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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Sun W, Zhang X, Liu X. Analysis of the transcriptomic profiles of Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) infected with red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV). Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105921. [PMID: 36470347 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) belongs to the family Iridoviridae, genus Megalocytivirus, which could widely infect marine fish, causing diseases and huge economic losses. Now it has been reported that RSIV was also detected in diseased mandarin fish. Transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry showed that spleen was the main target organ in mandarin fish infected with RSIV. To investigate the immune response mechanism of mandarin fish to RSIV infection, transcriptomics of RSIV-infected mandarin fish was analyzed. A total of 53,040 unigenes were obtained, and there were 21,576 and 17,904 unigenes had significant hit the Nr and SwissProt databases, respectively. In RSIV-infected and non-infected spleen tissues, there were 309 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 100 up-regulated genes and 209 down-regulated genes. Gene Ontology database (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis were performed to reveal the function information and give a better understanding of the signal transduction pathways of DEGs. Further analysis of the cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions pathway exhibited that the expression of cytokines was widely activated after viral infection. In addition, ten DEGs were randomly selected and verified by quantitative real-time PCR, which revealed a similar expression tendency as the high-throughput sequencing data. These findings present valuable information that will benefit for better understanding of RSIV infection in mandarin fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zheling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Kim KH, Choi KM, Joo MS, Kang G, Woo WS, Sohn MY, Son HJ, Kwon MG, Kim JO, Kim DH, Park CI. Red Sea Bream Iridovirus (RSIV) Kinetics in Rock Bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) at Various Fish-Rearing Seawater Temperatures. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151978. [PMID: 35953967 PMCID: PMC9367270 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) generates serious economic losses by causing mass mortality events of rock bream during the season with high water temperature in the Republic of Korea and other Asian countries. However, very few studies have investigated RSIV kinetics in rock bream under various rearing water temperatures. In this paper, we investigated the viral load shedding of RSIV into seawater after artificially infecting rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) with the virus. Overall, our data suggest that the viral load shedding of RSIV into seawater varies depending on water temperature and virus inoculation concentration. Our results reveal the potential of non-invasive virus detection approaches, such as the utilization of environmental DNA in fish farms. In addition, we showed that the quantitative analysis of seawater viruses can indirectly improve our understanding of disease progression in fish, potentially contributing to enhanced disease control. Abstract Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) causes serious economic losses in the aquaculture industry. In this paper, we evaluated RSIV kinetics in rock bream under various rearing water temperatures and different RSIV inoculation concentrations. High viral copy numbers (approximately 103.7–106.7 RSIV genome copies/L/g) were observed during the period of active fish mortality after RSIV infection at all concentrations in the tanks (25 °C and 20 °C). In the group injected with 104 RSIV genome copies/fish, RSIV was not detected at 21–30 days post-infection (dpi) in the rearing seawater. In rock bream infected at 15 °C and subjected to increasing water temperature (1 °C/d until 25 °C) 3 days later, the virus replication rate and number of viral copies shed into the rearing seawater increased. With the decrease in temperature (1 °C/d) from 25 to 15 °C after the infection, the virus replicated rapidly and was released at high loads on the initial 3–5 dpi, whereas the number of viral copies in the fish and seawater decreased after 14 dpi. These results indicate that the number of viral copies shed into the rearing seawater varies depending on the RSIV infection level in rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Choi
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Joo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
| | - Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Jae-Ok Kim
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 17, Jungnim 2-ro, Tongyeong 53019, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.K.); (C.-I.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-9153 (C.-I.P.)
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.K.); (C.-I.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-9153 (C.-I.P.)
