1
|
Sakamoto H, Kita K, Matsuzaki M. A Novel 2A-peptide-containing Plasmid to Generate Stable Perkinsus marinus Cells Expressing Organelle-targeted Genes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 68:e12861. [PMID: 34051022 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation techniques for marine protists are not well-established, despite immense efforts. However, Perkinsus marinus is an exception and can be developed as a genetically tractable model organism for related protists. Here, we designed a new plasmid for P. marinus that allows two proteins from a single mRNA to be differently localized using a self-cleaving 2A peptide. This enabled us to establish a stable transfectant expressing a mitochondrially targeted fluorescent protein. The system can be applied to any protein in theory and would make a powerful tool for investigating unique organelles in P. marinus and related dinoflagellates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Motomichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pyrih J, Žárský V, Fellows JD, Grosche C, Wloga D, Striepen B, Maier UG, Tachezy J. The iron-sulfur scaffold protein HCF101 unveils the complexity of organellar evolution in SAR, Haptista and Cryptista. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:46. [PMID: 33740894 PMCID: PMC7980591 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nbp35-like proteins (Nbp35, Cfd1, HCF101, Ind1, and AbpC) are P-loop NTPases that serve as components of iron-sulfur cluster (FeS) assembly machineries. In eukaryotes, Ind1 is present in mitochondria, and its function is associated with the assembly of FeS clusters in subunits of respiratory Complex I, Nbp35 and Cfd1 are the components of the cytosolic FeS assembly (CIA) pathway, and HCF101 is involved in FeS assembly of photosystem I in plastids of plants (chHCF101). The AbpC protein operates in Bacteria and Archaea. To date, the cellular distribution of these proteins is considered to be highly conserved with only a few exceptions. Results We searched for the genes of all members of the Nbp35-like protein family and analyzed their targeting sequences. Nbp35 and Cfd1 were predicted to reside in the cytoplasm with some exceptions of Nbp35 localization to the mitochondria; Ind1was found in the mitochondria, and HCF101 was predicted to reside in plastids (chHCF101) of all photosynthetically active eukaryotes. Surprisingly, we found a second HCF101 paralog in all members of Cryptista, Haptista, and SAR that was predicted to predominantly target mitochondria (mHCF101), whereas Ind1 appeared to be absent in these organisms. We also identified a few exceptions, as apicomplexans possess mHCF101 predicted to localize in the cytosol and Nbp35 in the mitochondria. Our predictions were experimentally confirmed in selected representatives of Apicomplexa (Toxoplasma gondii), Stramenopila (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira pseudonana), and Ciliophora (Tetrahymena thermophila) by tagging proteins with a transgenic reporter. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that chHCF101 and mHCF101 evolved from a common ancestral HCF101 independently of the Nbp35/Cfd1 and Ind1 proteins. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis supports rather a lateral gene transfer of ancestral HCF101 from bacteria than its acquisition being associated with either α-proteobacterial or cyanobacterial endosymbionts. Conclusion Our searches for Nbp35-like proteins across eukaryotic lineages revealed that SAR, Haptista, and Cryptista possess mitochondrial HCF101. Because plastid localization of HCF101 was only known thus far, the discovery of its mitochondrial paralog explains confusion regarding the presence of HCF101 in organisms that possibly lost secondary plastids (e.g., ciliates, Cryptosporidium) or possess reduced nonphotosynthetic plastids (apicomplexans). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01777-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pyrih
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Žárský
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Justin D Fellows
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Christopher Grosche
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Uwe G Maier
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uboldi AD, Wilde ML, Bader SM, Tonkin CJ. Environmental sensing and regulation of motility in Toxoplasma. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:916-929. [PMID: 33278047 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites undergo a unique form of cellular locomotion referred to as "gliding motility." Gliding motility is crucial for parasite survival as it powers tissue dissemination, host cell invasion and egress. Distinct environmental cues lead to activation of gliding motility and have become a prominent focus of recent investigation. Progress has been made toward understanding what environmental cues are sensed and how these signals are transduced in order to regulate the machinery and cellular events powering gliding motility. In this review, we will discuss new findings and integrate these into our current understanding to propose a model of how environmental sensing is achieved to regulate gliding motility in Toxoplasma. Collectively, these findings also have implications for the understanding of gliding motility across Apicomplexa more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro D Uboldi
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise Wilde
