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Taghipour T, Rasti S, Saba M, Delavari M, Moosavi GA, Hooshyar H, Eslamirad Z. Molecular detection and genotype identification of Acanthamoeba species from bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with pulmonary symptoms suspected of cancer. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:1028-1035. [PMID: 36457768 PMCID: PMC9606164 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are the most common free-living amoeba worldwide, inducing life-threatening diseases such as Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis, pulmonary infection, and amoebic keratitis. This study aimed to identify the FLA and Acanthamoeba genotypes in patients with pulmonary symptoms suspected of cancer in Kashan's hospitals, Kashan, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 97 bronchoalveolar lavage samples of patients with respiratory symptoms suspected of lung cancer, who were admitted to the Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kashan from 2019 to 2020. The samples were cultured onto 1.5% non-nutrient agar enriched with killed Escherichia coli and examined for the presence of FLA. Following amoeba isolation and DNA extraction, Acanthamoeba spp. were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction using JDP1 and JDP2 primers, which amplified a 490 bp fragment from the 18 S rDNA gene. Eighteen Acanthamoeba isolates were sequenced, and the genotypes were identified. The prevalence of FLA and Acanthamoeba and the relationship between symptoms and demographic variables were analyzed with SPSS Software version 16. The prevalence rates of FLA and Acanthamoeba in the BAL samples was 86.6% and 73.2%, respectively. All Acanthamoeba isolates belonged to the T4 genotype. The most symptoms among Acanthamoeba-positive patients were dyspnea and cough; however, their difference was not statistically significant. The findings indicated the high prevalence of FLA and Acanthamoeba in BAL in the population suspected of cancer in Kashan. Since the T4 genotype is a pathogenic genotype of Acanthamoeba, training health and improving sanitation levels would help to prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sima Rasti
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Saba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Delavari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Moosavi
- Department of Statistics and Public Health, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hooshyar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zahra Eslamirad
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Khatoonaki H, Solhjoo K, Rezanezhad H, Armand B, Abdoli A, Taghipour A. Isolation and identification of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba in dental-unit water samples. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1126-1136. [PMID: 35902994 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of free-living amoebae (FLAs) in various water sources has been reported, few studies have been surveyed on their abundance in medical-unit and dental-unit water samples. The current study aimed to identify morphological and molecular characteristics of FLA isolates in the water samples of the dental unit in Iran. A total of 232 water samples were collected from 17 dental units. Then, filtration and cultivation were conducted on a non-nutrient agar (NNA) medium. Also, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and sequencing were performed by using the genus/species-specific primers plus a common primer set on positive samples. One hundred and sixty-six samples were positive for FLA by the microscopic method, whereas 114 samples were positive by the molecular method with a common primer set. Considering the PCR assay with genus/species-specific primers, 23.27% (54/232) samples were identified as Acanthamoeba spp. (belonging to T4 genotype), 36.63% (85/232) as Vermamoeba vermiformis, and 1.72% (4/232) as Vahlkampfiidae family (Naegleria lovaniensis). These results highlight a need to improve filtration systems in dental units and periodic screenings for FLA in dental-unit water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Khatoonaki
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran E-mail:
| | - Kavous Solhjoo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran E-mail: ; Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezanezhad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran E-mail: ; Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Belal Armand
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran E-mail: ; Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran E-mail: ; Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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Spagnolo AM, Sartini M, Cristina ML. Microbial Contamination of Dental Unit Waterlines and Potential Risk of Infection: A Narrative Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E651. [PMID: 32823641 PMCID: PMC7460066 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) are often contaminated by large numbers of various micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses). Microbial contamination in DUWLs may originate from the mains water piped into the dental unit, the suck-back of patients' saliva into the line due to the lack of adequate valves, and contamination from bottled water systems. Some of the main determinants of microbial contamination in DUWLs are: a very small lumen size (0.5-2 mm) of the tubing used, high surface-to-volume ratio (6:1), low throughput and the materials of which the tubing is made, water stagnation outside of working hours. The environmental conditions present inside the conduits of the dental unit may facilitate the proliferation of micro-organisms and the consequent formation of biofilm on the interior surface of the pipes of DUWLs. During the use of handpieces, particularly high-speed rotating instruments, a spray is thrown up in the form of aerosols or spatters containing biological material (saliva, blood and dental plaque) and micro-organisms. This means that the health of both dental staff and patients could be at risk of infection. The risk of cross-infections in dental settings can be tackled by implementing combined interventions to prevent the contamination of DUWLs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Sartini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.L.C.)
