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Kim H, Lee AR, Jeon KY, Ko EJ, Cha HJ, Ock MS. Transcriptome analysis of the pathogenic ciliate Miamiensis avidus after hydrogen peroxide treatment. KOSIN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.7180/kmj.21.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Matsuoka T. Early signaling pathways mediating dormant cyst formation in terrestrial unicellular eukaryote Colpoda. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6156630. [PMID: 33677557 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormant (resting) cyst formation (encystment) in unicellular eukaryotes is the process of a large-scale digestion of vegetative cell structures and reconstruction into the dormant form, which is performed by cell signaling pathways accompanied by up- or down-regulation of protein expression, and by posttranslational modification such as phosphorylation. In this review, the author describes the morphogenetic events during encystment of Colpoda and the early molecular events in the Ca2+/calmodulin-triggered signaling pathways for encystment, based mainly on our research results of the past 10 years; especially, the author discusses the role of c-AMP dependently phosphorylated proteins (ribosomal P0 protein, ribosomal S5 protein, Rieske iron-sulfur protein, actin and histone H4) and encystment-dependently upregulated (EF-1α-HSP60, actin-related protein) and downregulated proteins (ATP synthase β-chain). In addition, the roles of AMPK, a key molecule in the signaling pathways leading to Colpoda encystment, and differentially expressed genes and proteins during encystment of other ciliates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuomi Matsuoka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Akebono-cho 2-5-1, Kochi, Japan
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Sogame Y, Kojima K, Takeshita T, Kikuchi S, Shimada Y, Nakamura R, Arikawa M, Miyata S, Kinoshita E, Suizu F, Matsuoka T. Analysis of Water-Soluble Proteins by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in the Encystment Process of Colpoda cucullus Nag-1 and Cytoskeletal Dynamics. ACTA PROTOZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.4467/16890027ap.20.009.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Assays of protein contained in water-soluble fraction of encysting cells Colpoda cucullus Nag-1 by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MS) revealed that the amount of β-tubulin abruptly increased in 2.5–10 h after encystment induction. Judging from the results that total α-tubulin content did not decrease much until 12 h after encystment induction, the result indicates that disassembly of microtubules may occur soon after encystment is induced. Therefore, we tried to visualize dynamics of microtubules. Immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-α-tubulin antibody indicated that disassembly of axonemal microtubules of cilia became within 1.5 h after encystment induction, and resorbed in 3 days. Although the cytoplasmic microtubules failed to be visualized clearly, encystmentdependent globulation of cells was promoted by taxol, an inhibitor of disassembly of microtubules. It is possible that a temporary formation of cytoplasmic microtubules may be involved in cell globulation.
The phosphorylation level of actin (43 kDa) became slightly elevated just after encystment induction. Lepidosomes, the sticky small globes surrounding encysting cells, were vividly stained with Acti-stain 555 phalloidin, suggesting that 43-kDa actin or its homologues may be contained in lepidosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Sogame
- National Institute of Technology Fukushima College, Iwaki, Fukushima Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kojima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takeshita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shiho Kikuchi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuto Shimada
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Rikiya Nakamura
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Arikawa
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Futoshi Suizu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuomi Matsuoka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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Matsuoka T, Sogame Y, Nakamura R, Hasegawa Y, Arikawa M, Suizu F. Antifreeze Water-Rich Dormant Cysts of the Terrestrial Ciliate Colpoda cucullus Nag-1 at −65 ℃: Possible Involvement of Ultra-Antifreeze Polysaccharides. ACTA PROTOZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.4467/16890027ap.20.011.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We found that the water-rich (osmolality below 0.052 Osm/l) wet resting cysts of the soil ciliate Colpoda cucullus Nag-1 were tolerant to extremely low temperature (−65℃). When cell fluid obtained from the resting cysts was cooled at −65℃, small particles of ice crystals did not grow into large ice crystals. At −65℃, the cysts shrank due to an outflow of water, because a vapor pressure difference was produced between the cell interior and freezing surrounding medium. The osmolality of these shrunk cells was estimated 0.55 Osm/l, and the freezing point depression of the shrunk cell fluid was estimated to be 1.02℃. Hence, the antifreeze ability of wet cysts at −65℃can not be explained by freezing point depression due to elevation of cytoplasmic osmolality.
