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Li T, Zhang T, Liu M, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Niu J, Chen X, Al-Farraj SA, Song W. Findings on three endocommensal scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora) from freshwater mollusks, including their morphology and molecular phylogeny with descriptions of two new species. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:212-235. [PMID: 38827127 PMCID: PMC11136938 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-024-00230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Species of the ciliate genera Myxophyllum and Conchophthirus are found as endocommensals of terrestrial and freshwater mollusks, respectively. So far, there have been few studies of these genera and morphological data for most members are often incomplete. In the present work, two new species, Myxophyllum weishanense sp. nov. and Conchophthirus paracurtus sp. nov., and a known species, Conchophthirus lamellidens, were isolated from hosts in Lake Weishan Wetland, China. Taxonomic studies indicate that M. weishanense sp. nov. can be recognized mainly by the combination of about 60 somatic kineties on both ventral and dorsal sides and the presence of caudal cilia. Conchophthirus paracurtus sp. nov. differs from congeners in its body shape and size, having a glabrous area on the posterior right side, and having fewer somatic kineties. In addition, differences in their ITS2 (Internally Transcribed Spacer 2) secondary structures support the discrimination of the two new species from their highly similar congeners. An improved diagnosis for the poorly known species, C. lamellidens is also provided. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that members of the genus Myxophyllum belong to a fully supported clade that is sister to a large, poorly supported clade consisting of Hemispeiridae, Ancistridae, and several lineages of the nonmonophyletic Cyclidiidae. The Myxophyllum clade also includes Protophyra ovicola JQ956552, a possible misidentification. Sequences of the two new Conchophthirus species cluster with other congeners in a fully supported clade that is unrelated to either the 'typical' thigmotrichs or to pleuronematids, thus conflicting with the traditional classification, and may represent an orphan scuticociliate lineage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-024-00230-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tengyue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Mingjian Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Junhua Niu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiangrui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
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Zhang H, Zhao X, Ye T, Wu Z, Wu F, Chen X, Liu M. Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Studies of Two Brackish Pleuronema Species (Protista, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia) from Subtropical Coastal Waters of China, with Report of a New Species. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1422. [PMID: 37374924 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Pleuronema Dujardin, 1841, with nearly 40 morphospecies, is one of the largest genera in the well-known subclass Scuticociliatia. In the present study, two Pleuronema species were collected from subtropical coastal waters of the East China Sea. The morphology and molecular phylogeny were investigated using modern standard methods. Pleuronema ningboensis n. sp. is mainly characterized by an elliptical body in outline with the right ventrolateral side straight, 16-22 somatic kineties, 3-5 preoral kineties, and the posterior end of the membranelle 2a hook-like. An improved diagnosis of Pleuronema orientale Pan et al., 2015 was provided: body size in vivo usually 90-135 × 45-85 μm, right ventrolateral side convex, 36-51 somatic kineties, 1-5 preoral kineties, one to three spherical macronuclei, membranelle 2a arranged in a zig-zag pattern in middle portion, posterior region hook-like, both membranelle 1 and membranelle 3 composed of three rows of basal bodies. The small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) of two species is sequenced, and their molecular phylogeny is analyzed. The new species Pleuronema ningboensis n. sp. clusters with P. grolierei KF840519, P. setigerum JX310015, P. paucisaetosum KF206430, and P. cf. setigerum KF848875, basically in accord with the morphological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xuetong Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Tingting Ye
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Zehao Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xiangrui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Mingjian Liu
- Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Liu M, Liu Y, Zhang T, Lu B, Gao F, Gu J, Al-Farraj SA, Hu X, Song W. Integrative studies on the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of four new Pleuronema species (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia). MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:179-200. [PMID: 37073218 PMCID: PMC10077198 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ciliate genus Pleuronema comprises approximately 30 nominal species and has been reported in freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats. Nevertheless, recent studies have indicated that there might be a large undiscovered species diversity. In the present work, four new Pleuronema species, namely P. foissneri sp. nov., P. parasmalli sp. nov., P. parasalmastra sp. nov., and P. paraorientale sp. nov., collected from Shenzhen, southern China, was investigated using taxonomic methods. The diagnosis, description, comparisons with morphologically related species and detailed morphometric data are supplied for each. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of the four new species is sequenced and their molecular phylogeny is analyzed. The SSU rRNA gene tree shows that Pleuronema is polyphyletic comprising several separate clades. All four new species cluster consistently with P. orientale KF206429, P. puytoraci KF840520 and P. setigerum FJ848874 within the core Pleuronematidae + Peniculistomatidae clade. Phylogenies of Pleuronematidae-related taxa are also discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00130-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Borong Lu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Jing Gu
- Qingdao No. 47 Middle School, Qingdao, 266022 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaozhong Hu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
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Zhang T, Fan X, Gao F, Al-Farraj SA, El-Serehy HA, Song W. Further analyses on the phylogeny of the subclass Scuticociliatia (Protozoa, Ciliophora) based on both nuclear and mitochondrial data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 139:106565. [PMID: 31326515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
So far, the phylogenetic studies on ciliated protists have mainly based on single locus, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). In order to avoid the limitations of single gene/genome trees and to add more data to systematic analyses, information from mitochondrial DNA sequence has been increasingly used in different lineages of ciliates. The systematic relationships in the subclass Scuticociliatia are extremely confused and largely unresolved based on nuclear genes. In the present study, we have characterized 72 new sequences, including 40 mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) sequences, 29 mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mtSSU-rDNA) sequences and three nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (nSSU-rDNA) sequences from 47 isolates of 44 morphospecies. Phylogenetic analyses based on single gene as well as concatenated data were performed and revealed: (1) compared to mtSSU-rDNA, COI gene reveals more consistent relationships with those of nSSU-rDNA; (2) the secondary structures of mtSSU-rRNA V4 region are predicted and compared in scuticociliates, which can contribute to discrimination of closely related species; (3) neither nuclear nor mitochondrial data support the monophyly of the order Loxocephalida, which may represent some divergent and intermediate lineages between the subclass Scuticociliatia and Hymenostomatia; (4) the assignments of thigmotrichids to the order Pleuronematida and the confused taxon Sulcigera comosa to the genus Histiobalantium are confirmed by mitochondrial genes; (5) both nuclear and mitochondrial data reveal that the species in the family Peniculistomatidae always group in the genus Pleuronema, suggesting that peniculistomatids are more likely evolved from Pleuronema-like ancestors; (6) mitochondrial genes support the monophyly of the order Philasterida, but the relationships among families of the order Philasterida remain controversial due to the discrepancies between their morphological and molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinpeng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Saleh A Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Huang JB, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Li Y, Warren A, Pan H, Yan Y. Further insights into the highly derived haptorids (Ciliophora, Litostomatea): Phylogeny based on multigene data. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie B. Huang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Science; Yantai China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
| | - Hongbo Pan
- College of Oceanography; Hohai University; Nanjing China
| | - Ying Yan
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
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