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Volpe E, Errani F, Zamparo S, Ciulli S. Redspotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus and the Reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV In Vitro Susceptibility against a Commercial Peroxy-Acid Biocide under Different Conditions of Use. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020076. [PMID: 36851379 PMCID: PMC9963124 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a constantly growing sector. The intensification of fish production and the movement of aquatic animals could cause the spread of infectious diseases. Remarkably, the diffusion of viral agents represents the major bottleneck for finfish production, and viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) is considered the most impacting disease for Mediterranean aquaculture. No effective therapies are available to contrast VER, and vaccination can be applied only in grow-out facilities. Hence, programs to minimize the sanitary risks in farms are paramount to implementing hygienic standards and biosecurity. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro virucidal activity of a peroxy-acid disinfectant (Virkon® S, DuPont, Sudbury, UK) towards the two NNV strains most widespread in the Mediterranean Sea. Remarkably, two protocols were applied to assess the virucidal activity under different conditions of use: the suspension test and the net test. The latter has been applied to evaluate the efficacy of the biocide on instruments, simulating the in-field application. The obtained results demonstrated the suitability of the tested biocide for NNV inactivation, being effective under some of the tested conditions. However, the presence of organic matter, the concentration of the product, and the application conditions can significantly affect the result of the disinfection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Volpe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Errani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Samuele Zamparo
- Azienda Agricola Troticoltura Erede Rossi Silvio di Rossi Niccola, via Madonna dei Calcinai 2, 62025 Sefro, MC, Italy
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Ellakany HF, Elbestawy AR, Abaza SS, Geneedy AM, Khafaga AF, Salem HM, Abd El-Aziz AH, Selim S, Babalghith AO, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA. Inhibition of microbial pathogens in farmed fish. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 183:114003. [PMID: 36030638 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture, also known as aqua farming, is defined as farming fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic plants, algae, and other marine organisms. It includes cultivating fresh- and saltwater populations under controlled conditions compared to commercial fishing or wild fish harvesting. Worldwide, carp, salmon, tilapia, and catfish are the most common fish species used in fish farming in descending order. Disinfectants prevent and/or treat different infections in aquatic animals. The current review indicates the uses of different disinfectants against some important pathogens in aquaculture, with particular reference to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming. A single review cannot cover all aspects of disinfection throughout aquaculture, so the procedures and principles of disinfection in tilapia farming/aquaculture have been chosen for illustration purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hany F Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Samar S Abaza
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Amr M Geneedy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ayman H Abd El-Aziz
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
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Tidbury HJ, Ryder D, Thrush MA, Pearce F, Peeler EJ, Taylor NGH. Comparative assessment of live cyprinid and salmonid movement networks in England and Wales. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105200. [PMID: 33234335 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Disease poses a significant threat to aquaculture. While there are a number of factors contributing to pathogen transmission risk, movement of live fish is considered the most important. Understanding live fish movement patterns for different aquaculture sectors is therefore crucial to predicting disease occurrence and necessary for the development of effective, risk-based biosecurity, surveillance and containment policies. However, despite this, our understanding of live movement patterns of key aquaculture species, namely salmonids and cyprinids, within England and Wales remains limited. In this study, networks reflecting live fish movements associated with the cyprinid and salmonid sectors in England and Wales were constructed. The structure, composition and key attributes of each network were examined and compared to provide insight into the nature of trading patterns and connectedness, as well as highlight sites at a high risk of spreading disease. Connectivity at both site and catchment level was considered to facilitate understanding at different resolutions, providing further insight into disease outbreaks, with industry wide implications. The study highlighted that connectivity through live fish movements was extensive for both industries. The salmonid and cyprinid networks comprised 2533 and 3645 nodes, with a network density of 5.81 × 10-4 and 4.2 × 10-4, respectively. The maximum network reach of 2392 in the salmonid network was higher, both in absolute terms and as a proportion of the overall network, compared to maximum network reach of 2085 in the cyprinid network. However, in contrast, the number of sites in the cyprinid network with a network reach greater than one was 513, compared to 171 in the salmonid network. Patterns of connectivity indicated potential for more frequent yet smaller scale disease outbreaks in the cyprinid industry and less frequent but larger scale outbreaks in the salmonid industry. Further, high connectivity between river catchments within both networks was shown, posing challenges for zoning at the catchment level for the purpose of disease management. In addition to providing insight into pathogen transmission and epidemic potential within the salmonid and cyprinid networks, the study highlights the utility of network analysis, and the value of accessible, accurate live fish movement data in this context. The application of outputs from this study, and network analysis methodology, to inform future disease surveillance and control policies, both within England and Wales and more broadly, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Tidbury
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - D Ryder
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - M A Thrush
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - F Pearce
- Southern Water, Southern House, Yeoman Road, Worthing, BN13 3NX, UK
| | - E J Peeler
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - N G H Taylor
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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Jaemwimol P, Sirikanchana K, Tattiyapong P, Mongkolsuk S, Surachetpong W. Virucidal effects of common disinfectants against tilapia lake virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1383-1389. [PMID: 31322740 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging virus associated with high fish mortality and economic losses. This study investigates the virucidal effects of the following disinfectants (active ingredients) on TiLV: 2.5 ppm iodine, 10 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 300 ppm hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), 80 ppm formalin and 5,000 ppm (0.5%) Virkon® . Factors that affect the disinfectants' efficacy, including temperature, contact time and soiling (organic matter) interference, were examined under conditions mimicking natural aquaculture practices. TiLV inactivation of higher than 5 log10 TCID50 ml-1 was achieved after 10 min and at 28°C for all disinfectants except formalin; similar inactivation levels were reached by NaOCl and Virkon® at 10 min and 4°C. Extended exposure to formalin from 10 to 60 min at 28°C rendered more than 5 log10 inactivation. Increasing synthetic organic matter in the water to mimic soiling interference reduced the efficacy of NaOCl, iodine and H2 O2 when tested at 10 min and 28°C; however, Virkon® still achieved more than 5 log10 inactivation. This study demonstrates that most common disinfectants effectively reduced viral loads to minimum levels. To limit the spread of TiLV in aquaculture farms and related facilities, the appropriate use of such disinfectants should therefore be promoted and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phitchaya Jaemwimol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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