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Turkalj M, Ghosh M, Čokić SM, Hoet PHM, Vanoirbeek J, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL. Cytotoxicity assessment of eluates from vacuum-forming thermoplastics. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:570. [PMID: 39365355 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate possible cytotoxic effects of thermoplastic materials commonly used for occlusal splints and orthodontic appliances. METHODS Seven thermoplastics were included: three variants of the Essix sheets (C+, Plus, and Tray Rite; Dentsply Sirona), three thermoplastics (Bleach Heavy, Splint, and X-Heavy; Cavex Holland) and Invisalign (Align Technology). Cylindrical specimens (n = 24; 10 mm diameter) were incubated in cell culture medium for 24 h and 14 days. After incubation, the medium was collected, serially diluted, and dosed to primary human gingival fibroblasts in triplicate. Medium processed like the samples was used as negative control. Cell viability was evaluated by XTT and LDH assay to assess metabolic activity and membrane integrity, respectively. Next, cell cycle was assessed with flow cytometry after exposing HGFs to undiluted extracts. RESULTS The 24-hour and 14-day extracts did not evoke cytotoxicity after 24-hour incubation. No significant differences in cell viability (one-way ANOVA, p > 0.05 ) in the XTT and LDH assays or in cell cycle distribution between the different materials (two-way ANOVA, p > 0.05 ). CONCLUSION The thermoplastics tested in the study showed no evident in-vitro cytotoxic effects. Further investigation should focus on determining which compounds are released from thermoplastic materials and assessing potential toxicity related to exposure to these compounds. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Our study adds to the growing body of evidence on the biocompatibility of dental thermoplastics. This can aid clinical decision-making, as thermoplastics are expected to be safe to use in terms of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Turkalj
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven, Dentistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stevan M Čokić
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven, Dentistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter H M Hoet
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven, Dentistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirsten L Van Landuyt
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven, Dentistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Liu X, Qian R, Li B, Zhang Y, Han Y. Sono-Catalytic Tooth Whitening and Oral Health Enhancement with Oxygen Vacancies-Enriched Mesoporous TiO 2 Nanospheres: A Nondestructive Approach for Daily Tooth Care. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39348292 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Tooth discoloration and the breeding of oral microorganisms pose threats to both one's aesthetic appearance and oral health. Clinical whitening agents based on H2O2 with high concentrations are effective in tooth whitening and bacterial elimination but may also cause enamel demineralization, gingival irritation, or cytotoxicity, necessitating professional supervision. Herein, leveraging sono-catalysis effects, a nondestructive and convenient tooth whitening strategy was developed, utilizing oxygen vacancies (OVs)-enriched mesoporous TiO2 nanospheres. The introduction of OVs leads to TiO2 bandgap narrowing, boosting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by TiO2 under ultrasound treatment. Additionally, through the chemocatalysis effect, the ROS yield can be further augmented by employing OVs-enriched TiO2 in conjunction with an extremely low concentration of H2O2 (1%) during ultrasound treatment. Hence, under ultrasound treatment simulating daily tooth brushing using an electronic toothbrush, the combination of OVs-enriched TiO2 and 1% H2O2 proves to be effective in whitening teeth stained by tea, coffee, and mix juice. Furthermore, the combination of OVs-enriched TiO2 and 1% H2O2 demonstrates potent bacterial-killing and biofilm-eradicating effects under ultrasound treatment within an extremely short duration (5 min). Additionally, given the mesoporous structure, curcumin, serving as an anti-inflammatory agent, can be efficiently loaded into OVs-enriched TiO2 and then controllably released through ultrasound treatment. The curcumin-loaded TiO2 facilitates the transition of macrophages to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, potentially alleviating oral inflammation induced by bacterial infection without showing any biotoxicity. The OVs-enriched TiO2 based sono-catalysis tooth whitening procedure provides the convenience of whitening teeth during daily brushing without requiring professional supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Liu
- State-Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Runliu Qian
- State-Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bo Li
- State-Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yingang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yong Han
- State-Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Afffliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Kury M, de Oliveira Ribeiro RA, de Souza Costa CA, Florez FLE, Cavalli V. Co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles decrease the cytotoxicity of experimental hydrogen peroxide gels for in-office tooth bleaching. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:550. [PMID: 39320486 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and cytotoxicity of experimental 6% and 35% hydrogen peroxide gels (HP6 or HP35) incorporated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NP) co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine and irradiated with a violet LED light (LT). METHODS Bovine enamel-dentin disks adapted to artificial pulp chambers were randomly assigned to bleaching (n = 8/group): NC (negative control), NP, HP6, HP6 + LT, HP6 + NP, HP6 + NP + LT, HP35, HP35 + LT, HP35 + NP, HP35 + NP + LT, and commercial HP35 (COM). Color (ΔE00) and whiteness index (ΔWID) changes were measured before and 14 days after bleaching. The extracts (culture medium + diffused gel components) collected after the first session were applied to odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells, which were assessed concerning their viability, oxidative stress, and morphology. The amount of HP diffused through the disks was determined. Data were analyzed by generalized linear models or Kruskal Wallis Tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: HP6 + NP + LT exhibited ΔE00 and ΔWID higher than HP6 (p < 0.05) and similar to all HP35 groups. HP6 + NP + LT showed the lowest HP diffusion, and the highest cell viability (%) among bleached groups, preserving cell morphology and number of living cells similar to NC and NP. HP6 + LT, HP6 + NP, and HP6 + NP + LT exhibited the lowest cell oxidative stress among bleached groups (p < 0.05). HP35, HP35 + LT, and HP35 (COM) displayed the lowest cell viability. CONCLUSION HP6 achieved significantly higher color and whiteness index changes when incorporated with nanoparticles and light-irradiated and caused lower cytotoxicity than HP35 gels. The nanoparticles significantly increased cell viability and reduced the hydrogen peroxide diffusion and oxidative stress, regardless of HP concentration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Incorporation of co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles combined with violet irradiation within the HP6 gel could promote a higher perceivable and acceptable efficacy than HP6 alone, potentially reaching the optimal esthetic outcomes rendered by HP35. This approach also holds the promise of reducing cytotoxic damages and, consequently, tooth sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Kury
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Avenue, Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luís Esteban Florez
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vanessa Cavalli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Avenue, Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
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da Silva KL, Crovador C, Stanislawczuk R, Calixto AL, Reis A, Loguercio AD. In-Office Dental Bleaching Using 37% Carbamide Peroxide Versus 35% Hydrogen Peroxide: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024. [PMID: 39288017 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare the tooth sensitivity (TS) and bleaching efficacy (BE) of in-office dental bleaching performed with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or 37% carbamide peroxide (CP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-six participants were randomly divided into two groups according to the bleaching gel applied to the right hemiarch: 35% HP, or 37% CP. TS was recorded immediately after, up to 1, 24, and 48 h after bleaching, using the VAS and NRS scales. BE was assessed before bleaching and 1 month after using color guide units (ΔSGUs) and a spectrophotometer (ΔEab, ΔE00, and ΔWID). TS was assessed using McNemar's and paired t-test (VAS) or Wilcoxon signed rank (NRS). The paired t-test was used to analyze BE (α = 0.05). RESULTS TS risk and intensity were lower for the 37% CP (p = 0.003 and p < 0.005). Despite significant differences between the groups after 1 month (ΔSGU and ΔE00; p < 0.05), the color measurements of both groups exceeded the 50%:50% perceptibility/acceptability threshold. CONCLUSION In-office dental bleaching using 37% CP resulted in reduced risk and TS intensity, without prejudice to the BE. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of 37% CP for in-office dental bleaching could decrease TS risk and intensity without affecting BE. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: RBR-683qhf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Letícia da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cleysson Crovador
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Centro de Ensino Superior dos Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Stanislawczuk
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Centro de Ensino Superior dos Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Abraham Lincoln Calixto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
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Ludovichetti FS, Zerman N, Stellini E, Zambon G, Mazzoleni S, Zuccon A. Dental bleaching: patient perception and satisfaction. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2024; 73:217-223. [PMID: 38869835 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.24.04950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teeth bleaching is a common practice performed by dental hygienists and dentists to correct aesthetic problems due to dental discoloration. Patients' opinions on this procedure may be different according to their personal experiences, expectations and individual sensitivities. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of satisfaction and related sensitivity of patients to professional and home bleaching treatment. METHODS A questionnaire consisting of 12 multiple-choice questions was submitted to 625 subjects among general population. These were related to: 1) patient's age and whether the patient is a smoker; 2) personal satisfaction; and 3) post-treatment tooth sensitivity. Descriptive analyses of all variables in the questionnaire were performed, and statistical analyses between variables were carried out by Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact test. RESULTS Of the people surveyed, 66% performed home bleaching, while the remaining performed the treatment in a dental office. Thirty-three percent of patients had previously undergone teeth bleaching and the 95.7% stated that they were satisfied with the treatment. Of these, only 36.4% reported experiencing postoperative hypersensitivity. Most patients (91.3%) received professional scaling before undergoing bleaching treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patient satisfaction with tooth whitening treatment can vary from patient to patient and represents a strong indicator of treatment efficacy and suitability. A proper communication, careful management and individualized patient assessment are key to maximizing satisfaction and ensuring a positive and fulfilling patient experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Zerman
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Zambon
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Zuccon
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, Padua, Italy
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Kury M, Esteban Florez FL, Tabchoury CPM, Cavalli V. Effects of experimental in-office bleaching gels incorporated with co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles on dental enamel physical properties. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00976-4. [PMID: 38963521 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate the physical properties of enamel submitted to hydrogen peroxide (HP) incorporated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NP) co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine and irradiated with violet LED light (LT). Enamel-dentin disks were randomly allocated (T0) into groups, according to HP (HP6, HP15, or HP35) and NP (no NP, 5NP, or 10NP) concentrations, and irradiated or not with LT. A negative control (NC) group was set. After three bleaching sessions (T1, T2, and T3), specimens were stored in saliva for 14 days (T4). Enamel surface microhardness number (KHN), surface roughness (Ra), cross-sectional microhardness (ΔS), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron (SEM), and polarized light (PLM) microscopies were performed. Surface KHN was significantly influenced by NP over time, independently of LT irradiation. At T3 and T4, gels with 5NP and 10NP exhibited no KHN differences compared to NC and baseline values, which were not observed under the absence of NP. NP incorporation did not statistically interfere with the ΔS and Ra. PLM images exhibited surface/subsurface darkening areas suggestive of demineralizing regions. SEM demonstrated some intraprismatic affection in the groups without NP. EDS reported a higher enamel calcium to phosphorus ratio following 10NP gels applications. Gels with NP maintained the enamel surface microhardness levels and seemed to control surface morphology, upholding the mineral content. None of the proposed experimental protocols have negatively influenced the enamel surface roughness and the cross-sectional microhardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Kury
- Operative Dentistry Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Av., Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, 1212 Doutor Bacelar St., Indianópolis, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Luís Esteban Florez
- Dental Materials Division, Department of Restorative Sciences, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center College of Dentistry, 1201 N Stonewall Ave, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Cínthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Av., Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cavalli
