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Davidsen JG, Bordeleau X, Eldøy SH, Whoriskey F, Power M, Crossin GT, Buhariwalla C, Gaudin P. Marine habitat use and feeding ecology of introduced anadromous brown trout at the colonization front of the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen archipelago. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11917. [PMID: 34099778 PMCID: PMC8184814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1954, brown trout were introduced to the Kerguelen archipelago (49°S, 70°E), a pristine, sub-Antarctic environment previously devoid of native freshwater fishes. Trout began spreading rapidly via coastal waters to colonize adjacent watersheds, however, recent and unexpectedly the spread has slowed. To better understand the ecology of the brown trout here, and why their expansion has slowed, we documented the marine habitat use, foraging ecology, and environmental conditions experienced over one year by 50 acoustically tagged individuals at the colonization front. Trout mainly utilized the marine habitat proximate to their tagging site, ranging no further than 7 km and not entering any uncolonized watersheds. Nutritional indicators showed that trout were in good condition at the time of tagging. Stomach contents and isotope signatures in muscle of additional trout revealed a diet of amphipods (68%), fish (23%), isopods (6%), and zooplankton (6%). The small migration distances observed, presence of suitable habitat, and rich local foraging opportunities suggest that trout can achieve their resource needs close to their home rivers. This may explain why the expansion of brown trout at Kerguelen has slowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grimsrud Davidsen
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Xavier Bordeleau
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Mont-Joli, QC, G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | | | - Frederick Whoriskey
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Glenn T Crossin
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Colin Buhariwalla
- Nova Scotia Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Pictou, NS, Canada
| | - Philippe Gaudin
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Aquapôle INRAE, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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2
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Domestication and feralization influence the distribution and phenotypes of escaped ornamental fish. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Minder M, Arsenault ER, Erdenee B, Maasri A, Pyron M. Diet overlap among non-native trout species and native cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii) in two U.S. ecoregions. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2782-2795. [PMID: 33767836 PMCID: PMC7981235 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion of freshwater ecosystems by non-native species can constitute a significant threat to native species and ecosystem health. Non-native trouts have long been stocked in areas where native trouts occur and have negatively impacted native trouts through predation, competition, and hybridization. This study encompassed two seasons of sampling efforts across two ecoregions of the western United States: The Great Basin in summer 2016 and the Yellowstone River Basin in summer 2017. We found significant dietary overlaps among native and non-native trouts within the Great Basin and Yellowstone River Basin ecoregions. Three orders of invertebrates (Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera) composed the majority of stomach contents and were responsible for driving the observed patterns. Great Basin trout had higher body conditions (k), and non-native Great Basin trout had higher gut fullness values than Yellowstone River Basin trout, indicating a possible limitation of food in the Yellowstone River Basin. Native fishes were the least abundant and had the lowest body condition in each ecoregion. These findings may indicate a negative impact on native trouts by non-native trouts. We recommend additional monitoring of native and non-native trout diets, regular invertebrate surveys to identify the availability of diet items, and reconsidering stocking efforts that can result in overlap of non-native fishes with native cutthroat trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Minder
- Department of BiologyBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
| | - Emily R. Arsenault
- Kansas Biological Survey and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - Bolortsetseg Erdenee
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental ScienceDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Alain Maasri
- The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesBerlinGermany
| | - Mark Pyron
- Department of BiologyBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
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4
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Závorka L, Larranaga N, Lovén Wallerius M, Näslund J, Koeck B, Wengström N, Cucherousset J, Johnsson JI. Within-stream phenotypic divergence in head shape of brown trout associated with invasive brook trout. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Competition with a non-native species can lead to morphological changes in native organisms induced by phenotypic plasticity, and by selection against individuals that do not adjust their morphology to the novel selection pressure. The morphological changes in native organisms are often associated with rapid behavioural responses to competition with the invader. However, knowledge of the interaction between the behaviour and morphology of native organisms competing with a non-native species remains scarce. Here, we investigated the effect of competition with non-native brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis on head shape of native brown trout Salmo trutta in a stream system where changes in diet and territorial behaviour of sympatric brown trout have previously been demonstrated. We found that sympatric brown trout had smaller eyes, shorter lower jaws and more terminal mouth than allopatric conspecifics. These differences in head shape were highly repeatable over a period of 12 months. Apparent survival indicated that the selection on head shape of brown trout was weaker in the sympatric than in the allopatric stretch of the stream. The results suggest that these changes reinforce divergences of foraging strategies between the allopatric and sympatric brown trout, which can negatively affect their population dynamics and trophic function in the food-web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Závorka
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
| | - Nicolas Larranaga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lovén Wallerius
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joacim Näslund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Koeck
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