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Retana Moreira L, Vargas Ramírez D, Linares F, Prescilla Ledezma A, Vaglio Garro A, Osuna A, Lorenzo Morales J, Abrahams Sandí E. Isolation of Acanthamoeba T5 from Water: Characterization of Its Pathogenic Potential, Including the Production of Extracellular Vesicles. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020144. [PMID: 32098034 PMCID: PMC7168589 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a genus of free-living amoebae widely distributed in nature, associated with the development of encephalitis and keratitis. Despite the fact that it is common to find genotype T5 in environmental samples, only a few cases have been associated with clinical cases in humans. The wide distribution of Acanthamoeba, the characteristic of being amphizoic and the severity of the disease motivate researchers to focus on the isolation of these organisms, but also in demonstrating direct and indirect factors that could indicate a possible pathogenic potential. Here, we performed the characterization of the pathogenic potential of an Acanthamoeba T5 isolate collected from a water source in a hospital. Osmo- and thermotolerance, the secretion of proteases and the effect of trophozoites over cell monolayers were analyzed by different methodologies. Additionally, we confirm the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) of this isolate incubated at two different temperatures, and the presence of serine and cysteine proteases in these vesicles. Finally, using atomic force microscopy, we determined some nanomechanical properties of the secreted vesicles and found a higher value of adhesion in the EVs obtained at 37 °C, which could have implications in the parasite´s survival and damaging potential in two different biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Retana Moreira
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca 2060, Costa Rica;
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca 2060, Costa Rica;
- Correspondence: (L.R.M.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Daniel Vargas Ramírez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca 2060, Costa Rica;
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca 2060, Costa Rica;
| | - Fátima Linares
- Centro de Instrumentación Científica (CIC), Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain;
| | - Alexa Prescilla Ledezma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Instituto de Biotecnología, Campus de Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; (A.P.L.); (A.O.)
| | - Annette Vaglio Garro
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca 2060, Costa Rica;
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Instituto de Biotecnología, Campus de Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; (A.P.L.); (A.O.)
| | - Jacob Lorenzo Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38203, Spain;
- Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38203, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Abrahams Sandí
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca 2060, Costa Rica;
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca 2060, Costa Rica;
- Correspondence: (L.R.M.); (E.A.S.)
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Castro-Artavia E, Retana-Moreira L, Lorenzo-Morales J, Abrahams-Sandí E. Potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotype T4 isolated from dental units and emergency combination showers. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:817-821. [PMID: 29211242 PMCID: PMC5719550 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthamoeba is the genus of free-living amoebae that is most frequently isolated in nature. To date, 20 Acanthamoeba genotypes have been described. Genotype T4 is responsible for approximately 90% of encephalitis and keratitis cases. Due to the ubiquitous presence of amoebae, isolation from environmental sources is not uncommon; to determine the clinical importance of an isolation, it is necessary to have evidence of the pathogenic potential of amoebae. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to physiologically characterise 8 Acanthamoeba T4 isolates obtained from dental units and emergency combination showers and to determine their pathogenic potential by employing different laboratory techniques. METHODS Eight axenic cultures of Acanthamoeba genotype T4 were used in pathogenic potential assays. Osmotolerance, thermotolerance, determination and characterisation of extracellular proteases and evaluation of cytopathic effects in MDCK cells were performed. FINDINGS All of the isolates were osmotolerant, thermotolerant and had serine proteases from 44-122 kDa. Two isolates had cytopathic effects on the MDCK cell monolayer. MAIN CONCLUSION The presence of Acanthamoeba T4 with pathogenic potential in areas such as those tested in this study reaffirms the need for adequate cleaning and maintenance protocols to reduce the possibility of infection with free-living amoebae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Castro-Artavia
- University of Costa Rica, Faculty of Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.,University of Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Lissette Retana-Moreira
- University of Costa Rica, Faculty of Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.,University of Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- University of La Laguna, Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Abrahams-Sandí
- University of Costa Rica, Faculty of Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.,University of Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
