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Pappalardo AM, Calogero GS, Šanda R, Giuga M, Ferrito V. Evidence for Selection on Mitochondrial OXPHOS Genes in the Mediterranean Killifish Aphanius fasciatus Valenciennes, 1821. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:212. [PMID: 38666824 PMCID: PMC11048645 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes are a system subject to selection under determined environmental constraints despite a neutral evolution model that has long been hypothesized for the mitochondrial genome. In this study, the sequences of ND1, Cytb, and COI OXPHOS genes were analyzed in six populations of the eurythermal and euryhaline killifish A. fasciatus, to detect non-synonymous mutations leading to amino acid changes and to check whether selection acted on them using tests of recombination and selection. The results indicate a high COI and Cytb gene diversity and a high percentage of private haplotypes in all populations. In the Greek population, non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions were observed in the N-terminal region of COI and Cytb. Positively selected sites were also found. The information we obtained from the mitochondrial DNA sequences of A. fasciatus adds to the growing data on selective pressure acting on mitochondrial DNA in non-model species. These results should be explored from the perspective of the local adaptation of eurythermal and euryhaline species and supported using experimental evidence to better understand the interplay between historical climatic events and local adaptation and how each of them contributes to shaping the genetic structure of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Pappalardo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.S.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Giada Santa Calogero
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.S.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Radek Šanda
- National Museum of the Czech Republic, Václavské Náměstí 68, 115 79 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marta Giuga
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.S.C.); (M.G.)
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS-CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Venera Ferrito
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.S.C.); (M.G.)
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López-Solano A, Nester TL, Perea S, Doadrio I. Complete mitochondrial genome of the Spanish toothcarp, Aphanius iberus (Valenciennes, 1846) (Actinopterygii, Aphaniidae) and its phylogenetic position within the Cyprinodontiformes order. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2953-2962. [PMID: 36650373 PMCID: PMC10042920 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Spanish toothcarp (Aphanius iberus Valenciennes, 1846) is a small fish endemic to the eastern coastline of the Iberian Peninsula and is currently listed as "Endangered" (category IUCN: EN). It mainly inhabits brackish waters which can exhibit large fluctuations in temperature and salinity throughout the year. The genetics of A. iberus are not well-known since most studies have only evaluated the genetic structure of the species under a conservation framework in order to identify its potential conservation units. Different phylogenetic relationships of Aphanius have been published based on some particular genes. In the present study, the entire mitochondrial genome of A. iberus was obtained for the first time in the context of an A. iberus reference genome and a hypothesis regarding its phylogenetic position was considered. METHODS AND RESULTS The mitogenome (a circular doble-stranded DNA sequence of 16,708 bp) was reconstructed and aligned against 83 Cyprinodontiformes and two outgroup taxa to identify the phylogenetic position of A. iberus. PartitionFinder was first used to test for the best evolutionary model and the phylogenetic analyses were performed using two methods: Maximun-Likelihood Approximation (IQ-Tree) and Bayesian inference (MrBayes). Our results show that A. iberus forms a sister group with Orestias ascotanensis, a cyprinodontiform species native to South America. CONCLUSIONS The results were congruent with the traditional morphometric reconstructed trees and with a geological vicariant hypothesis involving Cyprinodontiformes where Aphaniidae is shown as a monophyletic family separated from the family Cyprinodontidae. The information gathered from this study is not only valuable for improving our understanding of the evolutionary history of A. iberus, but for future genomic studies involving the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso López-Solano
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tessa Lynn Nester
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Perea
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior S/N, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Doadrio
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Pappalardo AM, Giuga M, Raffa A, Nania M, Rossitto L, Calogero GS, Ferrito V. COIBar-RFLP Molecular Strategy Discriminates Species and Unveils Commercial Frauds in Fishery Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111569. [PMID: 35681319 PMCID: PMC9180250 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA analysis is the best approach to authenticate species in seafood products and to unveil frauds based on species substitution. In this study, a molecular strategy coupling Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) DNA barcoding with the consolidated methodology of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), named COIBar-RFLP, was applied for searching pattern of restriction enzyme digestion, useful to discriminate seven different fish species (juveniles of Engraulis encrasicolus and Sardina pilchardus sold in Italy as “bianchetto” and Aphia minuta sold as “rossetto”; icefish Neosalanx tangkahkeii; European perch, Perca fluviatilis and the Nile Perch, Lates niloticus; striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). A total of 30 fresh and frozen samples were processed for DNA barcoding, analyzed against a barcode library of COI sequences retrieved from GenBank, and validated for COIBar–RFLP analysis. Cases of misdescription were detected: 3 samples labeled as “bianchetto” were substituted by N. tangkahkeii (2 samples) and A. minuta (1 sample); 3 samples labeled as “persico reale” (P. fluviatilis) were substituted by L. niloticus and P. hypophthalmus. All species were simultaneously discriminated through the restriction pattern obtained with MspI enzyme. The results highlighted that the COIBar-RFLP could be an effective tool to authenticate fish in seafood products by responding to the emerging interest in molecular identification technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Pappalardo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.R.); (M.N.); (L.R.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Marta Giuga
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.R.); (M.N.); (L.R.); (G.S.C.)
