation, 72 bovine incisor samples were divided into six groups (n = 12). Data on colour alteration were analysed with the CIEDE2000 formula. Surface roughness was measured using a profilometer, and microhardness was measured with a Vickers hardness tester. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences among the groups for surface roughness, microhardness values or colour change after bleaching (P > 0.05). The lowest bleaching efficacy was observed for the 40% HP agent, and the highest efficacy was observed for the 25% HP agent (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An experimental 6% HP gel containing TiO2 and chitosan provided effective bleaching without adverse effects on tooth surface roughness or microhardness. The use of TiO2 with chitosan can provide clinicians with positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kolsuz Ozcetin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - D Surmelioglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Abbasi M, Pordel E, Chiniforush N, Firuzjaee SG, Omrani LR. Hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp chamber during conventional in-office bleaching and diode laser-assisted bleaching with three different wavelengths. Laser Ther 2019; 28:285-290. [PMID: 32255920 PMCID: PMC7087340 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.19-or-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Penetration of hydrogen peroxide into the pulp chamber and subsequent tooth hypersensitivity is a common concern in dental bleaching. The aim of this study was to assess the penetration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the pulp chamber in diode-laser activated bleaching with different laser wavelengths. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were collected and divided into five groups(n = 10). Group 1: conventional in-office bleaching using Opalescence Boost gel. Group 2: Bleaching with Biolase Laser White 20 gel activated by 980 nm diode laser. Group 3: Bleaching with Biolase Laser White 20 gel activated by 810 nm diode laser. Group 4: Bleaching with Biolase Laser White 20 gel activated by 940 nm diode laser. Group 5: No bleaching control group.After bleaching, the solution into the pulp chamber was collected and analyzed using a spectrophotometer. The recorded data were compared with a standard sample and the results were analyzed and compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests. RESULTS In all bleached groups, H2O2 had infiltrated into the pulp chamber. The highest level of penetration was noted in group 2 (2.32 ± 0.25 µg), while the lowest level was noted in group 3 (1.85 ± 0.33 µg). The difference in this regard was significant between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.024), but the differences between other groups were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.42). CONCLUSION Considering the results of this study, it can be stated that hydroge peroxide penetration in to pulp chamber in diode laser activation of bleaching agent according to manufactures instruction is not higher than in-office bleaching. The wavelength of diode laser had significant effect on penetration of hydrogen peroxide into pulp chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abbasi
- DDS, MSc's, assistant professor, Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Edris Pordel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Dentist, PhD of laser dentistry, Laser Research Canter of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Gorgani Firuzjaee
- DDS. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Ranjbar Omrani
- DDS, MSc's, associate professor, Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lilaj B, Dauti R, Agis H, Schmid-Schwap M, Franz A, Kanz F, Moritz A, Schedle A, Cvikl B. Comparison of Bleaching Products With Up to 6% and With More Than 6% Hydrogen Peroxide: Whitening Efficacy Using BI and WI D and Side Effects - An in vitro Study. Front Physiol 2019; 10:919. [PMID: 31543822 PMCID: PMC6728628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bleaching agents containing different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HP) on color-change and on enamel-surface in bovine teeth. Furthermore the influence on cell viability and proliferation was investigated. Two hundred and forty teeth were randomly assigned into four groups (home bleaching ≤6%, in-office bleaching ≤6%, in-office bleaching > 6% HP, and control group). Bleaching was performed after artificial staining and the bleached index (BI) as well as the whiteness index (WID) was measured at several time points. Chemical analysis for HP concentrations and the pH of the bleaching products was done. Furthermore, enamel surfaces of randomly selected specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cytotoxicity of the tested bleaching products was evaluated in vitro using dental pulp cells (DPCs) and L929 cells. A statistically significant whitening effect was observed in almost all products. As expected all investigated products resulted in decreased cell viability, however, with different values of LC50 (median lethal concentration). SEM analysis showed an analog of enamel alterations with decreasing pH, increasing exposure time, and increasing HP concentration. Bleaching agents containing a low HP concentration are considered to be effective and to have less damaging effects on enamel and tested cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bledar Lilaj
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rinet Dauti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schmid-Schwap
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Franz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Kanz
- Center for Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schedle
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Cvikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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Kwon SR, Pallavi FNU, Shi Y, Oyoyo U, Mohraz A, Li Y. Effect of Bleaching Gel Viscosity on Tooth Whitening Efficacy and Pulp Chamber Penetration: An In Vitro Study. Oper Dent 2018; 43:326-334. [DOI: 10.2341/17-099-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objectives:
Whitening efficacy has been related to hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffusion into tooth structure. However, little information is available relating rheological properties to whitening efficacy. The purpose was to evaluate the whitening efficacy and HP penetration level of a 10% HP gel at three different viscosities and to compare them to a strip delivery system.
Methods and Materials:
Extracted molars (n=120) were randomly assigned into five groups (n=24/ group): NC_MED (negative control; median): medium viscosity gel without HP; LOW: 10% HP gel (low viscosity experimental gel, Ultradent Products Inc); MED: 10% HP gel (medium viscosity experimental gel, Ultradent); HIGH: 10% HP gel (high viscosity gel, Ultradent); and CWS: Crest 3D Whitestrips 1-Hour Express (Procter & Gamble). All teeth were subjected to five 60-minute whitening sessions. Instrumental color measurements were performed at baseline (T0), and 1-day after each application (T1-T5), and 1-month after whitening (T6). HP penetration was estimated with leucocrystal violet and horseradish peroxidase. A Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Bonferroni test were performed to assess the difference in tooth color change and HP penetration among the groups (α=0.05).
Results:
Hydrogen peroxide penetration levels and overall color changes at T6 were 0.24 μg/mL / 2.80; 0.48 μg/mL / 8.48; 0.44 μg/mL / 7.72; 0.35 μg/mL / 8.49; 0.36 μg/mL / 7.30 for groups NC, LOW, MED, HIGH, and CWS, respectively. There was a significant difference for HP penetration, while there was no significant difference among the four experimental groups for tooth color change.
Conclusion:
Rheological properties should be considered when developing new whitening formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- SR Kwon
- So Ran Kwon, DDS, MS, PhD, MS, professor, Center for Dental Research, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - FNU Pallavi
- FNU Pallavi, BDS, MDS, volunteer, Center for Dental Research, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Y Shi
- Yanli Shi, DDS, assistant professor, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated with Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - U Oyoyo
- Udochukwu Oyoyo, MPH, PhD, assistant professor, Dental Education Services, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - A Mohraz
- Ali Mohraz, BS, ME, PhD, associate professor, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Y Li
- Yiming Li, DDS, MSD, PhD, professor, Center for Dental Research, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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