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Evans WJ, Ferrucci L. A simplified definition of sarcopenia: muscle mass/body weight. J Nutr Health Aging 2024; 28:100302. [PMID: 38908131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
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Cummings SR, Lui LY, Glynn NW, Mau T, Cawthon PM, Kritchevsky SB, Coen PM, Goodpaster B, Marcinek DJ, Hepple RT, Patel S, Newman AB. Energetics and clinical factors for the time required to walk 400 m: The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA). J Am Geriatr Soc 2024; 72:1035-1047. [PMID: 38243364 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walking slows with aging often leading to mobility disability. Mitochondrial energetics has been found to be associated with gait speed over short distances. Additionally, walking is a complex activity but few clinical factors that may be associated with walk time have been studied. METHODS We examined 879 participants ≥70 years and measured the time to walk 400 m. We tested the hypothesis that decreased mitochondrial energetics by respirometry in muscle biopsies and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the thigh and is associated with longer time to walk 400 m. We also used cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess the energetic costs of walking: maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and energy cost-capacity (the ratio of VO2, at a slow speed to VO2peak). In addition, we tested the hypothesis that selected clinical factors would also be associated with 400-m walk time. RESULTS Lower Max OXPHOS was associated with longer walk time, and the association was explained by the energetic costs of walking, leg power, and weight. Additionally, a multivariate model revealed that longer walk time was also significantly associated with lower VO2peak, greater cost-capacity ratio, weaker leg power, heavier weight, hip and knee stiffness, peripheral neuropathy, greater perceived exertion while walking slowly, greater physical fatigability, less moderate-to-vigorous exercise, less sedentary time, and anemia. Significant associations between age, sex, muscle mass, and peripheral artery disease with 400-m walk time were explained by other clinical and physiologic factors. CONCLUSIONS Lower mitochondrial energetics is associated with needing more time to walk 400 m. This supports the value of developing interventions to improve mitochondrial energetics. Additionally, doing more moderate-to-vigorous exercise, increasing leg power, reducing weight, treating hip and knee stiffness, and screening for and treating anemia may reduce the time required to walk 400 m and reduce the risk of mobility disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Cummings
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Li-Yung Lui
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nancy W Glynn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theresa Mau
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul M Coen
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret Goodpaster
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sheena Patel
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cummings SR, Lui LY, Glynn NW, Mau T, Cawthon PM, Kritchevsky SB, Coen PM, Goodpaster B, Marcinek DJ, Hepple RT, Patel S, Newman AB. Energetics and Clinical Factors for the Time Required to Walk 400 Meters The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.10.23298299. [PMID: 37986884 PMCID: PMC10659495 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.23298299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Walking slows with aging often leading to mobility disability. Mitochondrial energetics has been found to influence gait speed over short distances. Additionally, walking is a complex activity but few clinical factors that may influence walk time have been studied. Methods We examined 879 participants ≥70 years and measured the time to walk 400m. We tested the hypothesis that decreased mitochondrial energetics by respirometry in muscle biopsies and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the thigh, is associated with longer time to walk 400m. We also used cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess the energetic costs of walking: maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 peak) and energy cost-capacity (the ratio of VO2, at a slow speed to VO 2 peak). In addition, we tested the hypothesis that selected clinical factors would also be associated with 400m walk time. Results Lower Max OXPHOS was associated with longer walk time and the association was explained by the energetics costs of walking, leg power and weight. Additionally, a multivariate model revealed that longer walk time was also significantly associated with lower VO 2 peak, greater cost-capacity ratio, weaker leg power, heavier weight, hip and knee stiffness, peripheral neuropathy, greater perceived exertion while walking slowly, greater physical fatigability, less moderate-to-vigorous exercise, less sedentary time and anemia. Significant associations between age, sex, muscle mass, and peripheral artery disease with 400m walk time were explained by other clinical and physiologic factors. Conclusions Lower mitochondrial energetics is associated with needing more time to walk 400m. This supports the value of developing interventions to improve mitochondrial energetics. Additionally, doing more moderate-to-vigorous exercise, increasing leg power, reducing weight, treating hip and knee stiffness, and screening for and treating anemia may reduce the time required to walk 400m and reduce the risk of mobility disability.
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