- Institute for the Study of Antropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, IAS-CNR, 91021 Trapani, Italy
| | - Alessandra Raffa
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.R.); (M.N.); (L.R.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Marco Nania
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.R.); (M.N.); (L.R.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Luana Rossitto
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.R.); (M.N.); (L.R.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Giada Santa Calogero
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.R.); (M.N.); (L.R.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Venera Ferrito
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.R.); (M.N.); (L.R.); (G.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-730-6030
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Gonzalez EG, Cunha C, Ghanavi HR, Oliva-Paterna FJ, Torralva M, Doadrio I. Phylogeography and Population Genetic Analyses in the Iberian Toothcarp (Aphanius iberus Valenciennes, 1846) at Different Time Scales. J Hered 2018; 109:253-263. [PMID: 29036328 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary freshwater fish species inhabiting fluctuating and extreme environments are susceptible to changes in dispersion, effective population size, and genetic structure. The Iberian toothcarp Aphanius iberus is an endemic cyprinodontid of the Iberian Peninsula restricted to brackish water of salt marshes and coastal lagoons on the eastern Spanish Mediterranean coast. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) DNA and microsatellite variation to evaluate ways in which the processes of extinction, dispersal, and colonization of A. iberus across its geographic distribution have affected its population genetic structure over time and space. The A. iberus network reconstruction indicated subtle levels of phylogeographic structuring. This, combined with substantial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic diversity, suggests that Pleistocene glaciations had a lesser effect on the demographic structure of its populations than was the case for Iberian freshwater species with a similar distribution. Haplotype network, hierarchical analysis of molecular variance, and pairwise ΦST comparisons involving some Levantine samples showed a relatively high degree of mtDNA differentiation, which could be explained by historical isolation of the Villena Lagoon population. Conversely, significant genetic differentiation that follows an isolation-by-distance pattern, and a reduction in Ne though time was detected with microsatellites, suggesting extensive habitat fragmentation on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula over the past hundreds of years. At a smaller geographical scale (Mar Menor Lagoon), habitat fragmentation, probably due to human activity, appears to have resulted in substantially reduced migration and increased genetic drift, as shown by expanded genetic differentiation of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Gonzalez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carina Cunha
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hamid R Ghanavi
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal, Madrid, Spain.,Biology Department, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Mar Torralva
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Doadrio
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal, Madrid, Spain
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Angeletti D, Sebbio C, Carlini A, Strinati C, Nascetti G, Carere C, Cimmaruta R. The role of habitat choice in micro-evolutionary dynamics: An experimental study on the Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus (Cyprinodontidae). Ecol Evol 2018; 7:10536-10545. [PMID: 29299235 PMCID: PMC5743487 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat choice is defined as a nonrandom distribution of genotypes in different microhabitats. Therefore, it could exert a great impact on the genetic variance of natural populations by promoting genetic divergence, local adaptation, and may even lead to sympatric speciation. Despite this potential role in micro‐ and macro‐evolutionary processes, there is little empirical evidence that the various genotypes within a population may differ in habitat choice‐related behaviors. Here, we tested whether habitat choice may have contributed to genetic divergence within a local population of the Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus, which emerged between groups inhabiting microhabitats with different oxygen concentrations during previous field studies. In a first experiment, we studied the distribution of individuals in conditions of hypoxia and normoxia to test whether they had a different ability to shy away from a hypoxic environment; in a second experiment, we analyzed the individual behavior of fish separately in the two conditions, to verify whether they showed peculiar behavioral responses linked to a possible differential distribution. We then analyzed the six allozyme loci, whose allelic and genotypic frequencies were significantly divergent in the previous studies. In the first test, we found that the distribution of the two homozygote genotypes of the glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase‐1 locus (GPI‐1) was significantly different between the hypoxic and the normoxic conditions. During the second test, all individuals were more active in hypoxic conditions, but the two GPI‐1 homozygotes showed a significant difference in time spent performing surface breathing, which was consistent with their distribution observed in the first experiment. These results provide evidence that individual behavioral traits, related to genetic features, may lead to a nonrandom distribution of genotypes in heterogeneous although contiguous microhabitats and, consequently, that habitat choice can play a significant role in driving the micro‐evolutionary dynamics of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Angeletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR) Tuscia University Tarquinia VT Italy
| | - Claudia Sebbio
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR) Tuscia University Tarquinia VT Italy.,Department of Monitoring of Environmental Quality Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) Rome Italy
