Effects of bound phenolic from defatted Moringa oleifera seed flour on diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice

Moringa oleifera Lam. as a potential plant for alleviation of the metabolic syndrome-A narrative review based on in vivo and clinical studies

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to the co-occurrence of risk factors, including hyperglycaemia, increased body weight, hypertension and dyslipidemia, which eventually lead to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, a common health problem worldwide. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of plant-based products for the management of MetS, because of their less detrimental and more beneficial effects. Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae), commonly known as drumstick, is cultivated worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This review focuses on the in vivo and human studies concerning the potential of M. oleifera in the alleviation of MetS and its comorbidities. The search for relevant articles was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Randomised controlled and clinical trials from the PubMed database were included in this review. The results suggested that the administration of M. oleifera, in vivo, shows clear signs of improvement in MetS indices. Despite fewer human studies, the existing data documented convincing results that uphold the potential of M. oleifera against MetS. Therefore, future research discussing the probable mechanism of action is much needed which could further assure the usage of M. oleifera in the treatment regimen of MetS.

Thiamethoxam-induced hematological, biochemical, and genetic alterations and the ameliorated effect of Moringa oleifera in male mice

Thiamethoxam (TMX) exerts pronounced insecticidal effects against a wide variety of economically imperative pests. However, the administration of TMX in experimental animals induced notable adverse effects on the function of various organs. The purpose of this study was to assess TMX induced hematological, biochemical, and genetic alterations and the potential ameliorative effects on them of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) in male mice Animals were orally administered TMX (≈1/10 LD50) daily either alone or with MLE (200 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 successive days. Blood was collected to evaluate the hematological profile and serum levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, creatinine, uric acid, and urea. Liver and kidney cells were used to assess the Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant enzymes. DNA integrity was estimated also in the liver and kidney using comet and colorimetric diphenylamine assays. Results revealed that TMX exhibited significant changes in the hematological profile and liver and kidney functions. Besides, TMX significantly raised the MDA content and DNA damage in both two of these organs. In contrast, TMX reduced the antioxidant activities in the cells of both liver and kidney. Meanwhile, Moringa extract combined with TMX significantly attenuated the deleterious findings of TMX. Specifically, it improved the TMX-induced hematological changes, liver and kidney function alterations, oxidative stress, and DNA damage rate. It can be concluded that TMX had adverse effects on different cells of male mice, but MLE successfully ameliorated TMX's hematological and hepatorenal toxicity.

Antioxidant traits and protective impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against diclofenac sodium-induced liver toxicity in rats

Moringa oleifera gained importance as a medicinal plant. The current study assesses Moringa leaf ethanol extracts (MLE) against experimentally diclofenac sodium (DcNa)-induced liver toxicity in male rats. Leaves were extracted with different solvents differing in polarity. Assessment involved total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·). HPLC was performed for identifying phenolic compounds, wherein ethyl vanillin (1,205 mg/kg), 3-OH-tyrosol (812.2 mg/kg), benzoic acid (273.8 mg/kg), salicylic acid (240.0 mg/kg), chlorogenic acid (233.3 mg/kg) and 3,4,5-methoxy-cinnamic acid (172.5 mg/kg) were measured. Fifty animals (each treatment group consisted of 10 rats) were subjected to five treatments and the experiment lasted for 4 weeks. Animals were exposed to DcNa (100 mg/kg) and two doses of MLE as well as silymarin (an antioxidant flavonoid C₂₅ H₂₂ O₁₀ ) for 4 weeks. Liver marker enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase as well as urea, uric acid, and creatinine were increased. Serum albumin and total protein decreased in DcNa-treated rats. Homogenates nitric oxide increased in liver tissue of the DcNa-treated rats, while the activity of each of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione, and catalase decreased. It could be concluded that MLE in both doses and silymarin are considerably hepatoprotective with antioxidant activity (AOA) against DcNa-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Administration of MLE caused improvements in kidney functions and acted as antioxidant enzymes as compared with silymarin (as a reference drug). AOA was exhibited by MLE in vivo, and this would have a positive effect against oxidative liver damage caused by DcNa. Plasma membrane was protected and the regenerative and reparative capacity of liver increased by phenolics in the MLE. The study demonstrated the MLE hepatoprotective activity and recommends using M. oleifera leaves for the treatment of liver disorders.