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Torruella G, Galindo LJ, Moreira D, Ciobanu M, Heiss AA, Yubuki N, Kim E, López-García P. Expanding the molecular and morphological diversity of Apusomonadida, a deep-branching group of gliding bacterivorous protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12956. [PMID: 36453005 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Apusomonads are cosmopolitan bacterivorous biflagellate protists usually gliding on freshwater and marine sediment or wet soils. These nanoflagellates form a sister lineage to opisthokonts and may have retained ancestral features helpful to understanding the early evolution of this large supergroup. Although molecular environmental analyses indicate that apusomonads are genetically diverse, few species have been described. Here, we morphologically characterize 11 new apusomonad strains. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of the rRNA gene operon, we describe four new strains of the known species Multimonas media, Podomonas capensis, Apusomonas proboscidea, and Apusomonas australiensis, and rename Thecamonas oxoniensis as Mylnikovia oxoniensis n. gen., n. comb. Additionally, we describe four new genera and six new species: Catacumbia lutetiensis n. gen. n. sp., Cavaliersmithia chaoae n. gen. n. sp., Singekia montserratensis n. gen. n. sp., Singekia franciliensis n. gen. n. sp., Karpovia croatica n. gen. n. sp., and Chelonemonas dolani n. sp. Our comparative analysis suggests that apusomonad ancestor was a fusiform biflagellate with a dorsal pellicle, a plastic ventral surface, and a sleeve covering the anterior flagellum, that thrived in marine, possibly oxygen-poor, environments. It likely had a complex cell cycle with dormant and multiple fission stages, and sex. Our results extend known apusomonad diversity, allow updating their taxonomy, and provide elements to understand early eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifré Torruella
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France.,Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Galindo
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Moreira
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Maria Ciobanu
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Aaron A Heiss
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Naoji Yubuki
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France.,Bioimaging Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Life Science & Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yabuki A, Tame A, Mizuno K. Podomonas kaiyoae n. sp., a novel apusomonad growing axenically. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12946. [PMID: 36047902 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Apusomonadida (apusomonads) is a group of heterotrophic biflagellates that feed on bacteria and small protists. Their diversity is not fully understood, and several major lineages remain to be identified in natural environments. Here, we report Podomonas kaiyoae n. sp., which was isolated from deep-sea sediment and can be maintained as an axenic culture. While P. kaiyoae branched within one of the major unidentified lineages, the combination of the morphological characteristics is generally similar to that of Podomonas species, but can be distinguished from that of other Podomonas species based on the cell sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Yabuki
- Deep-Sea Biodiversity Research Group, Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Keiko Mizuno
- Deep-Sea Biodiversity Research Group, Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
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Aydin EE, Lee WJ. Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates (Protista) from Two Hypersaline Lakes in Turkey. ACTA PROTOZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.4467/16890027ap.22.008.17111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out in two hypersaline lakes (Acı and Meke Lakes) in Turkey to understand the diversity and geographic distribution of free-living heterotrophic flagellates. Heterotrophic flagellates of hypersaline environments have not previously been studied in Turkey. We found seventeen morphospecies of heterotrophic flagellates with one unidentified protist. The observed species belong to Craspedida, Heterolobosea, Apusomonadida, Neobodonida, Bicosoecida and Protista incertae sedis. Of the 17 species, ten species were new records for Turkey. All of the morphospecies described here except one unidentified protist were previously reported elsewhere and appear to be cosmopolitan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Won Je Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
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Heiss AA, Warring SD, Lukacs K, Favate J, Yang A, Gyaltshen Y, Filardi C, Simpson AGB, Kim E. Description of Imasa heleensis, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Imasidae, fam. nov.), a Deep-Branching Marine Malawimonad and Possible Key Taxon in Understanding Early Eukaryotic Evolution. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 68:e12837. [PMID: 33274482 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malawimonadida is a deep-level (arguably "kingdom-scale") lineage of eukaryotes whose phylogenetic affinities are uncertain but of great evolutionary interest, as the group is suspected to branch close to the root of the tree of eukaryotes. Part of the difficulty in placing Malawimonadida phylogenetically is its tiny circumscription: at present, it comprises only two described and one cultured but undescribed species, all of them are freshwater suspension-feeding nanoflagellates. In this study, we cultivated and characterised Imasa heleensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Imasidae fam. nov.), the first marine malawimonad to be described. Light and electron microscopy observations show that Imasa is largely similar to other malawimonads, but more frequently adheres to the substrate, often by means of a pliable posterior extension. Phylogenetic analyses based on two ribosomal RNA genes and four translated protein-coding genes using three different taxon sets place Imasa as sister to the three freshwater malawimonad strains with strong support. Imasa's mitochondrial genome is circular-mapping and shows a similar gene complement to other known malawimonads. We conclude that Imasa represents an important expansion of the range of taxa available for future evolutionary study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Heiss
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York City, New York, 10024, USA
| | - Sally D Warring
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York City, New York, 10024, USA
| | - Kaleigh Lukacs
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York City, New York, 10024, USA
| | - John Favate
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York City, New York, 10024, USA
| | - Ashley Yang
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York City, New York, 10024, USA
| | - Yangtsho Gyaltshen
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York City, New York, 10024, USA
| | | | - Alastair G B Simpson
- Department of Biology and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York City, New York, 10024, USA
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Torruella G, Moreira D, López-García P. Phylogenetic and ecological diversity of apusomonads, a lineage of deep-branching eukaryotes. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:113-119. [PMID: 27894159 PMCID: PMC5551962 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apusomonads are a mysterious group of heterotrophic gliding biflagellates branching deeply in the eukaryotic tree of life as sister group to opisthokonts (including animals, fungi, and a variety of unicellular protists). Despite their evolutionary interest, their diversity and ecology remain largely unknown, with very few described species and environmental sequences in databases. Most environmental 18S rRNA gene-based studies generally fail to identify apusomonad sequences, which might be due to primer bias, low abundance, and/or to the fact that their biotopes remain poorly explored. We have carried out an extensive search of 18S rRNA genes using an apusomonad-specific primer in a wide variety of ecosystems. Our study significantly broadens the diversity of apusomonads showing that, despite being mostly rare protists, they often dwell in freshwater and marine benthic environments, generally associated with low-oxygen concentrations. Apusomonads have been identified in environments across a wide salinity range. Some operational taxonomic units (OTUs), occurring in both marine and freshwater ecosystems, seem truly euryhaline, indicating that members of this deep-branching lineage easily cross such ecological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifré Torruella
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - David Moreira
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Purificación López-García
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
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