| | - Niklas Wengström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Anglers Association, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENFA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jörgen I Johnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Klütsch CFC, Maduna SN, Polikarpova N, Forfang K, Aspholm PE, Nyman T, Eiken HG, Amundsen P, Hagen SB. Genetic changes caused by restocking and hydroelectric dams in demographically bottlenecked brown trout in a transnational subarctic riverine system. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6068-6081. [PMID: 31161019 PMCID: PMC6540707 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat discontinuity, anthropogenic disturbance, and overharvesting have led to population fragmentation and decline worldwide. Preservation of remaining natural genetic diversity is crucial to avoid continued genetic erosion. Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) is an ideal model species for studying anthropogenic influences on genetic integrity, as it has experienced significant genetic alterations throughout its natural distribution range due to habitat fragmentation, overexploitation, translocations, and stocking. The Pasvik River is a subarctic riverine system shared between Norway, Russia, and Finland, subdivided by seven hydroelectric power dams that destroyed about 70% of natural spawning and nursing areas. Stocking is applied in certain river parts to support the natural brown trout population. Adjacent river segments with different management strategies (stocked vs. not stocked) facilitated the simultaneous assessment of genetic impacts of dams and stocking based on analyses of 16 short tandem repeat loci. Dams were expected to increase genetic differentiation between and reduce genetic diversity within river sections. Contrastingly, stocking was predicted to promote genetic homogenization and diversity, but also potentially lead to loss of private alleles and to genetic erosion. Our results showed comparatively low heterozygosity and clear genetic differentiation between adjacent sections in nonstocked river parts, indicating that dams prevent migration and contribute to genetic isolation and loss of genetic diversity. Furthermore, genetic differentiation was low and heterozygosity relatively high across stocked sections. However, in stocked river sections, we found signatures of recent bottlenecks and reductions in private alleles, indicating that only a subset of individuals contributes to reproduction, potentially leading to divergence away from the natural genetic state. Taken together, these results indicate that stocking counteracts the negative fragmentation effects of dams, but also that stocking practices should be planned carefully in order to ensure long-term preservation of natural genetic diversity and integrity in brown trout and other species in regulated river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simo N. Maduna
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO)SvanvikNorway
| | | | - Kristin Forfang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO)SvanvikNorway
| | | | - Tommi Nyman
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO)SvanvikNorway
| | - Hans Geir Eiken
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO)SvanvikNorway
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Snorre B. Hagen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO)SvanvikNorway
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6
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Morissette O, Sirois P, Wilson CC, Laporte M, Bernatchez L. The role of ecotype-environment interactions in intraspecific trophic niche partitioning subsequent to stocking. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01857. [PMID: 30680837 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, stocking of fish represents a valuable tool for conservation and maintenance of species exploited by recreational fishing. Releases of hatchery-reared fish are more and more recognized to have numerous demographic, ecological, and genetic impacts on wild populations. However, consequences on intraspecific trophic relationships have rarely been investigated. In this study, we assessed the impacts of supplementation stocking and resulting introgressive hybridization on the trophic niches occupied by stocked, local, and hybrid lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) within populations of piscivorous and planktivorous ecotypes stocked from a wild piscivorous source population. We compared trophic niches using stable isotope analysis (δ13 C and δ15 N) and trophic position among the three genetic origins. Putative genetic effects were tested with phenotype-genotype association of "life history" ecological traits (body size, growth rate, condition index, and trophic niche) and genotypes (RADseq SNP markers) using redundant discriminant analysis (RDA). Results showed that sympatry resulting from the stocking of contrasting ecotypes is a risk factor for niche partitioning. Planktivorous populations are more susceptible to niche partitioning, by competitive exclusion of the local fish from a littoral niche to an alternative pelagic/profundal niche. Observed niche partitioning is probably a manifestation of competitive interactions between ecotypes. Our results emphasize that ecotypic variation should be considered for more efficient management and conservation practices and in order to mitigate negative impact of supplementation stocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Morissette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
- Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées, Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - P Sirois
- Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées, Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - C C Wilson
- Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J3C7, Canada
| | - M Laporte
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - L Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
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7
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Supplementation stocking of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in small boreal lakes: Ecotypes influence on growth and condition. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200599. [PMID: 30001412 PMCID: PMC6042763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation stocking is a commonly used management tool to sustain exploited fish populations. Possible negative consequences of supplementation on local stocks are a concern for the conservation of wild fish populations. However, the direct impacts of supplementation on life history traits of local populations have rarely been investigated. In addition, intraspecific hybridization between contrasting ecotypes (planktivorous and piscivorous) has been seldom considered in supplementation plans. Here, we combined genetic (genotype-by-sequencing analysis) and life history traits to document the effects of supplementation on maximum length, growth rates, body condition and genetic admixture in stocked populations of two Lake Trout ecotypes from small boreal lakes in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. In both ecotypes, the length of stocked individuals was greater than local individuals and, in planktivorous-stocked populations, most stocked fish exhibited a planktivorous-like growth while 20% of fish exhibited piscivorous-like growth. The body condition index was positively related to the proportion of local genetic background, but this pattern was only observed in stocked planktivorous populations. We conclude that interactions and hybridization between contrasting ecotypes is a risk that could result in deleterious impacts and possible outbreeding depression. We discuss the implications of these findings for supplementation stocking.
