Extracts Versus Thymol: An Anti-Inflammatory Study on Activated Microglial and Mixed Glial Cells: Oregano Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of thymol as an anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent: A review of thymol effect on inflammation and wound healing: A review of thymol effect on inflammation and wound healing

Thymol (THY) exhibits antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Recent studies have also shown that THY presents anti-inflammatory and healing properties. This review focused on in vitro and in vivo investigations related to THY utilization, as an anti-inflammatory and/or wound healing agent. PubMed, WebOfScience, and Scopus were examined. Independent reviewers conducted all diagram steps. PRISMA was followed for data extraction. RoB 2 and SYRCLE were utilized to assess the risk of bias for in vitro and animal studies. Meta-analysis was performed for in vitro and in vivo articles that investigated THY as an anti-inflammatory agent. Thirty-six and 15 articles were included in the qualitative analysis and meta-analysis, respectively. Studies showed high risk of bias related to sampling, allocation procedures, randomization, and blinding. Even so, for in vitro studies, significant result was observed for IL-2. For in vivo studies, significant results were found for IL-1, IL-17, TNF-α, AST, MPO, and CRP, with higher levels noticed in control groups. THY presents significant properties as anti-inflammatory, ameliorating affections of the digestive system, cardiovascular problems, respiratory system and dermal damages, and burns. Researches are needed to clarify THY dose-response relationship and its mechanism of action, especially in the application of THY as a healing agent.

Anti‑inflammatory effect of Migri‑Heal® in an in vitro inflammatory model of primary mixed glial cells

Migri‑Heal®, is a novel herbal remedy that was introduced for the treatment of migraine headaches. Previous studies revealed that this drug may reduce nitric oxide (NO) in an in vitro inflammatory model. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑inflammatory effect of Migri‑Heal® on primary mix glial cells stimulated with LPS. In the current study, neonatal rat primary mix glial cells were isolated from the mixed glial cultures via shaking, and cultured in Dulbecco's' modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Following pretreatment with Migri‑Heal® (25, 75, 100, 150, 200 and 300 µg/ml) and cells were treated with LPS (10 µg/ml) for 1 h, and incubated for 48 h. The present study determined that 150 µg/ml Migri‑Heal® significantly reduced the production of NO in rat mix glial cells stimulated with 10 µg/ml LPS. Migri‑Heal® also suppressed mRNA expression level of LPS‑induced inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor α, which was accompanied by inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor‑κB. Additionally, MTT assay determined that Migri‑Heal® was not cytotoxic, suggesting that the anti‑inflammatory effects of Migri‑Heal® observed were not due to cell death. In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that Migri‑Heal® may be useful as a potential anti‑inflammatory agent in inflammatory diseases. However, additional studies are required to confirm these findings.