- Operative Dentistry Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Av., Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
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Rocha ADO, Dos Anjos LM, Lima TO, Miranda NDO, Magini RDS, Vivan RR, Henriques B, Cardoso M. Publication trends of the Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry: A bibliometric analysis. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:985-994. [PMID: 38501610 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry (JERD) stands out as one of the most prominent international journals publishing research in esthetic dentistry. This study analyzed articles published by JERD since the year 2000 through bibliometric analysis. METHODOLOGY The search was conducted in January 2024 using Scopus. The following data were extracted from the articles: citation count, year, language, access type, funding agency, study design, theme (general and specific), country, institution, authors, and keywords. The VOSviewer software was used to generate collaborative network maps among the data. Dimensions were consulted to measure altmetric data. Google Trends was used to investigate the global popularity of JERD research. RESULTS A total of 1394 articles were included in this analysis. Citation count ranged from 0 to 625 (average: 16.9). Articles were published between 2000 and 2023. Laboratory studies were more prevalent (n = 850), with the most investigated general theme being restorative procedures (n = 882), and the highlighted specific theme being the use of composite resin (n = 327). The United States had the highest number of articles (n = 640), with the diverse distribution among other countries. The most common keyword was "cad/cam" (n = 63). VOSviewer demonstrated high collaboration among countries. Intense mentions were identified primarily on Facebook. According to Google Trends, Egypt was the country that searched for JERD the most. CONCLUSIONS JERD exhibited significant growth in the number of published articles and their diversity by topics, types, origin (country), number of citations, and impact factor. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The JERD is a journal that publishes studies influencing clinical practice. Identifying the key characteristics of this journal is essential for charting future paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélio de Oliveira Rocha
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucas Menezes Dos Anjos
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo de Souza Magini
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Endodontics, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henriques
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (EMC), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariane Cardoso
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Garcia KG, Nunes GP, Delbem A, Dos Santos PH, Fernandes G, Robles HF, Lemos P, Danelon M. Inorganic Phosphate Effect in a Hydrogen Peroxide-based Bleaching Agent: Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Dental Enamel. Oper Dent 2024; 49:465-474. [PMID: 38987929 DOI: 10.2341/24-002-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) and sodium fluoride (NaF) in addition to 35% hydrogen peroxide concerning the enamel mechanical and morphological properties. METHODS Specimens of bovine enamel were chosen based on their initial surface hardness (SHi) and subsequently divided into five gel groups (n=12): 1) 35% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) Gel; 2) HP + 0.1% NaF Gel (HP/NaF); 3) HP + 0.25% CaGP Gel (HP/CaGP); 4) HP + 0.1% NaF + 0.25% CaGP Gel (HP/NaF/CaGP) and 5) HP Blue 35% Gel (HP Blue). The bleaching gels were applied thrice, for 40 min, at intervals of 7 days each. After 21 days, the final surface hardness (SHf), integrated hardness (IH), Polydispersity Index (PdI) and Zeta Potential (Zp), surface roughness (Ra, after and before), and surface/structural analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were determined. The data were submitted to ANOVA (one-way and two-way) followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (α=0.05). RESULTS The addition of NaF to HP reduced demineralization by 11.5% in relation to HP (p<0.05). The NaF/CaGP association reduction is 22.8 and 20% higher in comparison to HP/NaF/CaGP and HP Blue, respectively. The IH when the PH/NaF/CaGP bleaching gel was applied, was 14% higher compared to HP and HP Blue groups. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the association of NaF and CaGP with the 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (HP/NaF/CaGP) significantly changed tooth enamel demineralization in terms of surface, depth, roughness, and enamel morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Garcia
- Kamylla Guimarães Garcia, MS, School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - G P Nunes
- Gabriel Pereira Nunes, PhD student, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Acb Delbem
- Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem, PhD, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - P H Dos Santos
- Paulo Henrique dos Santos, PhD, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Glp Fernandes
- Gabriela Leal Peres Fernandes, PhD student, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - H F Robles
- Helena Fujisaka Robles, MS student, School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pbb Lemos
- Paula Bonafim Borges Lemos, MS student, School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M Danelon
- *Marcelle Danelon, PhD, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
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9
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Dos Anjos HA, Ortiz MIG, Aguiar FHB, Dos Santos JJ, Rodrigues UP, Rischka K, Lima DANL. Effect of incorporation of calcium polyphosphate sub-microparticles in low-concentration bleaching gels on physical properties of dental enamel. Odontology 2024; 112:729-738. [PMID: 38148447 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the bleaching efficacy and effects on enamel properties of experimental gels with carbamide peroxide (CP; 10%) or hydrogen peroxide (HP; 6%) containing calcium polyphosphate sub-microparticles (CaPPs). METHODS A total of 216 bovine tooth specimens were divided for microhardness and color analyses (n = 108) and block randomized into nine groups (n = 12): (G1) commercial CP (Whiteness Perfect, FGM; Brazil); (G2) experimental CP; (G3) CP-0.5%CaPPs; (G4) CP-1.5%CaPPs; (G5) commercial HP (Potenza Bianco, PHS; Brazil); (G6) experimental HP; (G7) HP-0.5%CaPPs; (G8) HP-1.5%CaPPs; (G9) artificial saliva. The gels' pH values were determined with a bench pH meter. Color (ΔE, ΔE00, ΔWID) and microhardness variation were evaluated before and after the therapy. Part of the specimens used for microhardness was submitted to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 3) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDX (n = 3) analyses. Statistical analyses were performed in the R statistical software (α = 0.05). Linear mixed models for repeated measures in time were used to analyze microhardness and L* values. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the a*, b*, ΔE, ΔE00, and ΔWID, considering a group effect. The EDX data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test. RESULTS The gels' pH remained over 6,0. All gels effectively bleached the specimens and did not differ significantly. When compared to the control group, the hardness was significantly lower in the G1, G2, G6, and G7 groups. The G3, G4, G5, and G8 groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The incorporation of CaPPs in low-concentration whitening gels reduces its negative effects on microhardness without interfering with their bleaching efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanuelly Albuquerque Dos Anjos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Mariângela Ivette Guanipa Ortiz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | | | | | - Klaus Rischka
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, IFAM, Bremen, Germany
| | - Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
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10
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Larnani S, Song Y, Kim S, Park YS. Examining enamel-surface demineralization upon exposure to acidic solutions and the remineralization potential of milk and artificial saliva. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00960-y. [PMID: 38904919 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The enamel surface may undergo demineralization due to exposure to acidic substances and the remineralization of the etched enamel is crucial to regain or maintain integrity. This study aimed to investigate the erosive effect of 10 acidic solutions on tooth enamel and the remineralization capacity of milk and artificial saliva by measuring surface roughness (Ra), enamel depth, and microhardness. A total of 80 bovine incisor enamel specimens were immersed in 10 different acidic solutions, including four different acidic drinks, three different citric acid solutions, and three different citric acid buffer solutions, for 1 h. After demineralization, the specimens were immersed in milk and artificial saliva for 3 h. Surface roughness, enamel abraded depth, and microhardness were measured before demineralization, in-between time intervals and after remineralization. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The results indicate a significant difference in surface roughness between the measurements taken at different time intervals, particularly between the baseline and after 1 h demineralization. Also, the specimens immersed in CAB1 exhibited greatest increase in Ra among other acidic solutions (Δ: 0.18 ± 0.07). Moreover, only the microhardness increased after remineralization (p < 0.05). Enamel demineralization using various acidic solutions revealed increased Ra and enamel abraded depth, and decreased microhardness. The use of remineralization agents, milk and artificial saliva, demonstrated an increase in microhardness. This study provides insights into the effects of different acidic solutions and potential remineralization agents on tooth enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Larnani
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngha Song
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Future Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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de Boa PWM, Santos KDS, de Oliveira FJD, Borges BCD. Can carbamide peroxide be as effective as hydrogen peroxide for in-office tooth bleaching and cause less sensitivity? A systematic review. Restor Dent Endod 2024; 49:e14. [PMID: 38841380 PMCID: PMC11148405 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2024.49.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to answer the question through a systematic review: Can carbamide peroxide be as effective as hydrogen peroxide and cause less in-office bleaching sensitivity? A literature survey was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and gray literature. Primary clinical trials that compared the efficacy or the in-office bleaching sensitivity between carbamide and hydrogen peroxides were included. The risk of bias was evaluated using the RoB2. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. DPI training significantly improved the mean scores of the dental undergraduates from 7.53 in the pre-DPI-training test to 9.01 in the post-DPI-training test (p < 0.001). After 6 weeks, the mean scores decreased marginally to 8.87 in the retention test (p = 0.563). DPI training increased their confidence level from 5.68 pre-DPI training to 7.09 post-DPI training. The limited evidence suggests that the 37% carbamide peroxide may be similarly effective to the 35% hydrogen peroxide for bleaching teeth in-office and causes less bleaching sensitivity. However, more well-designed split-mouth clinical trials are necessary to strengthen the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaiza de Sousa Santos
- Department of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
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Carlos NR, Basting RT, Kantovitz KR, Bronze-Uhle ES, Lisboa Filho PN, Cavalli V, Basting RT. In-office Bleaching Activated With Violet LED: Effect on Pulpal and Tooth Temperature and Pulp Viability. Oper Dent 2024; 49:262-272. [PMID: 38632866 DOI: 10.2341/23-093-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the influence of hydrogen peroxide (HP) with or without titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2) associated with violet LED (VL) regarding: a) the temperature change in the pulp chamber and facial surface; b) the decomposition of HP; and c) the cytotoxicity of the gels on pulp cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS The experimental groups were: HP35 (35% HP/Whiteness HP, FGM); HP35+VL; HP35T (HP35+TiO2); HP35T+VL; HP7 (7.5% HP/White Class 7.5%, FGM); HP7+VL; HP7T (HP7+TiO2); and HP7T+VL. TiO2 was incorporated into the bleaching gels at 1%. Eighty bovine incisors were evaluated to determine temperature change in 8 experimental groups (n=10/group). A k-type thermocouple was used to evaluate the temperatures of the facial surface and in the pulp chamber, achieved by enabling endodontic access to the palatal surface, throughout the 30-minute session. HP decomposition (n=3) of gels was evaluated by using an automatic potentiometric titrator at the initial and 30-minute time points. Trans-enamel and trans-dentinal cell viability were assessed with a pulp chamber device as well as enamel and dentin discs (n=6), and the treatment extracts (culture medium + diffused components) were collected and applied to MDPC-23 odontoblast cells to evaluate cell viability according to the MTT test. RESULTS A temperature increase in the pulp chamber was observed in the presence of VL at 30 minutes (p<0.05) (Mann-Whitney test). Also at 30 minutes, HP35 showed greater decomposition in the presence of VL rather than in its absence (p<0.05) (mixed linear models and the Tukey-Kramer test). HP7 provided greater cell viability than the groups treated with HP35 (p<0.05) (generalized linear models test). Cell viability was significantly lower for HP7 in the presence of VL (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Pulpal temperature increased with VL (maximum of 1.9°C), but did not exceed the critical limit to cause pulp damage. Less concentrated HP resulted in higher cell viability, even when associated with VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Carlos
- *Natalia Russo Carlos, DDS, MSc, PhD student, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R T Basting
- Rosanna Tarkany Basting, MSc, PhD, Post-doc student, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K R Kantovitz
- Kamila Rosamilia Kantovitz, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E S Bronze-Uhle
- Erika Soares Bronze-Uhle, Phys, Post-doc student, São Paulo State University (UNESP)
| | - P N Lisboa Filho
- Paulo Noronha Lisboa Filho, Phys, MSc, PhD, professor, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Cavalli
- Vanessa Cavalli, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R T Basting