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8
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Lovén Wallerius M, Näslund J, Koeck B, Johnsson JI. Interspecific association of brown trout (Salmo trutta
) with non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis
) at the fry stage. Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lovén Wallerius
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Joacim Näslund
- Department of Ecosystem Biology; University of Southern Bohemia in České Budějovice; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Koeck
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Jörgen I. Johnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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9
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Jensen AJ, Hansen LP, Johnsen BO, Karlsson S. Rapid evolution of genetic and phenotypic divergence in Atlantic salmon following the colonisation of two new branches of a watercourse. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:22. [PMID: 28196485 PMCID: PMC5310071 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection acts strongly on individuals that colonise a habitat and have phenotypic traits that deviate from the local optima. Our objective was to investigate the evolutionary rates in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a river system (the Vefsna watershed in Norway), fewer than 15 generations after colonisation of two new branches of the watercourse for spawning, which were made available by construction of fish ladders in 1889. METHODS Differences in age and size were analysed using scale samples collected by anglers. Age and size of recaptures from a tagging experiment were compared between the three branches. Furthermore, genetic analyses of scale samples collected in the three river branches during two periods were performed to evaluate whether observed differences evolved by genetic divergence over this short period, or were the result of phenotypic plasticity. RESULTS We demonstrate that evolution can be rapid when fish populations are subjected to strong selection, in spite of sympatry with their ancestral group, no physical barriers to hybridisation, and natal homing as the only reproductive isolating barrier. After fewer than 15 generations, there was evidence of genetic isolation between the two branches based on genetic variation at 96 single nucleotide polymorphism loci, and significant differences in several life history traits, including size and age at maturity. Selection against large size at maturity appears to have occurred, since large individuals were reluctant to ascend the branch with less abundant water. The estimated evolutionary rate of change in life history traits is within the upper 3 to 7% reported in other fish studies on microevolutionary rates. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that with sufficient genetic diversity, Atlantic salmon can rapidly colonise and evolve to new accessible habitats. This has profound implications for conservation and restoration of populations and habitats in order to meet evolutionary challenges, including alterations in water regime, whether altered by climate change or anthropogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Johan Jensen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685, 7485, Sluppen, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Lars Petter Hansen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Ove Johnsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685, 7485, Sluppen, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sten Karlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685, 7485, Sluppen, Trondheim, Norway
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Buoro M, Olden JD, Cucherousset J. Global Salmonidae introductions reveal stronger ecological effects of changing intraspecific compared to interspecific diversity. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1363-1371. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Buoro
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174); Université de Toulouse; CNRS; ENFA; UPS; 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - Julian D. Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174); Université de Toulouse; CNRS; ENFA; UPS; 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
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11
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Use of egg size differences in anadromous (sockeye salmon) and non-anadromous (kokanee) forms of Oncorhynchus nerka to infer ancestral origins of a landlocked population. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Lorenzen K. Understanding and managing enhancements: why fisheries scientists should care. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:1807-29. [PMID: 25469948 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fisheries enhancements are a set of management approaches involving the use of aquaculture technologies to enhance or restore fisheries in natural ecosystems. Enhancements are widely used in inland and coastal fisheries, but have received limited attention from fisheries scientists. This paper sets out 10 reasons why fisheries scientists should care about understanding and managing enhancements. (1) Enhancements happen, driven mostly by resource users and managers rather than scientists. (2) Enhancements create complex fisheries systems that encompass and integrate everything fisheries stakeholders can practically manage. (3) Enhancements emerge in fisheries where the scope for technical and governance control is high, and they synergistically reinforce both. (4) Successful enhancements expand management options and achievable outcomes. (5) Many enhancements fail or do ecological harm but persist regardless. (6) Effective science engagement is crucial to developing beneficial enhancements and preventing harmful ones. (7) Good scientific guidance is available to aid development or reform of enhancements but is not widely applied. (8) Enhancement research advances, integrates and unifies the fisheries sciences. (9) Enhancements provide unique opportunities for learning about natural fish populations and fisheries. (10) Needs, opportunities and incentives for enhancements are bound to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lorenzen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st St., Gainesville, FL, 32653, U.S.A
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