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Shannon RP, Bolek MG. A METHOD FOR ISOLATING AND SEQUENCING TRYPANOSOME CELLS TO INVESTIGATE SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS IN MULTIPLE MORPHOTYPE INFECTIONS. J Parasitol 2023; 109:592-602. [PMID: 38109931 DOI: 10.1645/23-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosome infections containing multiple morphologies have been described from all classes of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, non-avian reptiles, amphibians, and fish. These mixed infections make it challenging to evaluate trypanosome diversity, as it is not immediately clear whether the forms present in the bloodstream represent different species or a single pleomorphic species. Amphibians are common hosts for trypanosomes and are often infected by multiple trypanosome morphologies in the bloodstream. Based on morphological observations and life cycle studies, many authors have considered multiple trypanosome morphotypes found infecting the same frogs to be a single pleomorphic species. However, molecular evidence supporting pleomorphic trypanosome species in amphibians is lacking, primarily because linking sequence data to bloodstream trypanosome morphology in mixed infections is extremely challenging. Here we present methods to isolate individual trypanosome cells of 6 morphotypes from frog blood for nested PCR of the 18S rRNA and gGAPDH genes. Single trypanosome cells were isolated by dilution and 3 DNA extraction methods, and 5 nested PCR primer regimes were utilized to optimize amplification from very low starting concentrations. The success rates of extraction methods ranged from 29 to 50% with the use of a Direct PCR kit having the highest success rate. Although the success rate varied in the different combinations of extraction methods and primer regimes, multiple individuals of all 6 trypanosome morphotypes were sequenced for both genes in a novel way that links sequence data to cell morphology by observing isolated cells with a microscope before PCR amplification. All 6 morphologically distinguishable morphotypes coinfecting a frog were genetically distinct. The only other recent molecular study on amphibian trypanosomes also found genetic differences between morphotypes in multiple infections. Together these studies suggest that the occurrence of pleomorphism may be overestimated in amphibian trypanosomes. The methods presented here offer a promising solution to characterize trypanosome diversity within multiple morphotype infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Shannon
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - Matthew G Bolek
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
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2
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Pinho SRC, Rodríguez-Málaga S, Lozano-Osorio R, Correa FS, Silva IB, Santos-Costa MC. Effects of the habitat on anuran blood parasites in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20201703. [PMID: 34909821 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological interactions play an important role in regulating and maintaining natural populations. Like most interactions, parasitism may be influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, changes caused by human activity may drastically affect the equilibrium of the assemblages of parasitized organisms (hosts). Herein, we described the composition of hemoparasites of anurans from two distinct environments: forest and oil palm plantations. We identified the most frequent groups of blood parasites, and whether infections differ between habitats (forest and plantation) and between microhabitats (arboreal or terrestrial). We collected 128 anurans, of which 46 (36%) were parasitized by hemoparasites. The genus Trypanosoma spp. was found in 30% (n = 37/128) of the infected anurans in both habitats, recorded mostly in terrestrial anurans in oil palm plantations. Apicomplexa hemoprotozoans were also found in 13% (n=17/128) of the anurans, which mainly were terrestrial species collected in oil palm plantations. There was no difference in parasitism between the two assemblies and between the studied microhabitats. This is the first study that has analyzed the ecological relationship between anurans as hosts and their blood parasites, in a region under intense anthropic pressure, in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia R C Pinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Ecologia e Zoologia de Vertebrados, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Rodríguez-Málaga
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lozano-Osorio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Ecologia e Zoologia de Vertebrados, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fabrício S Correa
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Ecologia e Zoologia de Vertebrados, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil.,Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade, Av. Magalhães Barata, 130, 66040-170 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Iago B Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Ecologia e Zoologia de Vertebrados, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria C Santos-Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Ecologia e Zoologia de Vertebrados, Augusto Correia, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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3