- Roberta Tarkany Basting, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carneiro TDS, Favoreto MW, Rodrigues JPF, Sutil E, Centenaro GG, Freitas IDMD, Reis A, García LC, Loguercio AD. In-office dental bleaching in adolescents using 6% hydrogen peroxide with and without gingival barrier: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci 2024; 32:e20230416. [PMID: 38536995 PMCID: PMC11037928 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At low concentrations used for in-office bleaching gels, such as 6% HP, gingival barrier continues to be performed. If we take into account that, in the at-home bleaching technique, no barrier is indicated, it seems that the use of a gingival barrier fails to make much sense when bleaching gel in low concentration is used for in-office bleaching. OBJECTIVE This double-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial evaluated the gingival irritation (GI) of in-office bleaching using 6% hydrogen peroxide (HP) with and without a gingival barrier in adolescents, as well as color change and the impact of oral condition on quality of life. METHODOLOGY Overall, 60 participants were randomized into which side would or would not receive the gingival barrier. In-office bleaching was performed for 50 minutes with 6% HP in three sessions. The absolute risk and intensity of GI were assessed with a visual analogue scale. Color change was assessed using a digital spectrophotometer and color guides. The impact of oral condition on quality of life was assessed using the Brazilian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (α=0.05). RESULTS The proportion of patients who presented GI for the "with barrier" group was 31.6% and for the "without barrier" group, 30% (p=1.0). There is an equivalence for the evaluated groups regarding GI intensity (p<0.01). Color change was detected with no statistical differences (p>0.29). There was a significant impact of oral condition on quality of life after bleaching (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The use or not of the gingival barrier for in-office bleaching with 6% HP was equivalent for GI, as well as for bleaching efficacy, with improvement in the impact of oral condition on quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynara de Souza Carneiro
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Dentística Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Brasil
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, IDIBO, Madrid, España
| | - Michael Willian Favoreto
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Dentística Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Brasil
| | | | - Elisama Sutil
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Dentística Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Brasil
| | - Gabrielle Gomes Centenaro
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Dentística Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Brasil
| | | | - Alessandra Reis
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Dentística Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Brasil
| | - Laura Ceballos García
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, IDIBO, Madrid, España
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Cordeiro DCF, Favoreto MW, Centenaro GG, Gumy FN, Loguercio AD, Borges CPF, Reis A. At-home bleaching with carbamide peroxide with concentrations below 10%: bleaching efficacy and permeability in the pulp chamber. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:224. [PMID: 38509406 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the bleaching efficacy and permeability of hydrogen peroxide (HP) in the pulp chamber of human teeth bleached with lower concentrations of carbamide peroxide gel (4%, 5% and 7% CP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Bleaching gels with lower concentrations were formulated and a commercial standard gel, 10% CP, was used as a reference. Fifty-six human premolars were randomly divided into four groups. Applications of the bleaching gel were made for 3 h for 21 days. The bleaching efficacy was evaluated by digital spectrophotometry on 1, 7, 14 and 21 days, with analysis in the ∆Eab, ∆E00 and WID color spaces. The concentration of HP in the pulp chamber was measured in the same periods by UV-Vis spectrophotometry (µg/mL). Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) examined bleaching efficacy and HP permeability, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS All groups showed significant color changes, with no statistical differences after the second and third week of bleaching (p > 0.05). The 'time' factor was statistically different (p < 0.05), increasing the bleaching efficacy throughout the treatment. The 4% CP group had lower HP levels in the pulp chamber (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results seem promising, revealing that low concentration gels are as effective as 10% CP with the benefit of reducing the amount of HP in the pulp chamber. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Low concentration 4% PC and 5% PC maintains bleaching efficacy, reduces the penetration of HP peroxide into the pulp chamber, and may reduce tooth sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisy Cristina Ferreira Cordeiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michael Willian Favoreto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Gomes Centenaro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Novak Gumy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
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15
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Dragoev SG. Lipid Peroxidation in Muscle Foods: Impact on Quality, Safety and Human Health. Foods 2024; 13:797. [PMID: 38472909 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The issue of lipid changes in muscle foods under the action of atmospheric oxygen has captured the attention of researchers for over a century. Lipid oxidative processes initiate during the slaughtering of animals and persist throughout subsequent technological processing and storage of the finished product. The oxidation of lipids in muscle foods is a phenomenon extensively deliberated in the scientific community, acknowledged as one of the pivotal factors affecting their quality, safety, and human health. This review delves into the nature of lipid oxidation in muscle foods, highlighting mechanisms of free radical initiation and the propagation of oxidative processes. Special attention is given to the natural antioxidant protective system and dietary factors influencing the stability of muscle lipids. The review traces mechanisms inhibiting oxidative processes, exploring how changes in lipid oxidative substrates, prooxidant activity, and the antioxidant protective system play a role. A critical review of the oxidative stability and safety of meat products is provided. The impact of oxidative processes on the quality of muscle foods, including flavour, aroma, taste, colour, and texture, is scrutinised. Additionally, the review monitors the effect of oxidised muscle foods on human health, particularly in relation to the autooxidation of cholesterol. Associations with coronary cardiovascular disease, brain stroke, and carcinogenesis linked to oxidative stress, and various infections are discussed. Further studies are also needed to formulate appropriate technological solutions to reduce the risk of chemical hazards caused by the initiation and development of lipid peroxidation processes in muscle foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Dragoev
- Department of Meat and Fish Technology, Technological Faculty, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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16
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Silveira FM, Schuch LF, Schimidt TR, Lopes MP, Wagner VP, Só BB, Palo RM, Martins MD. Potentially carcinogenic effects of hydrogen peroxide for tooth bleaching on the oral mucosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:375-383. [PMID: 35282937 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Little is known about the extent to which hydrogen peroxide as used for tooth bleaching could be carcinogenic to the oral mucosa. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate whether hydrogen peroxide as used for tooth bleaching has carcinogenic effects on the oral mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases were searched. Studies evaluating different outcomes potentially related to the carcinogenic effects of hydrogen peroxide for tooth bleaching on the oral mucosa were included. Risk of bias was assessed by the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Risk Of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), or Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tools. The strength of the evidence was assessed by using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) protocol. The quantitative analysis was performed with means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was analyzed by using I-squared statistics. RESULTS Thirteen articles comprising 5 animal and 8 clinical studies met the inclusion criteria. Three of the 5 animal studies associated the bleaching agents with a carcinogen and demonstrated an enhancement of the carcinogenic effect, but probably with the bleaching agent acting only as a promoter. Five clinical studies concluded that the bleaching agents did not cause mutagenic stress on the oral mucosa by using the micronucleus test. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the frequency of micronuclei did not differ significantly between baseline and 30 days after bleaching (mean difference: 0.48; 95% CI, -1.49, 2.46; P=.63). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review indicated that hydrogen peroxide does not appear to have carcinogenic effects on the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Martins Silveira
- Adjunct Professor, Molecular Pathology Area, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay; Post-dotoral Fellowship, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lauren Frenzel Schuch
- PhD student, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tuany Rafaeli Schimidt
- PhD student, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina Paparotto Lopes
- Undergraduate student, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Petersen Wagner
- Post-doctoral Fellowship, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield (UoS), Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Barcelos Só
- PhD student, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renato Miotto Palo
- PhD in Endodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Postgraduation Professor, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Carneiro TS, Favoreto MW, Mena-Serrano A, Wendlinger M, Forville H, Reis A, Ceballos L, Loguercio AD. In vitro evaluation of the effect of different bleaching varnishes: Hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp chamber and color change. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:402-409. [PMID: 37681984 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the penetration of hydrogen peroxide (HP) into the pulp chamber and the color change of different bleaching varnishes in low concentrations used for at-home bleaching. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety healthy premolars were used, randomly distributed into nine groups (n = 10) according to bleaching varnish (PL, PolaLuminate; VS, VivaStyle Paint On Plus; CA, Cavex Bite&White whitening pen and; AW AlignerWhite) and time (10 and 30 min), and a control group (no bleaching). The penetration of HP was evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. To evaluate the color change (ΔEab , ΔE00 , ΔWID ) a digital spectrophotometer was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS The AW group in 10 min and the control group showed similar and lower HP penetration in the pulp chamber when compared to the other groups (p = 0.003). Increasing the application time to 30 minutes elevated the amount of HP inside the pulp chamber for all groups (p = 0.003), except for PL (p > 0.05). When applied for 30 min all bleaching varnishes showed higher color change (ΔWID ) when compared to 10 min (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS For all bleaching varnishes evaluated, PolaLuminate applied for 30 min showed lower penetration into the pulp chamber and higher bleaching effects. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of bleaching varnishes seems promising for teeth bleaching, but it varies according to user product and protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynara S Carneiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
- Area of Stomatology, IDIBO research group, Health Sciences Faculty, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael W Favoreto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Wendlinger
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Forville
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Area of Stomatology, IDIBO research group, Health Sciences Faculty, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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Sengupta D, Naskar S, Mandal D. Reactive oxygen species for therapeutic application: Role of piezoelectric materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25925-25941. [PMID: 37727027 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01711g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
This perspective article emphasizes the significant role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in in vivo remedial therapy of various diseases and complications, capitalizing on their potential reactivity. Among the various influencers, herein, piezoelectric materials driven ROS generation activity is primarily considered. Intrinsic non-centrosymmetry of piezoelectric materials makes them suitable for distinct dipole formation in the presence of external mechanical stimuli. Such characteristics prompt the positioning of opposite charged carriers to execute associated redox transformations that effectively participate to generate ROS in the aqueous media of the cell cytoplasm, organelles and nucleus. The immense reactivity of piezoelectric material driven ROS is fostered to terminate cellular toxicity or curtail tumor cell growth, due to their higher specificity. This perspective considers the conjugated performance of piezoelectric materials and ultrasound which can remotely generate electrical charges that promote ROS production for therapeutic application. In particular, a substantial synopsis is provided for the remedial activity of numerous piezocatalytic materials in tumor cell apoptosis, antibacterial treatment, dental care and neurological disorders. Subsequently, the report precisely demonstrates the methods involving various spectrophotometric approaches for the analysis of the ROS. Finally, the key challenges of piezoelectric material-based therapy are discussed and systematic future progress is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Sengupta
- Quantum Materials and Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector81, Mohali 140306, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad 244001, India
| | - Sudip Naskar
- Quantum Materials and Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector81, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Dipankar Mandal
- Quantum Materials and Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector81, Mohali 140306, India.