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González-Robles A, Omaña-Molina M, Salazar-Villatoro L, Flores-Maldonado C, Lorenzo-Morales J, Reyes-Batlle M, Arnalich-Montiel F, Martínez-Palomo A. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni isolated from a clinical case with intraocular dissemination: Structure and in vitro analysis of the interaction with hamster cornea and MDCK epithelial cell monolayers. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:245-253. [PMID: 28974450 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba culbertsoni trophozoites, previously isolated from a human keratitis case with severe intraocular damage, were maintained in axenic culture. Co-incubation of amoebae with MDCK cell monolayers demonstrated an apparent preference of the amoebae to introduce themselves between the cells. The trophozoites appeared to cross the cell monolayer through the tight junctions, which resulted in decreased trans-epithelial resistance (TER) measurements. Unexpectedly, after co-incubation of amoebae with hamster corneas, we observed that the trophozoites were able to cross the different cell layers and reach the corneal stroma after only 12 h of interaction, in contrast to other Acanthamoeba species. These observations suggest that this A. culbertsoni isolate is particularly pathogenic. Further research with diverse methodologies needs to be performed to explain the unique behavior of this Acanthamoeba strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo González-Robles
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Maritza Omaña-Molina
- Faculty of Superior Studies, UNAM, Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Catalina Flores-Maldonado
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Adolfo Martínez-Palomo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico
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Free-living amoebae in the water resources of Iran: a systematic review. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:919-928. [PMID: 29114120 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are a group of protozoa with the capabilities of growth in the environment and invasion to the human body which have been isolated from different water sources. Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Balamuthia are the most important FLA. These cause a variety of severe complications of eye and central nervous system. Despite the fact that various studies have demonstrated the prevalence of FLA in different parts of Iran, there is no comprehensive evaluation and conclusion regarding the pollution of various water sources in Iran. This review was carried out to achieve the prevalence pattern of FLA in water resources across Iran to design appropriate health strategies. For this purpose, 8 online databases in English and Persian and also graduate thesis and national parasitology congresses were studied. The key words such as "free living amoebae", "Acanthamoeba", "Naegleria", "Hartmannella", "Balamuthia", "Sappinia", "Vermamoebae", "Valkampfia", "water resources", "water" and "Iran" were used to search articles between 1990 to 2017. From a total of 236 articles found, 38 reliable articles were included in the study. From the total number of investigated studies, the estimated prevalence was obtained as 36% among 2430 samples. Although Acanthamoeba prevalence has been considered as a priority, most kinds of free-living amoebae were found in all kinds of water resources. Due to the lack of free-living amoebae prevalence in more than a quarter of the Iranian provinces, more studies are recommended to achieve a better perspective to make comprehensive decisions to improve the hygiene of water resources.
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Rosado-García FM, Guerrero-Flórez M, Karanis G, Hinojosa MDC, Karanis P. Water-borne protozoa parasites: The Latin American perspective. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:783-798. [PMID: 28460996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Health systems, sanitation and water access have certain limitations in nations of Latin America (LA): typical matters of developing countries. Water is often contaminated and therefore unhealthy for the consumers and users. Information on prevalence and detection of waterborne parasitic protozoa are limited or not available in LA. Only few reports have documented in this field during the last forty years and Brazil leads the list, including countries in South America and Mexico within Central America region and Caribbean islands. From 1979 to 2015, 16 outbreaks of waterborne-protozoa, were reported in Latin American countries. T. gondii and C. cayetanensis were the protozoa, which caused more outbreaks and Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were the most frequently found protozoa in water samples. On the other hand, Latin America countries have not got a coherent methodology for detection of protozoa in water samples despite whole LA is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events related to waterborne-infections; although Brazil and Colombia have some implemented laws in their surveillance systems. It would be important to coordinate all surveillance systems in between all countries for early detection and measures against waterborne-protozoan and to establish effective and suitable diagnosis tools according to the country's economic strength and particular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Manuel Rosado-García
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Cuba, Cuba
| | - Milena Guerrero-Flórez
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Doctorate in Biotechnology, Universidad de Nariño, Research Group of Functional Materials and Catalysis, GIMFC, Colombia
| | - Gabriele Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining City, 810016, Qinghai Province, PR China
| | | | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China.
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