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Complete Genome Sequences and Pathogenicity Analysis of Two Red Sea Bream Iridoviruses Isolated from Cultured Fish in Korea. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In Korea, red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), especially subtype II, has been the main causative agent of red sea bream iridoviral disease since the 1990s. Herein, we report two Korean RSIV isolates with different subtypes based on the major capsid protein and adenosine triphosphatase genes: 17SbTy (RSIV mixed subtype I/II) from Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) and 17RbGs (RSIV subtype II) from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). The complete genome sequences of 17SbTy and 17RbGs were 112,360 and 112,235 bp long, respectively (115 and 114 open reading frames [ORFs], respectively). Based on nucleotide sequence homology with sequences of representative RSIVs, 69 of 115 ORFs of 17SbTy were most closely related to subtype II (98.48–100% identity), and 46 were closely related to subtype I (98.77–100% identity). In comparison with RSIVs, 17SbTy and 17RbGs carried two insertion/deletion mutations (ORFs 014R and 102R on the basis of 17SbTy) in regions encoding functional proteins (a DNA-binding protein and a myristoylated membrane protein). Notably, survival rates differed significantly between 17SbTy-infected and 17RbGs-infected rock breams, indicating that the genomic characteristics and/or adaptations to their respective original hosts might influence pathogenicity. Thus, this study provides complete genome sequences and insights into the pathogenicity of two newly identified RSIV isolates classified as a mixed subtype I/II and subtype II.
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Shahin K, Subramaniam K, Camus AC, Yazdi Z, Yun S, Koda SA, Waltzek TB, Pierezan F, Hu R, Soto E. Isolation, Identification and Characterization of a Novel Megalocytivirus from Cultured Tilapia ( Oreochromis spp.) from Southern California, USA. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3524. [PMID: 34944299 PMCID: PMC8697977 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2019, diseased four-month-old tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from an aquaculture farm in Southern California, USA were received for diagnostic evaluation with signs of lethargy, anorexia, abnormal swimming, and low-level mortalities. At necropsy, non-specific external lesions were noted including fin erosion, cutaneous melanosis, gill pallor, and coelomic distension. Internal changes included ascites, hepatomegaly, renomegaly, splenomegaly, and multifocal yellow-white nodules in the spleen and kidney. Cultures of spleen and kidney produced bacterial colonies identified as Francisella orientalis. Homogenized samples of gill, brain, liver, spleen, and kidney inoculated onto Mozambique tilapia brain cells (OmB) developed cytopathic effects, characterized by rounding of cells and detaching from the monolayer 6-10 days post-inoculation at 25 °C. Transmission electron microscopy revealed 115.4 ± 5.8 nm icosahedral virions with dense central cores in the cytoplasm of OmB cells. A consensus PCR, targeting the DNA polymerase gene of large double-stranded DNA viruses, performed on cell culture supernatant yielded a sequence consistent with an iridovirus. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated full length major capsid protein and DNA polymerase gene sequences supported the tilapia virus as a novel species within the genus Megalocytivirus, most closely related to scale drop disease virus and European chub iridovirus. An intracoelomic injection challenge in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fingerlings resulted in 39% mortality after 16 days. Histopathology revealed necrosis of head kidney and splenic hematopoietic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez P.O. Box 43511, Egypt
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Susan Yun
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Samantha A. Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil;
| | - Ruixue Hu
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
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Rapid diagnosis of two marine viruses, red sea bream iridovirus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus by PCR combined with lateral flow assay. Virusdisease 2020; 31:251-256. [PMID: 32904820 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) and Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are the most important viral marine pathogens in South Korea because RSIV and VHSV infect and cause high mortality rates in major fish species such as Paralichthys olivaceus and Sebastes schlegelii. These viruses can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally, and early diagnosis is imperative. In this research, RSIV and VHSV viral genomes are detected by PCR-lateral flow assay (LFA). PCR-LFA is sensitive, capable of detecting a viral genome at a concentration of 2-200 fg/µL. Development of this detection method is very meaningful because LFA is simple, requiring a minimum of personnel training to perform. Additionally, LFA requires less time than other detection methods and can be an immediate detection tool that is indispensable in preventing rapid viral spread.
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