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Lopes ALC, Ribeiro MES, Barbosa JHP, da Costa da Rocha MP, da Silva e Souza Júnior MH, Loretto SC. Does the Elapsed Time from Bleaching and the Use of Sodium Ascorbate Influence the Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Bleached Enamel? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6328. [PMID: 37763605 PMCID: PMC10534558 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate different delaying times after bleaching and the use of different sodium ascorbate (SA) concentrations (10% and 35%) in the bond strength of adhesive cementation to enamel. This study used 54 sound bovine incisors, which were randomly assigned to the following groups: G1 (unbleached/control+ adhesive cementation (AC)); G2 (bleached + AC after 7 days); G3 (bleached + 10% SA + AC after 24 h); G4 (bleached + 10% SA + AC after 7 days); G5 (bleached + 35% SA + AC after 24 h); and G6 (bleached + 35% SA + AC after 7 days). After bleaching, G3, G4, G5, and G6 received an application of SA before the cylinders build up with RelyX Veneer cement. The samples were subjected to microshear test, and the results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. Group one presented the highest mean bond strength (19.1 MPa) and G3 the lowest (16.96 MPa). There was no statistical difference between the groups tested (p ˃ 0.05). The fracture pattern observed was predominantly mixed. The adhesive cementation may be performed 24 h after bleaching when SA (10% or 35%) is used or after 7 days, without compromising bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandro Cordeiro Loretto
- Biomaterials Laboratory of the Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.L.C.L.); (M.E.S.R.); (J.H.P.B.); (M.P.d.C.d.R.); (M.H.d.S.e.S.J.)
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Forville H, Favoreto MW, Carneiro TS, Terra R, Pinheiro LA, Borges C, Loguercio AD, Reis A. Bleaching Gels Used After 1 Week of Mixing: Efficacy, Hydrogen Peroxide Penetration, and Physical-chemical Properties. Oper Dent 2023; 48:564-574. [PMID: 37721110 DOI: 10.2341/23-010-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the bleaching efficacy (BE), hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp chamber (HPP), and physical-chemical properties (concentration, pH, and viscosity) of in-office bleaching gels immediately and after 1 week of mixing. METHODS AND MATERIALS We randomly divided 49 premolars into seven groups: control (no bleaching) and the following in-office bleaching (Opalescence Boost 40%, Total Blanc One Step 35%, and Whiteness HP Blue 35%) applied at two storage times: immediately and after 1 week. We evaluated the BE using a digital spectrophotometer and the HPP through UV-Vis spectroscopy. We measured the initial concentration, pH, and viscosity using titration, a Digital pH meter and Rheometer, respectively. For statistical analysis, we used a twoway analysis of variance and Tukey and Dunnet tests (α=0.05). RESULTS We observed higher BE and HPP for Opalescence Boost and Total Blanc One Step after 1 week of mixing than for Whiteness HP Blue (p<0.001). We observed a significantly lower initial concentration for Whiteness HP Blue 1 week after mixing compared to immediately (p=0.00001). All bleaching gels showed a decrease in pH after 1 week of mixing (p=0.00003). However, Total Blanc One Step had a lower pH at both evaluation times (p<0.001). Only Opalescence Boost maintained viscosity 1 week after mixing. CONCLUSIONS Opalescence Boost was the only bleaching gel able to keep bleaching efficacy, with the same characteristics of permeability and physical- chemical properties after 1 week of mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Forville
- Heloisa Forville, DDS, MSc, PhD student, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - M W Favoreto
- Michael W. Favoreto, DDS, MSc, PhD student, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - T S Carneiro
- Taynara S. Carneiro, DDS, MSc, PhD student, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rmo Terra
- Renata M. O. Terra, DDS, MSc, PhD student, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - L A Pinheiro
- Luis A. Pinheiro, DDS, MSc, PhD, School of Materials Engineering, State University of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Cpf Borges
- Christiane P. F. Borges, DDS, PhD, School of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - A D Loguercio
- *Alessandro D. Loguercio, DDS, MSc, PhD, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - A Reis
- Alessandra Reis, DDS, PhD, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
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21
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Takamizawa T, Aoki R, Saegusa M, Hirokane E, Shoji M, Yokoyama M, Kamimoto A, Miyazaki M. Whitening efficacy and tooth sensitivity in a combined in-office and at-home whitening protocol: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:821-833. [PMID: 36883730 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This controlled randomized clinical trial determined the whitening efficacy and the intensity and absolute risk of tooth sensitivity in dual whitening when prefilled at-home whitening trays were used between in-office whitening intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in-office whitening agent containing 35% hydrogen peroxide was used. A prefilled tray with a whitening agent containing 6% hydrogen peroxide was used for at-home whitening. Sixty-six subjects were randomly assigned to three groups. Group I: at-home whitening was performed 10 times between the in-office whitening treatments. Group II: at-home whitening was performed five times between the in-office whitening treatments. Group III: only in-office whitening was performed. The tooth color changes were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. A visual analog scale was used to express the pain intensity. RESULTS All the groups showed increased ΔE*ab, ΔE00 , and ΔWID with increased whitening sessions. Group I at the 3rd whitening session showed significantly higher ΔE*ab, ΔE00 , and ΔWID than group III. Tooth sensitivity showed higher values up to 24 h after whitening. CONCLUSIONS Although dual whitening with the prefilled tray and in-office whitening had higher whitening ability than in-office whitening alone, the intensity and absolute risk of tooth sensitivity was similar. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The dual whitening might produce faster and stronger whitening effects than in-office whitening alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Takamizawa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Aoki
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Saegusa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eizo Hirokane
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mone Shoji
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munenori Yokoyama
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kamimoto
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Clinical Education, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyazaki
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Dias S, Casqueiro L, Pereira R, Silveira J, Mata A, Marques D. Hydrogen Peroxide Diffusion through Dental Tissues-In Vitro Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5552. [PMID: 37629843 PMCID: PMC10456627 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Whitening products commonly utilize hydrogen peroxide (HP) as an active principle, which can penetrate dental tissues with potential side effects due to its low molecular weight. This study aimed to evaluate the HP diffusion of two in-office whitening products, namely 6% VivaStyle Paint On Plus (VS) and Opalescence Boost 40% (OP), in different tooth types. Additionally, the influence of the area of exposure, dental tissue thickness and pulp chamber volume was assessed. Each group consisted of eighteen intact anterior (A), premolar (PM) and molar (M) human teeth, and a positive pulpal pressure model was employed. The samples were analyzed using spectrophotometry, and results were expressed as the mean and 95% confidence interval. Statistical tests and linear regression models were appropriately applied at α = 5%. The total HP (µg) retrieved was as follows: VS-A, 1.333 [1.214, 1.452]; OP-A, 1.538 [1.457, 1.620]; VS-PM, 1.208 [1.123, 1.291]; OP-PM, 3.628 [3.401, 3.855]; VS-M, 2.560 [2.297, 2.823]; and OP-M, 4.197 [3.997, 4.396], with statistically significant differences in diffusion kinetics between whitening products for PM and M. Several HP concentrations attained a minimum cytotoxicity value of 2.22 µg/mL. The regression model shows that OP exposed the pulp chamber to 1.421 µg of HP more than that of VS. Different whitening products can cause cytotoxic HP concentrations in the pulp chamber, with a higher risk observed in molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Dias
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (L.C.); (R.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Leonor Casqueiro
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (L.C.); (R.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ruben Pereira
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (L.C.); (R.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
| | - João Silveira
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (L.C.); (R.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Mata
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (L.C.); (R.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte Marques
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (L.C.); (R.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal
- Postgraduate Programme in Prosthodontics, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal
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23
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Shimojima M, Hiraishi N, Akabane K, Nassar M, Otsuki M, Shimada Y. Effect of an In-Office Bleaching Agent with Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer Filler on the Enamel Surface: A In-Vitro Study. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:386. [PMID: 37504881 PMCID: PMC10381306 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In-office bleaching with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) agents causes undesirable alterations in the enamel. Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler is a functional material known for its acid-neutralizing and demineralization-inhibition properties. This study evaluates the effect of S-PRG filler incorporation in H2O2-based bleaching on the enamel surface. Bovine enamel surfaces were bleached using a bleaching paste formulated with a liquid (35% H2O2) and a powder containing 5% or 10% S-PRG filler. The surface roughness and the Vickers microhardness of the treated enamel surfaces were evaluated. The enamel surfaces were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) technology. The surfaces were challenged by citric acid and observed by SEM. The specimens bleached with the paste containing the S-PRG filler showed lower enamel surface roughness and higher microhardness values than did those bleached with the plain paste (0% S-PRG filler); meanwhile, there were no significant differences between the 5% or 10% S-PRG filler groups. The S-PRG filler groups showed enamel surface morphologies similar to those of the non-bleached enamel, according to SEM observation, and EDX analysis detected the presence of fluoride and strontium ions. The S-PRG filler groups showed a higher resistance to erosion. The S-PRG filler mitigated the detrimental effects of bleaching agents on the enamel surface and provided resistance to erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shimojima
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Noriko Hiraishi
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kodai Akabane
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Masayuki Otsuki
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimada
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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24
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Silva AM, Zaniboni JF, Alencar CDM, de Campos EA, Dantas AAR, Kuga MC. Fracture resistance and bonding performance after antioxidants pre-treatment in non-vital and bleached teeth. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:62-71. [PMID: 37909643 PMCID: PMC10642277 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of antioxidant solutions on fracture strength and bonding performance in non-vital and bleached (38% hydrogen peroxide) teeth. One hundred and eighty dentin specimens were obtained, 60 for each test: fracture strength, hybrid layer thickness, and bond strength. The groups (n=10) were randomly composed according to post-bleaching protocol: REST - restoration, without bleaching; BL - bleaching + restoration; SA - bleaching, 10% sodium ascorbate solution, and restoration; AT - bleaching, 10% α-tocopherol solution, and restoration; CRAN - bleaching, 5% cranberry solution, and restoration; CAP - bleaching, 0.0025% capsaicin solution, and restoration. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, and Qui-Square tests (α=0.05). The highest fracture strength values were observed in REST (1508.96 ±148.15 N), without significant difference for the bleached groups (p>0.05), regardless of the antioxidant use. The hybrid layer thickness in the group that was not subjected to bleaching (REST) was significantly higher than in any other group. The bond strength in the bleached and antioxidants-treated groups (SA, AT, CRAN, CAP) has no differences with the bleached group without antioxidants (BL). Adhesive failures were predominant in the groups that did not receive the antioxidant application. In conclusion, the evaluated antioxidants did not show an effect on the fracture strength, hybrid layer thickness, or bond strength of dentin bleached after endodontic treatment. The application of 10% sodium ascorbate, 10% alpha-tocopherol, 5% cranberry, or 0.0025% capsaicin solutions is not an effective step and should not be considered for the restorative protocols after non-vital bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryvelto Miranda Silva
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus GV (UFJF-GV), Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Joissi Ferrari Zaniboni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Alves de Campos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Abi Rached Dantas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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25