The cytoplasm of resting cysts was vividly stained red with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and stained purple with toluidine blue. On the other hand, the excystment-induced cysts were not stained with PAS, and exhibited a loss of the antifreeze activity. PAS staining of SDSPAGE gel obtained from encysting Colpoda cells showed that a large amount of PAS-positive macromolecules accumulated as the encystment stage progressed. These results suggest that antifreeze polysaccharides may be involved in the antifreeze activity of C. cucullus Nag-1 dormant forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuomi Matsuoka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University
| | - Yoichiro Sogame
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College; Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University
| | - Rikiya Nakamura
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University; Chikazawa Paper Co., Ltd
| | - Yuya Hasegawa
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University
| | - Mikihiko Arikawa
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University
| | - Futoshi Suizu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University
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Yamane S, Watanabe M, Funadani R, Miyazaki R, Hasegawa Y, Arikawa M, Suizu F, Matsuoka K, Matsuoka T. Tolerance of Colpoda cucullus Nag-1 Resting Cysts and Presumed Structure for Protection against UV Light. ACTA PROTOZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.4467/16890027ap.20.004.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resting cysts of the terrestrial ciliate Colpoda cucullus (Nag-1 strain) are highly resistant to UV light. It has been speculated that auto-fluorescent (blue fluorescent) particles surrounding the nuclei and yellowish fluorescent layers of the cyst wall are the candidate structures for the protection of the cellular components from UV light. The UV resistance of encysting cells was quickly acquired up to 5 h after the onset of encystment induction, and then gradually increased for several days. The less fluorescent ectocyst layer, yellowish fluorescent first-synthesized endocyst layer (en-1) and the NSPs were formed within 5 h after the onset of encystment induction, and thereafter endocyst layers became gradually thicker for several days. The cyst wall sample (ectocyst and endocyst layers) markedly absorbed a broad range of UV light. This result indicates that the cyst wall evidently has UV-cut function. These results support that the cyst wall and NSPs of C. cucullus play a role in the shielding of the cell components from UV light.
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Jiang C, Wei W, Yan G, Shi T, Miao W. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Resting Cyst Formation inColpoda aspera. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:212-220. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation; Institute of Hydrobiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation; Institute of Hydrobiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guanxiong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation; Institute of Hydrobiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tuanyuan Shi
- Department of Animal Parasitology; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science; Hangzhou 310021 China
| | - Wei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation; Institute of Hydrobiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430072 China
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Funadani R, Sogame Y, Kojima K, Takeshita T, Yamamoto K, Tsujizono T, Suizu F, Miyata S, Yagyu KI, Suzuki T, Arikawa M, Matsuoka T. Morphogenetic and molecular analyses of cyst wall components in the ciliated protozoanColpoda cucullusNag-1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw203. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Plattner H. Signalling in ciliates: long- and short-range signals and molecular determinants for cellular dynamics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:60-107. [PMID: 26487631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In ciliates, unicellular representatives of the bikont branch of evolution, inter- and intracellular signalling pathways have been analysed mainly in Paramecium tetraurelia, Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Tetrahymena thermophila and in part also in Euplotes raikovi. Electrophysiology of ciliary activity in Paramecium spp. is a most successful example. Established signalling mechanisms include plasmalemmal ion channels, recently established intracellular Ca2+ -release channels, as well as signalling by cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ . Ca2+ -binding proteins (calmodulin, centrin) and Ca2+ -activated enzymes (kinases, phosphatases) are involved. Many organelles are endowed with specific molecules cooperating in signalling for intracellular transport and targeted delivery. Among them are recently specified soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), monomeric GTPases, H+ -ATPase/pump, actin, etc. Little specification is available for some key signal transducers including mechanosensitive Ca2+ -channels, exocyst complexes and Ca2+ -sensor proteins for vesicle-vesicle/membrane interactions. The existence of heterotrimeric G-proteins and of G-protein-coupled receptors is still under considerable debate. Serine/threonine kinases dominate by far over tyrosine kinases (some predicted by phosphoproteomic analyses). Besides short-range signalling, long-range signalling also exists, e.g. as firmly installed microtubular transport rails within epigenetically determined patterns, thus facilitating targeted vesicle delivery. By envisaging widely different phenomena of signalling and subcellular dynamics, it will be shown (i) that important pathways of signalling and cellular dynamics are established already in ciliates, (ii) that some mechanisms diverge from higher eukaryotes and (iii) that considerable uncertainties still exist about some essential aspects of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, PO Box M625, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Large-scale identification of encystment-related proteins and genes in Pseudourostyla cristata. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11360. [PMID: 26079518 PMCID: PMC4650649 DOI: 10.1038/srep11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation of a ciliate into cyst is an advance strategy against an adverse situation. However, the molecular mechanism for the encystation of free-living ciliates is poorly understood. A large-scale identification of the encystment-related proteins and genes in ciliate would provide us with deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms for the encystations of ciliate. We identified the encystment-related proteins and genes in Pseudourostyla cristata with shotgun LC-MS/MS and scale qRT-PCR, respectively, in this report. A total of 668 proteins were detected in the resting cysts, 102 of these proteins were high credible proteins, whereas 88 high credible proteins of the 724 total proteins were found in the vegetative cells. Compared with the vegetative cell, 6 specific proteins were found in the resting cyst. However, the majority of high credible proteins in the resting cyst and the vegetative cell were co-expressed. We compared 47 genes of the co-expressed proteins with known functions in both the cyst and the vegetative cell using scale qRT-PCR. Twenty-seven of 47 genes were differentially expressed in the cyst compared with the vegetative cell. In our identifications, many uncharacterized proteins were also found. These results will help reveal the molecular mechanism for the formation of cyst in ciliates.
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