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Avendaño-Herrera R, Lopez P, Echeverría-Bugueño M, Araya-León H, Irgang R. Characterization of Tenacibaculum maritimum isolated from diseased salmonids farmed in Chile reveals high serological and genetic heterogeneity. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13965. [PMID: 38801516 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The diversity of Tenacibaculum maritimum in Chile remains poorly understood, particularly in terms of antigenic and genetic diversity. This information is crucial for the future development of a vaccine against tenacibaculosis and would increase understanding of this important fish pathogen. With this aim, the biochemical, antigenic, and genetic characteristics were analysed for 14 T. maritimum isolates, recovered from diseased Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in Chile between 1998 and 2022. Biochemical analysis showed a homogeneity among all the Chilean T. maritimum isolates and all four other strains included for comparison purposes. Serological characterization using dot-blot assaying revealed antigenic heterogeneity with the use of unabsorbed antisera. The majority of isolates showed cross-reactions, identifying three main serological patterns. When the PCR-based serotyping scheme was performed, the existence of antigenic heterogeneity was confirmed. Four Atlantic salmon isolates were 4-0; and most isolates, including the rainbow trout isolate, were 3-1 (n = 9). A turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) isolate was 1-0. Using an existing Multilocus Sequence Typing system, two newly identified sequence types (ST193 and ST198) in the database were detected. ST193 encompassed nine isolates obtained from Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, while ST198 regrouped four isolates, all retrieved from diseased Atlantic salmon in 2022. These findings highlight significant antigenic and genetic diversity among the Chilean isolates. This information is useful for epizootiology and the selection of suitable candidate strain(s) for vaccine development against tenacibaculosis caused by T. maritimum in Chilean salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Pierre Lopez
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Henry Araya-León
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Mabrok M, Algammal AM, Sivaramasamy E, Hetta HF, Atwah B, Alghamdi S, Fawzy A, Avendaño-Herrera R, Rodkhum C. Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1068000. [PMID: 36683696 PMCID: PMC9853564 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis occurs due to the marine bacterial pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. This ulcerative disease causes high mortalities for various marine fish species worldwide. Several external clinical signs can arise, including mouth erosion, epidermal ulcers, fin necrosis, and tail rot. Research in the last 15 years has advanced knowledge on the traits and pathogenesis mechanisms of T. maritimum. Consequently, significant progress has been made in defining the complex host-pathogen relationship. Nevertheless, tenacibaculosis pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Continued research is urgently needed, as demonstrated by recent reports on the re-emerging nature of tenacibaculosis in salmon farms globally. Current sanitary conditions compromise the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics, in addition to hindering potential preventive measures against tenacibaculosis. The present review compiles knowledge of T. maritimum reported after the 2006 review by Avendaño-Herrera and colleagues. Essential aspects are emphasized, including antigenic and genomic characterizations and molecular diagnostic procedures. Further summarized are the epidemiological foundations of the T. maritimum population structure and elucidations as to the virulence mechanisms of pathogenic isolates, as found using biological, microbiological, and genomic techniques. This comprehensive source of reference will undoubtable serve in tenacibaculosis prevention and control within the marine fish farming industry. Lastly, knowledge gaps and valuable research areas are indicated as potential guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mabrok
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Elayaraja Sivaramasamy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Banan Atwah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aml Fawzy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
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