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Zhao X, Pan J, Malmstrom H, Ren Y. Treatment Durations and Whitening Outcomes of Different Tooth Whitening Systems. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1130. [PMID: 37374334 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Tooth whitening is a relatively conservative and effective option to treat discolored teeth. However, questions remain whether in-office or at-home tooth whitening products with short treatment durations are as effective and stable as products with longer treatment durations. Materials and Methods: Forty human third molars with intact enamel surfaces were divided into four groups of ten each, subjected to discoloration challenges with coffee for 60 h, and they were treated with four professional tooth whitening systems: two for take-home use-6% hydrogen peroxide for 30 min/d for a total of 7 h in 14 days (HP6), 10% carbamide peroxide for 10 h/d for 140 h in 14 days (CP10), as well as two for in-office use-35% HP for 10 min × 3 (HP35) for a total of 30 min and 40% HP for 20 min × 3 (HP40) for a total of 60 min. Teeth colors were assessed in the CIE L*a*b* color space with a spectrophotometer immediately and six months after whitening treatments. Surface roughness (Sa) for the treated and untreated enamel surfaces of the teeth in all groups were evaluated with a three-dimensional laser scanning microscope after six months. Results: No significant differences were found between HP6 and CP10 groups immediately after whitening (∆E 10.6 ± 1.6 vs. 11.4 ± 1.7, p > 0.05) and at six months after treatments (∆E 9.0 ± 1.9 vs. 9.2 ± 2.5, p > 0.05), or between HP35 and HP40 groups immediately after whitening (∆E 5.9 ± 1.2 vs. 5.3 ± 1.7, p > 0.05) and at six months after treatments (∆E 7.2 ± 1.6 vs. 7.7 ± 1.3, p > 0.05). The two at-home whitening systems achieved significantly better whitening outcomes than the two in-office products immediately after whitening (p < 0.05). However, at six months after treatments, the differences between at-home and in-office treatments had narrowed significantly (p > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences with respect to the Sa values between the treated and untreated surfaces (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Tooth whitening products in the same product category have similar whitening efficacies, despite significant differences in treatment durations (7 vs. 140 h, and 30 min vs. 60 min, respectively). Take-home products achieved better whitening outcomes than in-office products, but they needed 14 to 280 times longer treatment durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhao
- Department of General Dentistry & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of General Dentistry & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hans Malmstrom
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Yanfang Ren
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
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26
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Zhang H, Chen J, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Song J, Zhang Z. Fracture strength and bonding interface morphology of CAD/CAM-fabricated ceramic laminate veneers on bleached enamel treated with two different antioxidants. Dent Mater J 2023:2022-205. [PMID: 37302824 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of two antioxidants and their application time on the fracture strength of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-fabricated ceramic laminate veneers to bleached enamel, as well as their effects on the bonding interface micromorphology. Eight groups were set: Group NC (without bleaching and antioxidant treatment); Group NA (bleaching without antioxidant treatment); Group SA30, SA60, SA120 and Group PAC30, PAC60, PAC120 (bleaching and treating with sodium ascorbate or proanthocyanidins for 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively). After cementation of veneers, fracture strength values and failure modes were analyzed. The bonding interface morphology was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The fracture strength was impaired when cementation procedure was performed immediately after bleaching. This reduction in fracture strength was reestablished with antioxidant treatment, and an extended treatment time contributed to better improvement. The resin tags at the bonding interfaces of the bleached enamel were impaired. Antioxidant treatments were able to reverse this unfavorable trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University
| | - Yiyan Yu
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University
| | - Yuanhang Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University
| | - Jiazhuo Song
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University
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27
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Kusayanagi T, Maegawa S, Terauchi S, Hashimoto W, Kaneda S. A Smartphone Application for Personalized Tooth Shade Determination. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111969. [PMID: 37296821 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth shade determination methods for evaluating the effectiveness of whitening products at home are limited. In this study, an iPhone app for personalized tooth shade determination was developed. While capturing dental photographs in selfie mode before and after whitening, the app can maintain consistent illumination and tooth appearance conditions that affect tooth color measurement. An ambient light sensor was used to standardize the illumination conditions. To maintain consistent tooth appearance conditions determined by appropriately opening the mouth, facial landmark detection, an artificial intelligence technique that estimates key face parts and outlines, was used. The effectiveness of the app in ensuring uniform tooth appearance was investigated through color measurements of the upper incisors of seven participants via photographs captured in succession. The coefficients of variation for incisors L*, a*, and b* were less than 0.0256 (95% CI, 0.0173-0.0338), 0.2748 (0.1596-0.3899), and 0.1053 (0.0078-0.2028), respectively. To examine the feasibility of the app for tooth shade determination, gel whitening after pseudo-staining by coffee and grape juice was performed. Consequently, whitening results were evaluated by monitoring the ∆Eab color difference values (1.3 unit minimum). Although tooth shade determination remains a relative quantification method, the proposed method can support evidence-based selection of whitening products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kusayanagi
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan
| | - Sota Maegawa
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan
| | - Shuya Terauchi
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan
| | - Wataru Hashimoto
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan
| | - Shohei Kaneda
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan
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28
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Popescu AD, Tuculina MJ, Diaconu OA, Gheorghiță LM, Nicolicescu C, Cumpătă CN, Petcu C, Abdul-Razzak J, Rîcă AM, Voinea-Georgescu R. Effects of Dental Bleaching Agents on the Surface Roughness of Dental Restoration Materials. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1067. [PMID: 37374271 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness evolution of several finished and polished composites when bleaching materials are applied. The research was conducted on four microhybrid or nanofilled composites that are used in dental restorations. Materials and Methods: For each composite type, 5 samples were selected for control, 5 samples were subjected to the bleaching protocol "office bleach" with 40% hydrogen peroxide, and 5 other samples were subjected to the "home bleach" protocol with 16% carbamide peroxide, resulting in a total number of 60 samples. The surfaces of all the samples were tested for roughness, and the values of the most relevant parameter (Ra), were collected. Comparisons between composites and samples were performed using one-way ANOVA (in Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Results: After the bleaching protocol with 40% hydrogen peroxide gel, it was found that the roughness of the group increased considerably compared to the control group, so the highest roughness was found at GC Gradia direct anterior group, and the lowest value was registered for the 3M ESPE Valux Plus group. Following the bleaching protocol with 16% carbamide peroxide (home bleach), it was noted that the sample surfaces were not as affected. In this case, the lowest roughness was found at 3M ESPE Valux Plus group, and the highest roughness was registered for the GC G-aenial anterior group. Following the interpretation of the results, all four types of dental composites tested showed significant surface roughness differences between the groups subjected to bleaching protocols and those kept as control (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The surfaces of the samples were affected by the bleaching protocols by increasing the roughness compared to the control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Dan Popescu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela Jana Tuculina
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Oana Andreea Diaconu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Lelia Mihaela Gheorghiță
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Claudiu Nicolicescu
- Department of Engineering and Management of the Technological Systems, Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 1 Calugareni, 220037 Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania
| | - Cristian Niky Cumpătă
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University Titu Maiorescu of Bucharest, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Petcu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Jaqueline Abdul-Razzak
- Department of Infant Care-Pediatrics-Neonatology & Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Rîcă
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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29
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Palandi SDS, Kury M, Cavalli V. Influence of violet LED and fluoride-containing carbamide peroxide bleaching gels on early-stage eroded/abraded teeth. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103568. [PMID: 37059164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated enamel with early-stage erosion/abrasion following bleaching with 20% and 45% carbamide peroxide (CP) gels containing fluoride (F) and irradiated with violet LED (LED). METHODS Enamel blocks were immersed in 1% citric acid (5 min) and artificial saliva (120 min) three times to produce early-stage enamel erosion. Simulated toothbrushing was performed only after the first saliva immersion, to provoke enamel abrasion. The erosive/abraded enamel samples were submitted to (n=10): LED/CP20, CP20, LED/CP20_F, CP20_F, LED/CP45, CP45, LED/CP45_F, CP45_F, LED, and control (without treatment). The pH of the gels was assessed, and color (ΔE00) and whiteness index (ΔWID) changes were calculated after cycling (T1), and 7 days from bleaching (T2). Enamel surface roughness average (Ra) and Knoop microhardness (kg/mm2, %SHR) were evaluated at baseline (T0) at T1 and T2. Scanning electron microscopy evaluated the enamel surface morphology at T2. RESULTS The gels' pH was neutral and CP20 and CP45 exhibited no differences in ΔE00 and ΔWID (p>0.05) but LED increased these parameters for CP20_F and CP45. Erosion/abrasion significantly decreased mean kg/mm2, and the LED group was the only one not increasing microhardness after bleaching (p>0.05). None of the groups fully recovered the initial microhardness. All groups exhibited %SHR similar to the control (p>0.05) and the increase in Ra was detected only after erosion/abrasion. CP20_F groups exhibited a more preserved enamel morphology. CONCLUSION Light irradiation combined with low-concentrated CP gel promoted a bleaching effect comparable to the high-concentrated CP. The bleaching protocols did not adversely impact the surface of early-stage eroded/abraded enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel da Silva Palandi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Kury
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Cavalli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Caetano GM, Slomp C, Andrade JP, Spohr AM, Kunrath MF. Partial Ceramic Veneer Technique for Challenging Esthetic Frontal Restorative Procedures. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11040101. [PMID: 37185479 PMCID: PMC10136758 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal darkened teeth have shown to be one of the most challenging treatments for esthetic dentistry in recent years. This case report, along with a 30-month follow-up, describes the application of a partial ceramic veneer, restricted to the mid-cervical third region, made in the upper left central incisor darkened by trauma. The procedure consisted of maintenance of the entire incisal face, as well as esthetic and morphological rehabilitation of the smile line with veneers and ultra-thin partial ceramic veneers. The planning process was thoroughly elaborated by photographs, study models, a virtual smile designed, diagnostic waxing, and reproduction in the patient's mouth through mock-up. Following, dental home bleaching, esthetic gingival contouring, and minimally invasive tooth preparation were performed. Two types of glass ceramics (lithium disilicate and feldspathic) were used in different regions due to the peculiar characteristics of resistance, finishing, and polishing. According to the present case report, preparing a cervical partial ceramic veneer is an innovative, viable, and safe approach to maintaining the incisal portion of the tooth preserved and setting a detailed tooth morphology/color. The application of partial ceramic veneer provides incisal edge preservation and simplifies the reproduction of the adjacent tooth characteristics, avoiding multiple esthetic appointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Marotto Caetano
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Cilea Slomp
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Jonas Pereira Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Spohr
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Marcel Ferreira Kunrath
