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Salicylic Acid Treatment Alleviates the Heat Stress Response by Reducing the Intracellular ROS Level and Increasing the Cytosolic Trehalose Content in Pleurotus ostreatus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0311322. [PMID: 36507658 PMCID: PMC9927586 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03113-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is usually cultivated in horticultural facilities that lack environmental control systems and often suffer heat stress (HS). Salicylic acid (SA) is recognized as a plant defense-related hormone. Here, SA treatment (200 μM) induced fungal resistance to HS of P. ostreatus, with decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and HSP expression. Further analysis showed that SA treatment in P. ostreatus increased the cytosolic trehalose content and reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Moreover, H2O2 could restore the MDA content and HSP expression of P. ostreatus treated with SA under HS. In addition, trehalose (25 mM) or CaCl2 (5 mM) treatment induced fungal resistance to HS, and CaCl2 treatment increased the cytosolic trehalose content of P. ostreatus under HS. However, inhibiting Ca2+ levels using Ca2+ inhibitors or mutants reversed the trehalose content induced by SA in P. ostreatus under HS. In addition, inhibiting trehalose biosynthesis using Tps-silenced strains reversed the MDA content and HSP expression of P. ostreatus treated with SA under HS. Taken together, these results indicate that SA treatment alleviates the HS response of P. ostreatus by reducing the intracellular ROS level and increasing the cytosolic trehalose content. IMPORTANCE Heat stress (HS) is a crucial environmental challenge for edible fungi. Salicylic acid (SA), a plant defense-related hormone, plays key roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we found that SA treatment increased the cytosolic trehalose content and induced fungal resistance to HS in P. ostreatus. Further analysis showed that SA can alleviate the HS of P. ostreatus by reducing the intracellular ROS level and increasing the cytosolic trehalose content. Our results help to understand the mechanism underlying the responses of P. ostreatus to HS. In addition, this research provides new insights for the cultivation of P. ostreatus.
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Functional Roles of LaeA-like Genes in Fungal Growth, Cellulase Activity, and Secondary Metabolism in Pleurotus ostreatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090902. [PMID: 36135627 PMCID: PMC9502681 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global regulator LaeA plays crucial roles in morphological development and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. However, the functions of LaeA in basidiomycetes are less reported. The basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus is a well-known fungus used both in medicine and as food that produces polysaccharides and cellulolytic enzymes. In this study, we characterized three LaeA homologs (PoLaeA1, PoLaeA2, and PoLaeA3) in P. ostreatus. PoLaeA1 showed different expression patterns than PoLaeA2 and PoLaeA3 during different developmental stages. Silencing PoLaeA1 decreased the intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) content by approximately 28–30% and reduced intracellular ROS levels compared with those of the WT strain. However, silencing PoLaeA2 and PoLaeA3 decreased cellulase activity by 31–34% and 35–40%, respectively, and reduced the cytosolic Ca2+ content, compared with those of the WT strain. Further analysis showed that PoLaeA1 regulated IPS biosynthesis through intracellular ROS levels, whereas PoLaeA2 and PoLaeA3 regulated cellulase activity through intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of polysaccharide biosynthesis and cellulase production in filamentous fungi.
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Mustafa F, Chopra H, Baig AA, Avula SK, Kumari S, Mohanta TK, Saravanan M, Mishra AK, Sharma N, Mohanta YK. Edible Mushrooms as Novel Myco-Therapeutics: Effects on Lipid Level, Obesity and BMI. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020211. [PMID: 35205965 PMCID: PMC8880354 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, usually indicated by a body mass index of more than 30 kg/m2, is a worsening global health issue. It leads to chronic diseases, including type II diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Conventional treatments for obesity include physical activity and maintaining a negative energy balance. However, physical activity alone cannot determine body weight as several other factors play a role in the overall energy balance. Alternatively, weight loss may be achieved by medication and surgery. However, these options can be expensive or have side effects. Therefore, dietary factors, including dietary modifications, nutraceutical preparations, and functional foods have been investigated recently. For example, edible mushrooms have beneficial effects on human health. Polysaccharides (essentially β-D-glucans), chitinous substances, heteroglycans, proteoglycans, peptidoglycans, alkaloids, lactones, lectins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, terpenes, phenols, nucleotides, glycoproteins, proteins, amino acids, antimicrobials, and minerals are the major bioactive compounds in these mushrooms. These bioactive compounds have chemo-preventive, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Consumption of edible mushrooms reduces plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and plasma glucose levels. Polysaccharides from edible mushrooms suppress mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, contributing to their anti-obesity properties. Therefore, edible mushrooms or their active ingredients may help prevent obesity and other chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Mustafa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54782, Pakistan;
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
| | - Satya Kumar Avula
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (S.K.A.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Sony Kumari
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India;
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (S.K.A.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 8541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (A.K.M.); (N.S.); (Y.K.M.)
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal 795001, India
- Correspondence: (A.K.M.); (N.S.); (Y.K.M.)
| | - Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India;
- Correspondence: (A.K.M.); (N.S.); (Y.K.M.)
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