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Bøhn T, Nilsen R, Gjelland KØ, Biuw M, Sandvik AD, Primicerio R, Karlsen Ø, Serra‐Llinares RM. Salmon louse infestation levels on sea trout can be predicted from a hydrodynamic lice dispersal model. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Raul Primicerio
- Institute of Marine Research Tromsø Norway
- UIT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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2
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Dalvin S, Are Hamre L, Skern-Mauritzen R, Vågseth T, Stien L, Oppedal F, Bui S. The effect of temperature on ability of Lepeophtheirus salmonis to infect and persist on Atlantic salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1519-1529. [PMID: 32882750 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is an ecologically and economically important parasite of salmonid fish. Temperature is a strong influencer of biological processes in salmon lice, with development rate increased at higher temperatures. The successful attachment of lice onto a host is also predicted to be influenced by temperature; however, the correlation of temperature with parasite survival is unknown. This study describes the effects of temperature on infection success, and survival on the host during development to the adult stage. To accurately describe infection dynamics with varying temperatures, infection success was recorded on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) between 2 and 10°C. Infection success ranged from 20% to 50% and was strongly correlated with temperature, with the highest success at 10°C. Parasite loss was monitored during development at eight temperatures with high loss of lice at 3 and 24°C, whilst no loss was recorded in the temperature range from 6 to 21°C. Sea temperatures thus have large effects on the outcome of salmon louse infections and should be taken into account in the management and risk assessment of this parasite. Improving understanding of the infection dynamics of salmon lice will facilitate epidemiological modelling efforts and efficiency of pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussie Dalvin
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Are Hamre
- Department of Biological Sciences, SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Lars Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
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Dalvin S, Jørgensen LVG, Kania PW, Grotmol S, Buchmann K, Øvergård AC. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss skin responses to salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis: From copepodid to adult stage. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:200-210. [PMID: 32422189 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The marine crustacean Lepeophtheirus salmonis (salmon louse) is a common ectoparasite of wild and farmed salmonids. The parasite has a complex ontogeny comprising eight instars. The planktonic copepodid stage settles on host skin and pass through five instars to reach the adult stage. The present study comprises an experimental infestation of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) with salmon lice and describes histopathology and host immune responses in skin beneath the louse at multiple time points encompassing all louse developmental stages. Each fish was exposed to 80 infective copepodids, a mean no. of 32 parasites reached the preadult I stage whereas a mean no. of 11 parasites reached the adult stage. A progression in the severity of cutaneous lesions was observed, and levels of immune gene transcripts at the attachment site revealed a dynamic response, initially related to innate immunity. Later, immune cells accumulated in the dermis concomitant with a moderate decrease in levels of transcripts characteristic of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The present study also demonstrates that the cutaneous immune response was mainly induced at lice affected sites, while non-affected skin resembled the skin of untreated control. This indicates that the skin cannot be regarded as a uniform organ and requires careful sampling at all salmon louse stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussie Dalvin
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research, 5817, Bergen, Norway; SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Louise V G Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Bui S, Oppedal F, Nola V, Barrett LT. Where art thou louse? A snapshot of attachment location preferences in salmon lice on Atlantic salmon hosts in sea cages. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:697-706. [PMID: 32323347 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Problematic sea lice infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) have motivated extensive research and development into new methods to prevent, monitor and control sea lice. Most of these technologies require detailed information on the behaviour, spatial distribution and demography of lice on host fish. This study investigated how salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation density varies across the host's surface under sea cage farming conditions. Lice abundance, demography and attachment location were tracked over time, with repeated sampling of 300 individually tagged salmon across three replicate experimental sea cages. The data reveal clear differences in attachment locations according to sex and stage, but with an overall preference for the dorsal surface among mobile stages-dorsal head for adult females and dorsal-posterior section for males and pre-adults. Total lice abundance was highly variable between repeated measures of individual fish, consistent with frequent host-switching or mortality. Total lice numbers also declined between sampling dates, likely due to handling, with lost mobile lice being almost exclusively adult males. As the distribution of sea lice on hosts is likely determined by numerous factors, future image-based automated detection systems should be validated in settings that reflect the complex host-parasite interactions that occur in open farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luke T Barrett
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Scheifler M, Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Sanchez-Brosseau S, Magnanou E, Suzuki MT, West N, Duperron S, Desdevises Y. Characterization of ecto- and endoparasite communities of wild Mediterranean teleosts by a metabarcoding approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221475. [PMID: 31504055 PMCID: PMC6736230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing methods are increasingly used to identify eukaryotic, unicellular and multicellular symbiont communities within hosts. In this study, we analyzed the non-specific reads obtained during a metabarcoding survey of the bacterial communities associated to three different tissues collected from 13 wild Mediterranean teleost fish species. In total, 30 eukaryotic genera were identified as putative parasites of teleosts, associated to skin mucus, gills mucus and intestine: 2 ascomycetes, 4 arthropods, 2 cnidarians, 7 nematodes, 10 platyhelminthes, 4 apicomplexans, 1 ciliate as well as one order in dinoflagellates (Syndiniales). These results highlighted that (1) the metabarcoding approach was able to uncover a large spectrum of symbiotic organisms associated to the fish species studied, (2) symbionts not yet identified in several teleost species were putatively present, (3) the parasitic diversity differed markedly across host species and (4) in most cases, the distribution of known parasitic genera within tissues is in accordance with the literature. The current work illustrates the large insights that can be gained by making maximum use of data from a metabarcoding approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Scheifler
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Magdalena Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Sophie Sanchez-Brosseau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Elodie Magnanou
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Marcelino T. Suzuki
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, LBBM Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Nyree West
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR7245 MCAM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Yves Desdevises
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
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