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Rocha ADO, Anjos LMD, Vitali FC, Santos PS, Bolan M, Santana CM, Cardoso M. Tooth Bleaching: A bibliometric analysis of the top 100 most-cited papers. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:41-55. [PMID: 37194856 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the characteristics of the top 100 most-cited papers related to tooth bleaching. A literature search was performed on the Web of Science up to March 2022. The number of citations was cross-matched with the citation count on Scopus and Google Scholar. The following data were collected: number and density of citations; authorship; year and journal of publication; study design and thematic; keywords; institution and country of origin. Spearman's correlation and Poisson regression were used to determine associations between the number of citations and study characteristics. The VOSviewer software was used to generate collaborative network maps for the authors and keywords. The number of citations ranged from 66 to 450. Papers were published between 1981 and 2020. The most frequent study design and topic were laboratory-based studies and 'interaction of the bleaching agent with dental tissues', respectively. Cochran M, Loguercio AD, Matis B, Reis A, and Suliman M were the authors with the highest number of papers. The countries with the most papers were the United States of America (USA) (28%) and Brazil (20%). Indiana University and State University of Ponta Grossa were the institutions with the most papers (6% each). There was a very strong correlation among the number of citations of the three databases. The 100 most-cited papers related to tooth bleaching were mainly published by the USA and Brazil, with laboratory-based studies addressing topics related to the effects of bleaching agents on tooth structure being the most prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélio de Oliveira Rocha
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), Brazil
| | - Lucas Menezes Dos Anjos
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), Brazil
| | - Filipe Colombo Vitali
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), Brazil
| | - Pablo Silveira Santos
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), Brazil
| | - Michele Bolan
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), Brazil
| | - Carla Miranda Santana
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), Brazil
| | - Mariane Cardoso
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), Brazil
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de Paula AM, Hanzen TA, de Andrade HF, Grokoski E, Loguercio AD, Reis A. Evaluation of application protocol of the 4% hydrogen peroxide for at-home bleaching: A randomized clinical trial. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:360-367. [PMID: 35652434 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies evaluated low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide protocols. The aim of this paper was evaluated two application protocols using 4% hydrogen peroxide in at-home bleaching. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-six patients with upper canines' shade A2 or darker were randomly allocated under two experimental conditions: two daily applications of 1 h each or a 2-h single application. Color change was evaluated using Vita Classical, Vita Bleachedguide, and digital spectrophotometer weekly and 1 month after the bleaching procedure through one-way ANOVA. The risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS) was assessed through visual and numeric rating scale and measured by Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test and one-way ANOVA respectively. RESULTS After 3 weeks, the mean difference for the ΔSGU Vita Classical (1.0; 95% CI -0.1 to 2.0), ΔEab (0.7; 95% CI -1.4 to 2.8), ΔE00 (0.1; 95% CI -1.4 to 1.6) and Wi (1.8; 95% CI -1.9 to 5.5) presented no difference (p > 0.08). The relative risk for TS was 0.91 (0.72 to 1.14) without significant difference neither in the risk (p = 0.6) nor in the TS intensity for both pain scales (p > 0.65). CONCLUSIONS The application protocols evaluated (two daily applications of 1 h each or a 2-h single application) for at-home bleaching with 4% hydrogen peroxide did not showed differences in color change and tooth sensitivity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Higher amount of active hydrogen peroxide in two daily applications for at-home bleaching neither accelerate bleaching nor increase the risk or intensity of tooth sensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M de Paula
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Grokoski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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Müller-Heupt LK, Wiesmann-Imilowski N, Kaya S, Schumann S, Steiger M, Bjelopavlovic M, Deschner J, Al-Nawas B, Lehmann KM. Effectiveness and Safety of Over-the-Counter Tooth-Whitening Agents Compared to Hydrogen Peroxide In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031956. [PMID: 36768279 PMCID: PMC9915942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) This study investigated the whitening effect, cytotoxicity and enamel surface alterations induced by different over-the-counter (OTC) bleaching agents in comparison to hydrogen peroxide. (2) Human teeth (n = 60) were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n = 10), stained with coffee solution for 7 d, followed by a whitening period of 7 d with either placebo, bromelain, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chlorite, PAP or hydrogen peroxide. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) were taken to assess the enamel structure. Cytotoxicity of the tested substances was assessed based on the cell viability of primary human fibroblasts. (3) The application of all whitening gels resulted in a greater color difference of the enamel (ΔE) in comparison to the negative control. Hydrogen peroxide caused the greatest color difference. Bromelain and PAP treatment showed no enamel surface changes, in contrast to hydrogen peroxide treatment, which showed very mild interprismatic dissolution. Bromelain was the only non-cytotoxic agent. (4) The maximum effect achieved by all OTC bleaching agents was the removal of stains, whereas hydrogen peroxide was capable of further whitening the teeth. Bromelain treatment was neither cytotoxic, nor resulted in enamel surface alterations, and its whitening effect was less, yet still effective, compared to hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-17-5086
| | - Nadine Wiesmann-Imilowski
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebahat Kaya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Steiger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Bjelopavlovic
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Martin Lehmann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Zamudio-Santiago J, Ladera-Castañeda M, Santander-Rengifo F, López-Gurreonero C, Cornejo-Pinto A, Echavarría-Gálvez A, Cervantes-Ganoza L, Cayo-Rojas C. Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010022. [PMID: 36672530 PMCID: PMC9856117 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activated charcoal is a nanocrystalline form of carbon with a large specific surface area and high porosity in the nanometer range, having consequently the capacity to absorb pigments, chromophores, and stains responsible for tooth color change, while carbamide peroxide is unstable and breaks down immediately upon contact with tissue and saliva, first dissociating into hydrogen peroxide and urea and subsequently into oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 16% carbamide peroxide and activated-charcoal-based whitening toothpaste on enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth. Materials and Methods: The present experimental in vitro, longitudinal, and prospective study consisted of 60 teeth randomly distributed in six groups: A: artificial saliva, B: conventional toothpaste (Colgate Maximum Protection), C: whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clear), D: 16% carbamide peroxide (Whiteness Perfect 16%), E: 16% carbamide peroxide plus conventional toothpaste (Whiteness Perfect 16% plus Colgate Maximum Protection), and F: 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (Whiteness Perfect 16% plus Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clear). Surface roughness was assessed with a digital roughness meter before and after each treatment. For the statistical analysis, Student’s t test for related samples was used, in addition to the ANOVA test for one intergroup factor, considering a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The surface roughness variation of bovine tooth enamel, before and after application of bleaching agent, was higher in groups of whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (0.200 µm, Confidence Interval (CI): 0.105; 0.296 µm) and 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (0.201 µm, (CI): 0.092; 0.309 µm). In addition, bovine teeth treated with conventional toothpaste (p = 0.041), whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (p = 0.001), and 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (p = 0.002) significantly increased their surface roughness values. On the other hand, significant differences were observed when comparing the variation in surface roughness between the application of artificial saliva (control) and the whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (p = 0.031), and the 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (p = 0.030). Conclusion: The use of whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal and in combination with 16% carbamide peroxide significantly increased enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Zamudio-Santiago
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Marysela Ladera-Castañeda
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Flor Santander-Rengifo
- Academic Program of Dentistry, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, Peru
| | | | - Alberto Cornejo-Pinto
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru
| | | | | | - César Cayo-Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru
- School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima 15067, Peru
- Correspondence:
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Modern concepts of teeth whitening – a narrative review. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2022.002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitening has been known since Biblical times. Nowadays, in the developed world, patients are placing a stronger interest in the aesthetic appearance of their teeth. As a result, public demand for aesthetic dentistry, including tooth whitening, has recently increased. Aesthetics of the teeth is of great importance to many patients.
The aim is to summarise and discuss the teeth whitening procedure, tools, materials, and methods, as well as its efficacy and safety. In addition, the paper aims to provide full and comprehensive information for dentists and their patients about the merits and perils of whitening.
Methods. Relevant literature from Scopus published in English was selected using the following search criteria "tooth OR teeth AND whitening OR bleaching" by 2022. In total, there were found 3840 papers. Then, we applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria to the selected scientific papers to choose the relevant ones.
Results. A comprehensive study of the available information related to means and products for teeth whitening was carried out. Whitening may be accomplished by the physical removal of the stain or a chemical reaction to lighten the tooth colour. The indications for appropriate use of tooth-whitening methods and products depend on the correct diagnosis of the discolouration. When used appropriately, tooth-whitening methods are safe and effective.
Conclusions. Tooth whitening is a form of dental treatment and should be completed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan developed by a dentist after an oral examination.
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Combined Minimally Invasive Treatment of Teeth Discoloration Caused by Occupational Exposure to Bronze Alloy. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:3399120. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3399120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, dental bleaching has been frequently sought by patients to improve the appearance and color of the teeth. Among various treatment options, in-office bleaching is commonly preferred by patients with severely discolored teeth due to its fast aesthetic results. In addition, other pretreatment methods, such as air-powder polishing, have been reported to increase the efficacy of bleaching treatment. Compared to other causes of tooth discoloration, occupational tooth discoloration caused by bronze alloy and further treatment have not been sufficiently documented in the literature. In the present case report, we explain a case of tooth discoloration following exposure to a bronze alloy and a conservative clinical approach used for the management of tooth discoloration. A 15-year-old male patient who worked in a foundry was presented with tooth discoloration. At the first session, a rubber-cap prophylaxis was performed. After one week, air-powder polishing was used to remove the remaining stains. Finally, at the third session, two cycles of bleaching were performed using hydrogen peroxide gel 35%, each for 20 minutes. Photographs were taken at the end of each session and used for visual evaluation. The final result was aesthetically satisfactory.
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Bizreh Y, Milly H. Effect of bioactive glass paste on efficacy and post-operative sensitivity associated with at-home bleaching using 20% carbamide peroxide: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:194. [PMID: 36195927 PMCID: PMC9531444 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bioactive glass (BAG) 45S5 paste on colour change and tooth sensitivity (TS) when used in combination with 20% carbamide peroxide (CP) during at-home vital tooth bleaching. Methods Twenty-four patients were selected and assigned into two experimental groups (n = 12) in a double-blind study design. Each patient received 20% CP followed by the application of either BAG paste or non-active placebo paste. The shade evaluation was performed using a digital spectrophotometer based on the CIE L*a*b* colour space system at different time points and the overall colour changes ΔE were calculated. TS was evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS). The values of ΔE and TS were statistically analysed using paired t-test. The level of statistical significance was established at p = 0.05. Results The overall colour changes (ΔE) between baseline and each time point showed no significant differences between BAG and placebo groups (p > 0.05). The use of BAG paste significantly decreased TS reported by the participants. Conclusions The association of BAG paste with at-home bleaching treatment presents a promising method as it decreased TS and did not deteriorate bleaching efficacy. Trial registration This study was approved and registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under Registration number: ACTRN12621001334897.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Bizreh
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Mazah, Damascus, Syria
| | - Hussam Milly
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Mazah, Damascus, Syria.
