1
|
Lovett BA, Firth EC, Tuck ID, Symonds JE, Walker SP, Perrott MR, Davie PS, Munday JS, Preece MA, Herbert NA. Radiographic characterisation of spinal curvature development in farmed New Zealand Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha throughout seawater production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20039. [PMID: 33208797 PMCID: PMC7674505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal anomalies are a recognised source of downgrading in finfish aquaculture, but identifying their cause(s) is difficult and often requires extensive knowledge of the underlying pathology. Late-onset spinal curvatures (lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis) can affect up to 40% of farmed New Zealand Chinook (king) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at harvest, but little is known about their pathogenesis. Curvature development was radiographically documented in two related cohorts of commercially-farmed Chinook salmon throughout seawater production to determine (1) the timing of radiographic onset and relationships between (2) the curvature types, (3) the spinal regions in which they develop and (4) their associations with co-existing vertebral body anomalies (vertebral compression, fusion and vertical shift). Onset of curvature varied between individuals, but initially occurred eight months post-seawater transfer. There were strong associations between the three curvature types and the four recognised spinal regions: lordosis was predominantly observed in regions (R)1 and R3, kyphosis in R2 and R4, manifesting as a distinct pattern of alternating lordosis and kyphosis from head to tail. This was subsequently accompanied by scoliosis, which primarily manifested in spinal regions R2 and R3, where most of the anaerobic musculature is concentrated. Co-existing vertebral body anomalies, of which vertebral compression and vertical shift were most common, appeared to arise either independent of curvature development or as secondary effects. Our results suggest that spinal curvature in farmed New Zealand Chinook salmon constitutes a late-onset, rapidly-developing lordosis-kyphosis-scoliosis (LKS) curvature complex with a possible neuromuscular origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Lovett
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - E C Firth
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - I D Tuck
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - J E Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - S P Walker
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - M R Perrott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - P S Davie
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - J S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - M A Preece
- The New Zealand King Salmon Company Ltd., Picton, 7220, New Zealand
| | - N A Herbert
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du TY, Standen EM. Terrestrial acclimation and exercise lead to bone functional response in Polypterus senegalus pectoral fins. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb217554. [PMID: 32414872 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bones to sense and respond to mechanical loading is a central feature of vertebrate skeletons. However, the functional demands imposed on terrestrial and aquatic animals differ vastly. The pectoral girdle of the basal actinopterygian fish Polypterus senegalus was previously shown to exhibit plasticity following terrestrial acclimation, but the pectoral fin itself has yet to be examined. We investigated skeletal plasticity in the pectoral fins of P. senegalus after exposure to terrestrial loading. Juvenile fish were divided into three groups: a control group was kept under aquatic conditions without intervention, an exercised group was also kept in water but received daily exercise on land, and a terrestrial group was kept in a chronic semi-terrestrial condition. After 5 weeks, the pectoral fins were cleared and stained with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red to visualize cartilage and bone, allowing measurements of bone length, bone width, ossification and curvature to be taken for the endochondral radial bones. Polypterus senegalus fin bones responded most strongly to chronic loading in the terrestrial condition. Fish that were reared in a terrestrial environment had significantly longer bones compared with those of aquatic controls, wider propterygia and metapterygia, and more ossified metapterygia and medial radials, and they showed changes in propterygial curvature. Exercised fish also had longer and more ossified medial radials compared with those of controls. Polypterus senegalus fin bones exhibit plasticity in response to novel terrestrial loading. Such plasticity could be relevant for transitions between water and land on evolutionary scales, but key differences between fish and tetrapod bone make direct comparisons challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trina Y Du
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Emily M Standen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thuong NP, Prondvai E, De Kegel B, De Wolf T, Witten PE, Adriaens D. Morphological and histological characterization of an ectopically mineralized structure in a gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata with opercular deformation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1259-1270. [PMID: 31197843 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe an abnormal ectopically mineralized structure (EMS) that was found inside the skull of a juvenile Sparus aurata that also showed a bilateral opercular deformation. The overall phenotype and tissue composition were studied using micro-CT scanning and histological analyses. The ectopic structure occupies a large volume of the brain cavity, partially extruding into the gill cavity. It shows a dense mineralization and an extracellular matrix-rich phenotype, with variation in both the morphology and size of the cell lacunae, combined with an irregular fibre organization inside the matrix. This study is the first to report such an EMS in a juvenile teleost fish, where the tissue does not resemble any other connective tissue type described in bony fish so far. The tissue phenotype seems to rule out that the EMS corresponds to a tumorous cartilage. Yet, it is rather reminiscent of a highly mineralized structure found in cartilaginous fish, where it is suggested to be associated with damage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Phuc Thuong
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nong Lam University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Edina Prondvai