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Attias M, Vidal JC, Takata CSA, Campaner M, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG, De Souza W. Remarkable kinetoplast, cytostome-cytopharynx complex, and storage-related structures as dissected by three-dimensional reconstruction of Trypanosoma sp. 858 isolated from a toad (Amphibia: Anura). Micron 2021; 152:103180. [PMID: 34798356 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, the Trypanosoma sp. 858 was isolated from a toad (Anura: Bufonidae: Rhinella ictericus) and successfully maintained in cultures. We previously demonstrated that this trypanosome is different but tightly clustered phylogenetically with other trypanosomes from anurans. In this study, we addressed the ultrastructural features of cultured epimastigotes of this new trypanosome. Our results showed very long and thin free motile forms exhibiting a long flagellum and remarkable large and loose K-DNA network. In addition, the anterior portion contained many acidocalcisomes and a well-developed spongiome tubules-contractile vacuole system. One of the main morphological features of this anuran trypanosome was the presence of a complex cytostome-cytopharynx with a specialized membrane coating at the entrance, which is often hidden by the flagellum. Other conspicuous features are the presence of lipid-like droplets, lamellar membrane limited inclusions, and one very large reservosome, all at the posterior portion of the cell body. This new trypanosome may constitute an excellent model for organelles studies related to endocytosis and lipid storage, as demonstrated herein using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional models obtained by either electron microscopy tomography or dual-beam slice and view series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Attias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens-INBEB, and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem-CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Juliana C Vidal
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carmem S A Takata
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Wanderley De Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens-INBEB, and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem-CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ21941-902, Brazil
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4
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Borges AR, Engstler M, Wolf M. 18S rRNA gene sequence-structure phylogeny of the Trypanosomatida (Kinetoplastea, Euglenozoa) with special reference to Trypanosoma. Eur J Protistol 2021; 81:125824. [PMID: 34352687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the order Trypanosomatida are known due to their medical relevance. Despite the progress made in the past decades on understanding the evolution of this group of organisms, there are still many open questions that require robust phylogenetic markers to increase the resolution of trees. Using two known 18S rRNA gene template structures (from Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 and Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer and Bradford, 1899), individual 18S rRNA gene secondary structures were predicted by homology modeling. Sequences and their secondary structures, automatically encoded by a 12-letter alphabet (each nucleotide with its three structural states, paired left, paired right, unpaired), were simultaneously aligned. Sequence-structure trees were generated by neighbor joining and/or maximum likelihood. The reconstructed trees allowed us to discuss not only the big picture of trypanosomatid phylogeny but also a comprehensive sampling of trypanosomes evaluated in the context of trypanosomatid diversity. The robust support (bootstrap > 75) for well-known clades and critical branches suggests that the simultaneous use of 18S rRNA sequence and secondary structure data can reconstruct robust phylogenetic trees and can be used by the trypanosomatid research community for future analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wolf
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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5
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Coêlho TA, Souza DCDE, Kawashita-Ribeiro RA, Corrêa LL. First record of Trypanosoma sp. (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) parasiting Rhinella major in the Brazilian Amazon. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190467. [PMID: 34133529 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinella major is one of the component species of the Rhinella granulosa group and is distributed in the neotropical region of the South American continent, being found in anthropized environments. The occurrence of trypanosomes in anurans involves a yet unknown diversity of species and hosts. In the present study, we aimed to describe the first record of Trypanosoma sp. at R. major as a new host. Of the species captured, four were positive for trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma sp. The morphometry of the trypomastigote forms revealed parasitemia by only one morphotype. There is a need for reports and studies of parasite-host relationships in anurans and a lack of records regarding hemoparasite diversity linked to the Rhinella granulosa group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássio A Coêlho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade/PPGBEES, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Darlison C DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade/PPGBEES, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Kawashita-Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade/PPGBEES, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará/UFOPA, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Lincoln L Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade/PPGBEES, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará/UFOPA, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil
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6
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Alcantara CL, de Souza W, Cunha E Silva NL. The cytostome-cytopharynx complex of intracellular and extracellular amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi exhibit structural and functional differences. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13346. [PMID: 33900003 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis in Trypanosoma cruzi is mainly performed through a specialised membrane domain called cytostome-cytopharynx complex. Its ultrastructure and dynamics in endocytosis are well characterized in epimastigotes, being absent in trypomastigotes, that lack endocytic activity. Intracellular amastigotes also possess a cytostome-cytopharynx but participation in endocytosis of these forms is not clear. Extracellular amastigotes can be obtained from the supernatant of infected cells or in vitro amastigogenesis. These amastigotes share biochemical and morphological features with intracellular amastigotes but retain trypomastigote's ability to establish infection. We analysed and compared the ultrastructure of the cytostome-cytopharynx complex of intracellular amastigotes and extracellular amastigotes using high-resolution tridimensional electron microscopy techniques. We compared the endocytic ability of intracellular amastigotes, obtained through host cell lysis, with that of extracellular amastigotes. Intracellular amastigotes showed a cytostome-cytopharynx complex similar to epimastigotes'. However, after isolation, the complex undergoes ultrastructural modifications that progressively took to an impairment of endocytosis. Extracellular amastigotes do not possess a cytostome-cytopharynx complex nor the ability to endocytose. Those observations highlight morpho functional differences between intra and extracellular amastigotes regarding an important structure related to cell metabolism. TAKE AWAYS: T. cruzi intracellular amastigotes endocytose through the cytostome-cytopharynx complex. The cytostome-cytopharynx complex of intracellular amastigotes is ultrastructurally similar to the epimastigote. Intracellular amastigotes, once outside the host cell, disassembles the cytostome-cytopharynx membrane domain. Extracellular amastigotes do not possess a cytostome-cytopharynx either the ability to endocytose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Alcantara
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens (CENABIO)-Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Biomagens (INBEB), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens (CENABIO)-Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Biomagens (INBEB), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Narcisa L Cunha E Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens (CENABIO)-Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Biomagens (INBEB), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Smit NJ, Joubert A, Lawton SP, Hayes PM, Cook CA. Morphological and molecular characterization of an African freshwater fish trypanosome, including its development in a leech vector. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:921-929. [PMID: 32687913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are ubiquitous blood parasites of fishes and at least 16 species were originally described infecting African freshwater fishes. This number was later reduced to six and in the late 1990s it was proposed that most records of freshwater fish trypanosomes across Africa are Trypanosoma mukasai Hoare, 1932. Recently, results from a molecular analysis of fish trypanosomes from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, reported the presence of at least two genotypic groups and concluded that the identification of T. mukasai remains problematic. The aims of the present study were thus to elucidate the life cycle of a freshwater fish trypanosome from southern Africa and to do a morphological and molecular characterization of this parasite from both the fish host and leech vector. To locate trypanosome stages, leeches were removed from fishes captured in the Phongolo River, South Africa, and fish blood films and leech squashes were Giemsa-stained and screened. To determine whether trypanosome stages in fishes and leeches were of the same genotype, DNA was extracted and fragments of the 18S rDNA gene were amplified and sequenced. Trypanosomes were detected in the fish families Cichlidae, Clariidae, Mochokidae and Schilbeidae. Sequence data showed that the trypanosome from one of the leeches, identified as Batracobdelloides tricarinata (Blanchard, 1897), was highly similar to those obtained from the plain squeaker, Synodontis zambezensis, with 0.7% difference recorded between them. From morphological and molecular data presented here, it is clear that the trypanosomes from Phongolo are closely related to those of the Okavango and should be considered as a single diverse species with genetic differentiation between 0.4-2.9%, under the 3-5% differences expected to be seen between true distinct species within the rRNA. Developmental stages of the trypanosome found in the leech B. tricarinata supports its status as the vector and the molecular evidence shows the relationship between the trypanosome in the fish and leech, but also illustrates the exceptional genetic and morphological diversity of a single species of trypanosome between host species. The work presented here provides us with clear information to take further steps in resolving the taxonomy and systematics of African freshwater fish trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Adri Joubert