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Lin XJ, Hong DW, Lu ZC, Yu H. Effect of quercetin pretreatment on the immediate and aged bond strength of bleached dentin. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105476. [PMID: 36179613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin pretreatment on the bond strength of bleached dentin. Human dentin blocks (2 × 2 × 1 mm) were prepared and randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 16): deionized water pretreatment + no bleaching treatment (DNB); deionized water pretreatment + bleaching treatment (DYB); 75 μg/mL quercetin pretreatment + bleaching (Q75B); 150 μg/mL quercetin pretreatment + bleaching (Q150B); and 300 μg/mL quercetin pretreatment + bleaching (Q300B). The surfaces of superficial dentin (bonding surfaces) were treated with the respective solutions for 2 min, and then the surfaces opposite to the bonding surfaces (near pulp, bleaching surfaces) were subjected to bleaching treatment with 40% hydrogen peroxide (Ultradent, USA) for two 15-min sessions (groups DYB, Q75B, Q150B, and Q300B). After the bleaching procedure, the bonding surfaces were bonded with resin cements (Panavia V5, Kuraray, Japan). The bonded specimens were then divided into 2 subgroups (n = 8): the aging group (subgroup T), which was subjected to 10,000 thermocycles, and the nonaging group (subgroup N), which was not subjected to thermocycling. The microshear bond strength (μSBS) was obtained using a universal testing machine (AGS-X, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Additional dentin blocks (5 × 5 × 1 mm) were prepared and treated the same as the groups DYB, Q75B, Q150B, and Q300B (n = 8) to evaluate the color change, defined as groups CCDYB, CCQ75B, CCQ150B, and CCQ300B, respectively. Color evaluation was performed using a spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Advance 4.0, Vident, USA) to obtain a baseline and again at the end of the bleaching treatment. The data were analyzed via two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05). For the immediate bond strength, the specimens in the groups Q75B, Q150B, and Q300B showed significantly higher μSBS values than those in the group DYB (all P < 0.05). No significant differences in the μSBS values were found among the groups Q75B, Q150B, Q300B, and DNB, respectively (all P > 0.05). For the aged bond strength, both the groups Q150B and Q300B exhibited significantly higher μSBS values than groups DYB and DNB (all P < 0.05), whereas no significance differences were found between groups Q150B and Q300B (P = 1.00) or between the groups DYB and DNB (P = 1.00). No significant differences were observed in the △E values among all the groups tested (P = 0.80). Therefore, the application of quercetin for 2 min prior to the bleaching procedure preserved the immediate bond strength and improved the aged bond strength of bleached dentin while maintaining the effectiveness of bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jiao Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Prosthodontics & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Deng-Wei Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Prosthodontics & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Zhi-Cen Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Prosthodontics & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Prosthodontics & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, China; Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
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Carneiro TS, Favoreto MW, Centenaro GG, Carneiro OS, Crovador CJ, Stanislawczuk R, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Does simultaneous versus individual-arch at-home dental bleaching regimen influence patient satisfaction? A randomized clinical trial. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:1263-1271. [PMID: 36125103 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our randomized, parallel and single-blinded clinical trial evaluated patient level of discomfort during at-home bleaching testing the equivalence between two different protocols for the use of bleaching trays (simultaneous vs. single arch), as well as tooth sensitivity (TS), gingival irritation, (GI) and bleaching efficacy (BE). MATERIALS AND METHODS We randomized 100 patients into: simultaneous (n = 50) and single arch (n = 50). At-home bleaching was performed with 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) for 2 weeks for simultaneous group and 4 weeks for single arch group. We assessed patient level of discomfort using 9-item questionnaire. The TS and GI, as well as BE using spectrophotometer and color guide were assessed using the visual analog scale (0-10). Data from level of discomfort and BE were evaluated by Student's t test. The TS and GI were compared using the relative risk and confidence interval (α = 0.05). RESULTS Only tray adaptation showed a significant effect after the second week (p < 0.002). There was equivalence between groups for level of discomfort (p < 0.01). We found no significant intergroup differences for the risk of TS or GI, nor for intensity. We observed no significant differences between them regarding bleaching efficacy (p > 0.21). CONCLUSIONS A simultaneous-use protocol for customized at-home dental bleaching trays proved to be equivalent to using single arch for patient level of discomfort and bleaching efficacy, with no significant increase in adverse effects. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians may decide whether to use a simultaneous or single arch protocol for tray usage; however, bleaching was achieved more quickly when the trays were worn simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynara S Carneiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Michael W Favoreto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle G Centenaro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Otavio S Carneiro
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Higher Education Center of Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Cleyson J Crovador
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Higher Education Center of Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Stanislawczuk
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Higher Education Center of Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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Palandi SDS, Kury M, Picolo MZD, Esteban Florez FL, Cavalli V. Effects of black tea tooth staining previously to 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.20396/bjos.v22i00.8668082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To determine if the artificial staining with black tea (BT) influences the enamel microhardness before in-office bleaching and if BT staining is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide Methods: Enamel/dentin blocks were randomized into groups according to the staining protocol (n=5/group): (CO) control – maintained in artificial saliva solution (AS); (BT4) immersed in black tea solution for 4 h; (BT24) immersed in black tea solution for 24 h. After the staining protocols, all specimens were kept in AS for one week, followed by bleaching (three sessions of HP application for 40 min). Knoop surface microhardness (kgF/mm2) was determined at baseline (T0), after staining (T1), after 7 days of storage in AS (T2), and after bleaching (T3). The color (ΔE00) and coordinate changes (ΔL, Δa, Δb) were measured using a digital spectrophotometer at T0 and T3. Data were submitted to one-way (ΔE00, ΔL, Δa, Δb) or two-way ANOVA repeated measures (kgF/mm2) and Tukey’s test (a=5%). Results: The staining protocols (BT4 and BT24) promoted significantly lower microhardness (T1 and T2, p<0.05) than CO, whereas CO was the only group to maintain microhardness values over time. Bleaching promoted perceptible ΔE00 without a significant difference among the groups regardless of the staining protocol (p=0.122). CO and BT4 showed no differences in terms of ΔL and Δa (p>0.05), but BT4 displayed a higher Δb than CO. Conclusion: The artificial staining with BT negatively affected the enamel surface microhardness and was not essential to evaluate the efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching.
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Kury M, Hiers RD, Zhao YD, Picolo MZD, Hsieh J, Khajotia SS, Esteban Florez FL, Cavalli V. Novel Experimental In-Office Bleaching Gels Containing Co-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172995. [PMID: 36080033 PMCID: PMC9458163 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports on the development and testing of novel bleaching agents containing co-doped metaloxide nanoparticles (NP; 0%, 5%, 10% v/w) and hydrogen peroxide (HP, 0%, 6%, 15%, and 35%). Bovine blocks (n = 200, A = 36 mm2) were obtained and randomly distributed into experimental groups (n = 10/group). NPs were incorporated into gels before bleaching (3 sessions, 7 days apart, 30 min/session, irradiated with violet light-LT). Color changes (ΔE00, ΔWID), mineral content (CO32−, PO43−), and topography were assessed (spectrophotometer, ATR-FTIR, and AFM) before and after bleaching procedures (14 days). Metabolic status and three-dimensional components of non-disrupted Streptococcus mutans biofilms were investigated using a multimode reader and confocal microscopy. The results indicate that ΔE00 and ΔWID significantly increased with NPs’ concentrations and LT. The enamel’s mineral ratio was adversely impacted by HP, but alterations were less pronounced when using NP-containing gels. The enamel’s topography was not damaged by the bleaching protocols tested. The bioluminescence results show that bleaching protocols do not render latent antibacterial properties to enamel, and the confocal microscopy results demonstrate that the 3-dimensional distribution of the components was affected by the protocols. The proposed nanotechnology improved the bleaching efficacy of experimental materials independent of hydrogen peroxide or irradiation and did not adversely impact the enamel’s surface properties or its chemical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Kury
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochelle D. Hiers
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Yan D. Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mayara Z. D. Picolo
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Hsieh
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Sharukh S. Khajotia
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Fernando L. Esteban Florez
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
- Correspondence: (F.L.E.F.); (V.C.)
| | - Vanessa Cavalli
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: (F.L.E.F.); (V.C.)
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Pyro-catalysis for tooth whitening via oral temperature fluctuation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4419. [PMID: 35906221 PMCID: PMC9338087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth whitening has recently become one of the most popular aesthetic dentistry procedures. Beyond classic hydrogen peroxide-based whitening agents, photo-catalysts and piezo-catalysts have been demonstrated for non-destructive on-demand tooth whitening. However, their usage has been challenged due to the relatively limited physical stimuli of light irradiation and ultrasonic mechanical vibration. To address this challenge, we report here a non-destructive and convenient tooth whitening strategy based on the pyro-catalysis effect, realized via ubiquitous oral motion-induced temperature fluctuations. Degradation of organic dyes via pyro-catalysis is performed under cooling/heating cycling to simulate natural temperature fluctuations associated with intake and speech. Teeth stained by habitual beverages and flavorings can be whitened by the pyroelectric particles-embedded hydrogel under a small surrounding temperature fluctuation. Furthermore, the pyro-catalysis-based tooth whitening procedure exhibits a therapeutic biosafety and sustainability. In view of the exemplary demonstration, the most prevalent oral temperature fluctuation will enable the pyro-catalysis-based tooth whitening strategy to have tremendous potential for practical applications.
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Dvornyk AV, Tkachenko IM, Pysarenko OA, Vodoriz YY, Dvornyk VM, Brailko NM. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TOOTH ENAMEL WHEN USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AS THE MAIN CHEMICAL COMPONENT IN PROFESSIONAL BLEACHING. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:1683-1687. [PMID: 35962681 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202207114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To study changes in the chemical composition of the tooth enamel surface when using hydrogen peroxide as a chemical component of the whitening system in combination with professional oral hygiene. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: To achieve this goal, during the study, we studied the enamel of the teeth of the frontal area, which was removed for orthodontic and orthopedic indications. The age of the patients whose teeth were examined ranged from 18 to 44 years. In the experiment, we studied the chemical structure of enamel by a method thatcovered the selection of the study area, with the designation of areas for microanalysis, and subsequent elemental analysis in selected areas of the enamel. RESULTS Results and conclusions: Analyzing the results of this study, we can make assumptions about the impact of professional dental hygiene on the procedure of photo-whitening teeth based on 35% hydrogen peroxide gel and its subsequent impact on theother clinical indicators, which will depend on the characteristics of functional and structural resistance of the enamel.