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefanie M Bader
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yadavalli R, Umeda K, Fernández Robledo JA. Perkinsus marinus. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:1013-1014. [PMID: 32448704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kousuke Umeda
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Boothbay, ME, USA; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sakamoto H, Hirakawa Y, Ishida KI, Keeling PJ, Kita K, Matsuzaki M. Puromycin selection for stable transfectants of the oyster-infecting parasite Perkinsus marinus. Parasitol Int 2018; 69:13-16. [PMID: 30389616 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsus marinus is a marine protozoan parasite that infects natural and farmed oysters, attracting attention from researchers in both fisheries and evolutionary biology. The functions of almost all cellular components and organelles are, however, poorly understood even though a draft genome sequence of P. marinus is publicly available. One of the major obstacles for a functional study of the parasite is limited experimental means for genetic manipulation: a transfection method was established in 2008, and the first drug selection system with bleomycin was reported in 2016. We here introduce the second drug-selectable marker for selection of P. marinus transfectants. The parasite growth is efficiently inhibited by puromycin (IC50 = 4.96 μg/mL), and transfection of its resistance gene, puromycin-N-acetyl-transferase (pac), confers resistance to the drug on the parasite. Stable transfectants can be obtained within 2 months by treating with puromycin at 100 μg/mL. Furthermore, combining puromycin and bleomycin treatment can select transfectants co-expressing two marker genes. This dual-transfection method raises the possibility of using co-localization to identify the cellular localization of novel proteins in P. marinus, thereby contributing to the understanding of cellular functions and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirakawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Ishida
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Motomichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Olds CL, Glennon EKK, Luckhart S. Abscisic acid: new perspectives on an ancient universal stress signaling molecule. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:484-492. [PMID: 29408537 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Few biological molecules have as far reaching and dynamic effects as abscisic acid (ABA). In this review, we draw together the often segregated fields of plant, animal, and human biology to highlight ABA biosynthesis, signaling and physiological effects with examples of host-pathogen interactions to emphasize the cross-kingdom biology of this ancient signaling molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Olds
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2329, Moscow, ID, 83844-2329, USA; Center for Health in the Human Ecosystem, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1122, Moscow, ID, 83844-1122, USA.
| | - Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2329, Moscow, ID, 83844-2329, USA; Center for Health in the Human Ecosystem, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1122, Moscow, ID, 83844-1122, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lievens L, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beyaert R, Staal J. Abscisic Acid as Pathogen Effector and Immune Regulator. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:587. [PMID: 28469630 PMCID: PMC5395610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a sesquiterpene signaling molecule produced in all kingdoms of life. To date, the best known functions of ABA are derived from its role as a major phytohormone in plant abiotic stress resistance. Different organisms have developed different biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways related to ABA. Despite this, there are also intriguing common themes where ABA often suppresses host immune responses and is utilized by pathogens as an effector molecule. ABA also seems to play an important role in compatible mutualistic interactions such as mycorrhiza and rhizosphere bacteria with plants, and possibly also the animal gut microbiome. The frequent use of ABA in inter-species communication could be a possible reason for the wide distribution and re-invention of ABA as a signaling molecule in different organisms. In humans and animal models, it has been shown that ABA treatment or nutrient-derived ABA is beneficial in inflammatory diseases like colitis and type 2 diabetes, which confer potential to ABA as an interesting nutraceutical or pharmacognostic drug. The anti-inflammatory activity, cellular metabolic reprogramming, and other beneficial physiological and psychological effects of ABA treatment in humans and animal models has sparked an interest in this molecule and its signaling pathway as a novel pharmacological target. In contrast to plants, however, very little is known about the ABA biosynthesis and signaling in other organisms. Genes, tools and knowledge about ABA from plant sciences and studies of phytopathogenic fungi might benefit biomedical studies on the physiological role of endogenously generated ABA in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Lievens
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jens Staal
| |
Collapse
|