Encapsulation of structured lipids containing medium‐ and long chain fatty acids by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic

Green biomanufacturing in recombinant collagen biosynthesis: trends and selection in various expression systems

Collagen, classically derived from animal tissue, is an all-important protein material widely used in biomedical materials, cosmetics, fodder, food, etc. The production of recombinant collagen through different biological expression systems using bioengineering techniques has attracted significant interest in consideration of increasing market demand and the process complexity of extraction. Green biomanufacturing of recombinant collagen has become one of the focus topics. While the bioproduction of recombinant collagens (type I, II, III, etc.) has been commercialized in recent years, the biosynthesis of recombinant collagen is extremely challenging due to protein immunogenicity, yield, degradation, and other issues. The rapid development of synthetic biology allows us to perform a heterologous expression of proteins in diverse expression systems, thus optimizing the production and bioactivities of recombinant collagen. This review describes the research progress in the bioproduction of recombinant collagen over the past two decades, focusing on different expression systems (prokaryotic organisms, yeasts, plants, insects, mammalian and human cells, etc.). We also discuss the challenges and future trends in developing market-competitive recombinant collagens.

Development of Gemcitabine Loaded PLGA/Lecithin Nanoparticles for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapy

BACKGROUND

Compared to polymeric nanoparticles prepared using non-lipid surfactants, lecithin addition forms larger nanoparticles and exhibits higher drug loading and the stability of nanoparticles can be conferred by adding Vitamin E Polyethylene Glycol Succinate (TPGS) into the formulation.

AIM

The aim of this study is to prepare Gemcitabine (Gem) loaded lecithin/PLGA nanoparticles. Moreover, the effect of TPGS and sodium cholate (SK) on the preparation of lecithin/PLGA nanoparticles was compared.

METHODS

It was found that while PC addition into PLGATPGS nanoparticles formed larger particles (251.3± 6.0 nm for Gem-PLGATPGS NPs and 516,9 ± 3.9 nm for Gem-PLGA-PCTPGS NPs), the particle size of PLGASK nanoparticles was not affected by lecithin addition (p>0.05;).

RESULTS

In cytotoxicity studies, it was found that the SK-MES-1 cell inhibition rates of Gem-PLGATPGS NPs, Gem-PLGA-PCTPGS NPs, Gem-PLGASK NPs, Gem-PLGA-PCSK NPs were similar with free Gem (p>0.05;). In cytotoxicity studies, it was found that the encapsulation into nanoparticles did not change the cytotoxicity of the drug. However, higher cellular uptake has been observed when the lecithin was used in the preparation of PLGA nanoparticles.

CONCLUSION

Compared with free Gem, the Gem-loaded nanoparticles enhanced the uptake of the drug by SK-MES-1 cells which can increase the effect of gemcitabine for non-small cell lung cancer therapy.

Development, optimization and in vitro evaluation of oxaliplatin loaded nanoparticles in non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been demonstrated as a promising approach by many researchers. However, due to low bioavailability and several side effects, drug targeting to lungs by intravenous administration is not a common route of administration.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, oxaliplatin loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles were prepared to overcome the limitations of the drug. 3³ factorial design was used to evaluate the combined effect of the selected variables on the nanoparticle characteristics and to optimize oxaliplatin loaded PCL nanoparticles.

METHODS

The factorial design was used to study the influence of three different independent variables on the response of nanoparticle particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. The cellular uptakes of oxaliplatin loaded nanoparticles with different molecular weights of PCL were evaluated. Moreover, optimized nanoparticles were evaluated for their efficacy in non-small lung cancer using the SK-MES-1 cell line.

RESULTS

In factorial design, it is found that the homogenization speed and surfactant ratio represented the main factors influencing particle size and PDI and did not seem to depend on the PCL ratio. While the cytotoxicity of free oxaliplatin and oxaliplatin loaded nanoparticles were similar in low drug doses (2.5 and 25 μg/mL), the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin loaded nanoparticles on SK-MES-1 cell was found higher in higher doses (p < 0.05). Moreover, oxaliplatin nanoparticles formulated with different molecular weights of PCL did not show significant differences in cellular uptake in 1 h and 2 h. However, the uptake of PCL₈₀₀₀₀ NPs was found significantly greater than free oxaliplatin at 4 h (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Hence, the development of oxaliplatin loaded PCL nanoparticles can be a useful approach for effective NSCLC therapy. Development, optimization and in vitro evaluation of oxaliplatin loaded nanoparticles in non-small cell lung cancer.

Production of probiotic kefir fortified with encapsulated structured lipids and investigation of matrix effects by means of oxidation and in vitro digestion studies

The aim of the present study is to encapsulate structured lipids (SLs) by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic with or without using transglutaminase enzymes and to develop a functional kefir product via the addition of encapsulated SLs in the form of suspension and freeze-dried coacervates. Encapsulated SLs were evaluated for their oxidative stability during 30 days of cold storage. The data showed that coacervate solutions were more sensitive to lipid oxidation compared to freeze-dried capsules. Traditionally produced kefir samples that were fortified with complex coacervation products were stored for 10 days at 4 °C. The pH values of the samples decreased, whereas titratable acidity consistently increased during the storage period. Moreover, an in vitro controlled release study was conducted with a fortified kefir sample containing freeze-dried capsules. According to the results, kefir had no significant matrix effect on oil release from the freeze-dried capsules (p > 0.05).