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Santillán-Guerra AM, Sánchez-Rodríguez AM. Effectiveness of dental whitening in patients with active fixed orthodontic treatment: a narrative review. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ODONTOLÓGICA 2022; 10:e119. [PMID: 38389545 PMCID: PMC10880723 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-1003-2022-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently dental aesthetics during fixed orthodontic treatment is an option required by patients, due to the frequent pigmentations that can occur in tooth enamel as a result of inadequate oral hygiene and plaque retention caused by fixed appliances. Objective To determine the effectiveness of dental whitening and its side effects during active fixed orthodontic treatment, as an alternative aesthetic treatment in certain cases that merit it. Materials and methods This narrative review evaluated 35 scientific articles from the Medline information sources (via PUBMED), EMBASE, SCOPUS, SCIELO and LILACS from the last 10 years, published in Spanish, Portuguese and English. We included 17 articles that met the selection criteria which were randomized clinical trials and observational studies, in vitro studies and in vivo studies that evaluated in-office dental clearance, performed on patients using fixed orthodontic treatment at that time. Systematic reviews, case reports and editorials were excluded. Results It was observed that dental whitening in patients with active orthodontic treatment minimally affects the adhesion of the orthodontic apparatus to the tooth surface. In addition, some studies observed that the brackets interfere with the extension of the dental lightening, evidencing slightly darker areas. Conclusions Dental whitening during orthodontic treatment can be given efficiently in clinical practice, depending on the aesthetic requirement of the patient. However, it is a recommended procedure in certain cases of great need for immediate aesthetics, since, the material with which the brackets are installed on the dental surface, will interfere with the extension of the lightening material, resulting in a darker shade in that sector and different from the surrounding tissue. Likewise, it will intervene in the adhesion to the dental surface, having many probabilities that the orthodontic apparatus can detach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Mauricio Santillán-Guerra
- School of Dentistry, Científica del Sur University. Lima, Peru. , Universidad Científica del Sur School of Dentistry Científica del Sur University Lima Peru
| | - Angie Melanie Sánchez-Rodríguez
- School of Dentistry, Científica del Sur University. Lima, Peru. , Universidad Científica del Sur School of Dentistry Científica del Sur University Lima Peru
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Liu M, Huang L, Xu X, Wei X, Yang X, Li X, Wang B, Xu Y, Li L, Yang Z. Copper Doped Carbon Dots for Addressing Bacterial Biofilm Formation, Wound Infection, and Tooth Staining. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9479-9497. [PMID: 35713471 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oral infectious diseases and tooth staining, the main challenges of dental healthcare, are inextricably linked to microbial colonization and the formation of pathogenic biofilms. However, dentistry has so far still lacked simple, safe, and universal prophylactic options and therapy. Here, we report copper-doped carbon dots (Cu-CDs) that display enhanced catalytic (catalase-like, peroxidase-like) activity in the oral environment for inhibiting initial bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) adhesion and for subsequent biofilm eradication without impacting the surrounding oral tissues via oxygen (O2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Especially, Cu-CDs exhibit strong affinity for lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and peptidoglycans (PGN), thus conferring them with excellent antibacterial ability against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), such that they can prevent wound purulent infection and promoting rapid wound healing. Additionally, the Cu-CDs/H2O2 system shows a better performance in tooth whitening, compared with results obtained with other alternatives, e.g., CDs and clinically used H2O2, particularly its negligible enamel and dentin destruction. It is anticipated that the biocompatible Cu-CDs presented in this work are a promising nano-mouthwash for eliminating oral pathogenic biofilms, prompting wound healing as well as tooth whitening, highlighting their significance in oral health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Bingnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Lihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhongmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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VIOLET LED DENTAL WHITENING: EFFECTIVENESS AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY: AN IN VITRO STUDY. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102965. [PMID: 35732243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The light-emitting diode (Led) in the violet spectrum associated or not with hydrogen peroxide (HP) has been suggested as a promising technique for dental bleaching. Violet led has a wavelength of 405-410 nm, which is very close to that of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and this has raised biological safety concerns. AIM To investigate the effectiveness of the violet led dental bleaching technique by evaluating color parameters, enamel surface microhardness, and biological safety analysis. METHODS One hundred bovine dental blocks were divided into groups according to the bleaching technique (G1 - only HP; G2 - HP associated with blue led; G3 - only blue led; G4 - HP associated with a violet led; and G5 - only violet led). The color analysis (ΔE, ΔL, and WID) and enamel surface microhardness were assessed before and after bleaching (immediately, 5, 14, and 30 days). The biological safety of the violet led irradiation was assessed by measuring the number of micronuclei formed in human cells in culture in response to irradiation. Data analysis included Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman test, and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS In groups G4 and G5 there was the formation of precipitates on the enamel surface. At the time of 14 days, it was observed that the G2 group had lower values of microhardness than G5. ΔL and ΔE showed differences between groups in experimental times. Mean percentages of micronuclei occurrence were similar in the control group and the violet led group. CONCLUSION The violet led irradiation can be applied for dental bleaching because this approach produces significant color changes preserving tooth enamel integrity and causes no genotoxic effects on vital cells.
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Klär V, Palarie V, Burkovski A, Karl M, Grobecker-Karl T. Pilot study on the applicability of boron-doped diamond electrodes for tooth whitening. Clin Exp Dent Res 2022; 8:757-762. [PMID: 35543493 PMCID: PMC9209806 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives While various approaches are available for tooth whitening, the basic concept employs the use of peroxides in the form of gels, which are applied to tooth surfaces. Previous studies have shown that reactive oxygen species acting as potent disinfectants can be produced using boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes for the electrolysis of water. With these electrodes being applicable, for example, for endodontic treatment, it was the goal of this pilot study to use such electrodes for tooth whitening. Material and Methods Two groups (n = 10) of intact clinical crowns were obtained by horizontally cutting off roots of extracted human teeth. The crowns were either bleached by applying a commercially available agent based on 40% hydrogen peroxide or were immersed in saline undergoing electrolysis with BDD electrodes. Whitening of specimens was judged on standardized photographs by examiners with three different levels of experience. Statistical analysis was based on Gwet's AC2 coefficient with quadratic weights, Shapiro–Wilk tests, and two‐way analysis of variance of aligned rank transformed data (level of significance set at α = .05). Results Levels of reliability ranging from fair to substantial were recorded for single persons while the level of reliability ranged between fair and moderate for groups of raters. The level of experience had no significant effect on the ratings (p = .2500). The bleaching method had a significant effect on ratings (p = .0005) with BDD electrodes showing less effect. Conclusions Bleaching by applying BDD electrodes was possible, but was not as effective as the use of commercially available in‐office whitening gel. A potential explanation may be seen in different concentrations of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilia Klär
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Victor Palarie
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cellular Cultures, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "N. Testemitanu", Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Karl
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Diez-García S, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Amigo JM, Valiente M. Combination of Two Synchrotron Radiation-Based Techniques and Chemometrics to Study an Enhanced Natural Remineralization of Enamel. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5359-5366. [PMID: 35319204 PMCID: PMC8988122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The limitations to
assess dental enamel remineralization have been
overcome by a methodology resulting from the appropriate combination
of synchrotron radiation-based techniques on both, infrared microspectroscopy
and micro X-ray diffraction, with the help of specific data mining.
Since amelogenin plays a key role in modulating the mineralization
of tooth enamel, we propose a controlled ion release for fluorapatite
structural ions (Ca2+, PO43–, and F–, also including Zn2+) by using
weak acid and weak base ion-exchange resins in the presence of amelogenin
to remineralize the surface of etched teeth. This combination provides
the necessary ions for enamel remineralization and a guide for crystal
growth due to the protein. Remineralized tooth samples were analyzed
by applying the indicated methodology. The synchrotron data were treated
using principal component analysis and multivariate curve resolution
to analyze the mineral layer formed in the presence and absence of
amelogenin. The remineralizing treatment created a fluorapatite layer
free of carbonate impurities and with a similar orientation to that
of the natural enamel thanks to amelogenin contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Diez-García
- GTS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Sánchez-Martín
- GTS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Manuel Amigo
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 15 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- GTS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Pin WF, Benati MRDL, Souza AGCD, Ferraz LN, Vitti RP, Scatolin RS. EVALUATION OF MINERAL CONTENT OF TOOTH ENAMEL AFTER APPLICATION VIOLET LED ASSOCIATED WITH 35% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102852. [PMID: 35390522 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the microhardness and quantify the presence of minerals (Calcium and Phosphorous) of tooth enamel submitted to bleaching with violet LED light, either associated with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel, or not. METHODS Bovine incisors were selected and divided into 4 Groups according to the bleaching technique used: C- Without bleaching (Control); VL- violet LED; HP- 35% Hydrogen Peroxide; HP+VL- 35% Hydrogen Peroxide + violet LED. The response variables were surface microhardness (n=12), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) (n=6) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n=3). RESULTS The 2-way ANOVA test with repeated measures showed that there was difference in the microhardness values of enamel in the specimens in all of the Groups when the values measured in the initial and final time intervals were compared, however, without significant differences between the values of the different treatments in both time intervals. The results with reference to EDS were analyzed with the 1-way ANOVA test. There was difference among the Groups only in the Ca%, with Group HP obtaining the lowest values, with significant difference from those of the C Group. SEM images showed a smooth, homogeneous enamel surface and similarity among the Groups, irrespective of the treatment performed. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, it was concluded that the changes caused in enamel by the use of violet LED Light, either associated with 35% hydrogen peroxide, or not, did not differ from those of non-bleached tooth enamel, showing absence of harm to the mineral content of tooth enamel resulting from the use of violet LED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslley Felipe Pin
- Herminio Ometto University Center, School of Dentistry, Araras SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laura Nobre Ferraz
- Herminio Ometto University Center, School of Dentistry, Araras SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pino Vitti
- Herminio Ometto University Center, School of Dentistry, Araras SP, Brazil
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Mazilu Moldovan A, Popescu V, Ionescu CV, Cuc S, Craciun A, Moldovan M, Dudea D, Mesaros AS. Various Aspects Involved in the Study of Tooth Bleaching Procedure: A Questionnaire–Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073977. [PMID: 35409660 PMCID: PMC8997818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A beautiful smile is an important feature when it comes to a pleasant appearance of the face, and one of the most common situations that drive patients to book a dental appointment is tooth discoloration. Tooth bleaching is the treatment of choice for extrinsic tooth discoloration, as it is a cheap, fast, and minimally invasive procedure. This study aimed to provide comparative information on the perceptions of both patients and dentists regarding different whitening methods and on the factors involved in people’s willingness to recommend and use a bleaching procedure. In addition to this, this study evaluated the degree of satisfaction in relation to the bleaching methods and materials used; it also evaluated the following: negative side effects, economic characteristics and the patients’ perceptions of the aesthetic appearance of their dental arches, especially tooth color. The subjects that participated in the present study were selected based on their background and were then divided into two categories. The first group consisted of 120 patients who had received tooth-bleaching treatments in dental clinics during the study and the second group consisted of 127 dentists. A conventional sampling method was used. The study aimed to define a relationship between multiple aspects of the tooth-bleaching procedure, including the patients’ desires and their general knowledge of this procedure. Tooth color and the way it changes is a very important factor that motivates patients to come to the dentist for whitening procedures. Patients showed the highest levels of satisfaction with the results of in-office bleaching procedures. In the group consisting of dentists, satisfaction levels were higher for the procedure of home bleaching supervised by a dentist. Factors influencing the choice of bleaching materials are appreciated differently by dentists and patients. Furthermore, the rate of patients using OTC (over the counter) products was found to be high. Further research is needed to find more effective and safer alternatives to home tooth-bleaching procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Mazilu Moldovan
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Violeta Popescu
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Corina Violeta Ionescu
- Department of Conservative Odontology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264593497
| | - Stanca Cuc
- Raluca Ripan Chemistry Research Institute, Babeș Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Antarinia Craciun
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.D.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Raluca Ripan Chemistry Research Institute, Babeș Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Diana Dudea
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.D.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Anca Stefania Mesaros
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.D.); (A.S.M.)
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