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Scott P Lawton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Polly M Hayes
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK; School of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Liberal Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Courtney A Cook
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Fermino BR, Paiva F, Viola LB, Rodrigues CMF, Garcia HA, Campaner M, Takata CSA, Sheferaw D, Kisakye JJ, Kato A, Jared CAGS, Teixeira MMG, Camargo EP. Shared species of crocodilian trypanosomes carried by tabanid flies in Africa and South America, including the description of a new species from caimans, Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 31088523 PMCID: PMC6515670 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 is constituted by terrestrial and aquatic phylogenetic lineages both harboring understudied trypanosomes from reptiles including an increasing diversity of crocodilian trypanosomes. Trypanosoma clandestinus Teixeira & Camargo, 2016 of the aquatic lineage is transmitted by leeches to caimans. Trypanosoma grayi Novy, 1906 of the terrestrial lineage is transmitted by tsetse flies to crocodiles in Africa, but the vectors of Neotropical caiman trypanosomes nested in this lineage remain unknown. RESULTS Our phylogenetic analyses uncovered crocodilian trypanosomes in tabanids from South America and Africa, and trypanosomes other than T. grayi in tsetse flies. All trypanosomes found in tabanids clustered in the crocodilian clade (terrestrial lineage) forming six clades: Grayi (African trypanosomes from crocodiles and tsetse flies); Ralphi (trypanosomes from caimans, African and Brazilian tabanids and tsetse flies); Terena (caimans); Cay03 (caimans and Brazilian tabanids); and two new clades, Tab01 (Brazilian tabanid and tsetse flies) and Kaiowa. The clade Kaiowa comprises Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. and trypanosomes from African and Brazilian tabanids, caimans, tsetse flies and the African dwarf crocodile. Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. heavily colonises tabanid guts and differs remarkably in morphology from other caiman trypanosomes. This species multiplied predominantly as promastigotes on log-phase cultures showing scarce epimastigotes and exhibited very long flagellates in old cultures. Analyses of growth behavior revealed that insect cells allow the intracellular development of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. CONCLUSIONS Prior to this description of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp., no crocodilian trypanosome parasitic in tabanid flies had been cultured, morphologically examined by light, scanning and transmission microscopy, and phylogenetically compared with other crocodilian trypanosomes. Additionally, trypanosomes thought to be restricted to caimans were identified in Brazilian and African tabanids, tsetse flies and the dwarf crocodile. Similar repertoires of trypanosomes found in South American caimans, African crocodiles and tabanids from both continents support the recent diversification of these transcontinental trypanosomes. Our findings are consistent with trypanosome host-switching likely mediated by tabanid flies between caimans and transoceanic migrant crocodiles co-inhabiting South American wetlands at the Miocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. Fermino
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Fernando Paiva
- Biological Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | | | - Carla M. F. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
| | - Herakles A. Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Carmen S. A. Takata
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - John J. Kisakye
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agapitus Kato
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
| | - Erney P. Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
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9
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Alcantara CDL, de Souza W, da Cunha E Silva NL. Tridimensional Electron Microscopy Analysis of the Early Endosomes and Endocytic Traffic in Trypanosoma cruzi Epimastigotes. Protist 2018; 169:887-910. [PMID: 30447618 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes internalize macromolecules avidly by endocytosis. Previously, we identified a tubule-vesicular network likely to correspond to the early-endosomes. However, a detailed ultrastructural characterization of these endosomes was missing. Here, we combined endocytosis assays with ultrastructural data from high-resolution electron microscopy to produce a 3D analysis of epimastigote endosomes and their interactions with endocytic organelles. We showed that endocytic cargo was found in carrier vesicles budding from the cytopharynx. These vesicles appeared to fuse with a tubule-vesicular network of early endosomes identified by ultrastructural features including the presence of intermembrane invaginations and coated membrane sections. Within the posterior region of the cell, endosomes localized preferentially on the side nearest to the cytopharynx microtubules. At 4°C, cargo accumulated at a shortened cytopharynx, and subsequent temperature shift to 12°C led to slow cargo delivery to endosomes and, later, to reservosomes. Bridges between reservosomes and endosomes resemble heterotypic fusion. Reservosomes are excluded from the posterior end of the cell, with no preferential cargo delivery to reservosomes closer to the nucleus. Our 3D analysis indicates that epimastigotes accomplish high-speed endocytic traffic by cargo transfer to a bona fide early-endosome and then directly from endosomes to reservosomes, via multiple and simultaneous heterotypic fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Lima Alcantara