| | - Alessandro Carlini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR) Tuscia University Tarquinia VT Italy
| | - Claudia Strinati
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR) Tuscia University Tarquinia VT Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nascetti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR) Tuscia University Tarquinia VT Italy
| | - Claudio Carere
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR) Tuscia University Tarquinia VT Italy
| | - Roberta Cimmaruta
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR) Tuscia University Tarquinia VT Italy
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6
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Ferrante M, Pappalardo AM, Ferrito V, Pulvirenti V, Fruciano C, Grasso A, Sciacca S, Tigano C, Copat C. Bioaccumulation of metals and biomarkers of environmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas, 1814) sampled along the Italian coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 122:288-296. [PMID: 28655460 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is one of the greatest threats to the ecosystems because it degrades the habitat and is potentially toxic to wildlife and human populations. In the last few decades, bioaccumulation studies performed with a multimarker approach have been a valuable tool for the investigation of environmental and animal safety. We perform an analysis of a benthic teleost fish species - Parablennius sanguinolentus - sampled at several Italian coastal sites with different degrees of anthropogenic pressure. Our integrative analysis encompasses bioaccumulation of 10 metals, biomarkers of environmental stress (micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities) and neutral genetic variation (using sequences of the mtDNA control region). We find a clear and significant correlation of metal bioaccumulation with micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities, especially with undisputed genotoxic metals, such as Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. Furthermore, the molecular genetic analysis revealed a decrease of genetic variability in the populations more subjected to anthropic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pappalardo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Ferrito
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Pulvirenti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Fruciano
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Alfina Grasso
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacca
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Tigano
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Copat
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, Italy.
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7
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Angeletti D, Cimmaruta R, Sebbio C, Bellisario B, Carere C, Nascetti G. Environmental heterogeneity promotes microgeographic genetic divergence in the Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus(Cyprinodontidae). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2016.1188159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Angeletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), Tuscia University, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia (Viterbo), Italy
| | - Roberta Cimmaruta
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), Tuscia University, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia (Viterbo), Italy
| | - Claudia Sebbio
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), Tuscia University, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia (Viterbo), Italy
- Department of Monitoring of Environmental Quality, Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Bellisario
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), Tuscia University, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia (Viterbo), Italy
| | - Claudio Carere
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), Tuscia University, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia (Viterbo), Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Nascetti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), Tuscia University, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia (Viterbo), Italy
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Pappalardo AM, Federico C, Sabella G, Saccone S, Ferrito V. A COI Nonsynonymous Mutation as Diagnostic Tool for Intraspecific Discrimination in the European Anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143297. [PMID: 26599908 PMCID: PMC4657973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, is currently one of the principal target species for commercial fisheries in Europe. In this study, the mitochondrial Control Region (CR) and the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene were analyzed in 74 specimens of E. encrasicolus from four localities in the central Mediterranean. In both populations, the two markers revealed the presence of two main haplogroups, A and B, already detected in previous investigations of different classes of molecular markers. Both CR and COI markers consistently identified two haplogroups. The COI sequence analysis identified a non-synonymous transversion (T to G) at position 116 of the translated sequence, resulting in an amino acid change. All COI sequences of haplogroup A had an amino acid sequence with alanine in this position, while serine was present in the same position in haplogroup B. The two haplogroups A and B were also discriminated by the variable number of TACA elements at the 5’-end of the mitochondrial CR. The selection tests applied to the COI dataset revealed that codon 116 was not under positive selection, that seven amino acid changes were under purifying selection, and that two amino acids were under episodic positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Pappalardo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Sec. Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Sec. Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sabella
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Sec. Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Sec. Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Ferrito
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Sec. Animal Biology “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- * E-mail:
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