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Kegel
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania De Wolf
- INVE, Maricoltura di Rosignano Solvay, srl, Rosignano Solvay, Italy
| | | | - Dominique Adriaens
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Azevedo AM, Losada AP, Barreiro A, Vázquez S, Quiroga MI. Skeletal Anomalies in Senegalese Sole ( Solea senegalensis), an Anosteocytic Boned Flatfish Species. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:307-316. [PMID: 30278833 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal anomalies affect animal welfare and cause important economic problems in aquaculture. Despite the high frequency of skeletal problems in reared Solea senegalensis, there is lack of information regarding the histological features of normal and deformed vertebrae in this flatfish. The aim of this study was to describe the histopathological and radiographical appearance of vertebral body anomalies. Sixty-seven juvenile fish were radiographically examined 104 or 105 days after hatching. Through radiographic images, vertebral segments were selected and processed for histopathological examination from 7 normal and 7 affected fish. Alterations in bone shape and vertebral fusion were the most significant anomalies in the vertebral bodies. These alterations occurred most frequently between the last 3 abdominal vertebrae and the first 10 caudal centra. Radiographically, deformed vertebrae showed flattening of the endplates and narrowing of the intervertebral spaces. The radiographic findings concurred with the histological lesions where affected vertebrae exhibited irregular endplates and changes in trabecular bone. Radiolucent cartilaginous tissue was evident in the endplates of the deformed vertebra and, in some cases, the cartilaginous material extended from the growth zone into the intervertebral space. These changes were likely the primary alterations that led to vertebral fusion. Fused vertebrae were often reshaped and showed a reorganization of the trabeculae. The formation of metaplastic cartilage is frequent in a variety of anomalies affecting teleost species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Manuela de Azevedo
- 1 Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- 1 Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Andrés Barreiro
- 1 Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.,2 Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Lugo, Spain
| | - Sonia Vázquez
- 1 Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- 1 Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Azevedo AM, Losada AP, Ferreiro I, Riaza A, Vázquez S, Quiroga MI. New insight on vertebral anomalies in cultured Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) at early stages of development. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:987-1000. [PMID: 28000918 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) is a promising flatfish species in aquaculture. However, skeletal anomalies are still a great concern in sole farming. Investigation of this issue is crucial to improving larval quality and optimizing production. The aim of this study was to thoroughly assess anomalies in the rachis of reared sole at early developmental stages. Sole (n = 507) were sampled at 31 or 32 days after hatching (dah). The specimens were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red and evaluated for the detection of vertebral deformities. Most fish presented 9:34:3 vertebrae in abdominal, caudal and caudal complex regions, respectively. Remarkably, all specimens showed at least one spinal anomaly. Alterations of neural/haemal elements, as well as deformities of hypurals, parhypural and epural, were recurrent. Vertebral body anomalies and/or vertebral column deviations were identified in 52% of the individuals. Vertebral deformations and fusions were common, especially in caudal complex. 'Minor' anomalies were predominant, and some of the detected disorders might be a result of non-/low-pathological processes. These results contribute a new insight into the main skeletal anomalies affecting cultured sole larvae. Further research is required to determine their impact on fish welfare and external appearances at commercial stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M de Azevedo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - A P Losada
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - A Riaza
- Stolt Sea Farm, A Coruña, Spain
| | - S Vázquez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - M I Quiroga
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Azevedo AM, Losada AP, Barreiro A, Barreiro JD, Ferreiro I, Riaza A, Vázquez S, Quiroga MI. Skeletal anomalies in reared Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis juveniles: a radiographic approach. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 124:117-129. [PMID: 28425425 DOI: 10.3354/dao03110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reared Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis Kaup show a high incidence of vertebral anomalies; however, little is known about its skeletal anomaly profile in the later farming phases. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed description and quantification of the most common skeletal anomalies in reared Senegalese sole in the juvenile stage by means of computed radiography. A total of 374 Senegalese sole were classified according to the external morphology of the fish as normal or altered and then radiographed in latero-lateral and in dorso-ventral projections. Radiographic evaluation of anomalies focused especially on vertebral body anomalies (VBA) and vertebral column deviations (VCD). The 2 orthogonal projections provided a more complete visualization of the skeleton. Approximately 75% of the individuals showed at least 1 anomaly, while VBA and/or VCD were detected in 48.9% of the specimens. Regarding external morphology, 88% of the fish were categorized as normal, although about 72% of these normal fish displayed abnormalities in radiographies. The most frequent anomalies consisted of deformations of the caudal complex plates (hypurals, parhypural and epural), preurals and caudal vertebrae. Scoliosis was the most prevalent among VCD, affecting the caudal area in almost 15% of the individuals. The anomaly profile at the juvenile stages showed some differences compared to what has been reported previously in earlier stages of development. In light of these results, further investigation into the progression of skeletal anomalies over time and the causative factors at later stages is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M de Azevedo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|