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens (CENABIO) - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Biomagens (INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens (CENABIO) - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Biomagens (INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Narcisa L da Cunha E Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens (CENABIO) - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Biomagens (INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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10
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Borges AR, Toledo DA, Fermino BR, de Oliveira JC, Silber AM, Elias MC, D'Avila H, Scopel KKG. In Vitro Cellular Division of Trypanosoma abeli Reveals Two Pathways for Organelle Replication. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:385-392. [PMID: 30076737 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the observation of the great pleomorphism of fish trypanosomes, in vitro culture has become an important tool to support taxonomic studies investigating the biology of cultured parasites, such as their structure, growth dynamics, and cellular cycle. Relative to their biology, ex vivo and in vitro studies have shown that these parasites, during the multiplication process, duplicate and segregate the kinetoplast before nucleus replication and division. However, the inverse sequence (the nucleus divides before the kinetoplast) has only been documented for a species of marine fish trypanosomes on a single occasion. Now, this previously rare event was observed in Trypanosoma abeli, a freshwater fish trypanosome. Specifically, from 376 cultured parasites in the multiplication process, we determined the sequence of organelle division for 111 forms; 39% exhibited nucleus duplication prior to kinetoplast replication. Thus, our results suggest that nucleus division before the kinetoplast may not represent an accidental or erroneous event occurring in the main pathway of parasite reproduction, but instead could be a species-specific process of cell biology in trypanosomes, such as previously noticed for Leishmania. This "alternative" pathway for organelle replication is a new field to be explored concerning the biology of marine and freshwater fish trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Toledo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno R Fermino
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - José Carlos de Oliveira
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ariel Mariano Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps - LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Elias
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Kézia K G Scopel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
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11
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Spodareva VV, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Losev A, Votýpka J, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V, Kostygov AY. Diversity and evolution of anuran trypanosomes: insights from the study of European species. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:447. [PMID: 30071897 PMCID: PMC6090815 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amphibian trypanosomes were the first ever described trypanosomatids. Nevertheless, their taxonomy remains entangled because of pleomorphism and high prevalence of mixed infections. Despite the fact that the first species in this group were described in Europe, virtually none of the trypanosomes from European anurans was analyzed using modern molecular methods. Methods In this study, we explored the diversity and phylogeny of trypanosomes in true frogs from Europe using light microscopy and molecular methods. Results A comparison of observed morphotypes with previous descriptions allowed us to reliably identify three Trypanosoma spp., whereas the remaining two strains were considered to represent novel taxa. In all cases, more than one morphotype per blood sample was observed, indicating mixed infections. One hundred and thirty obtained 18S rRNA gene sequences were unambiguously subdivided into five groups, correspondent to the previously recognized or novel taxa of anuran trypanosomes. Conclusions In this work we studied European frog trypanosomes. Even with a relatively moderate number of isolates, we were able to find not only three well-known species, but also two apparently new ones. We revealed that previous assignments of multiple isolates from distant geographical localities to one species based on superficial resemblance were unjustified. Our work also demonstrated a high prevalence of mixed trypanosome infections in frogs and proposed a plausible scenario of evolution of the genus Trypanosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria V Spodareva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Losev
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia. .,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia. .,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexei Yu Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.
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