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Zada A, Lv M, Li J. Molecular Lesions in BRI1 and Its Orthologs in the Plant Kingdom. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8111. [PMID: 39125682 PMCID: PMC11312156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are an essential group of plant hormones regulating numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. BRI1, along with its co-receptor BAK1, are involved in brassinosteroid sensing and early events in the BR signal transduction cascade. Mutational analysis of a particular gene is a powerful strategy for investigating its biochemical role. Molecular genetic studies, predominantly in Arabidopsis thaliana, but progressively in numerous other plants, have identified many mutants of the BRI1 gene and its orthologs to gain insight into its structure and function. So far, the plant kingdom has identified up to 40 bri1 alleles in Arabidopsis and up to 30 bri1 orthologs in different plants. These alleles exhibit phenotypes that are identical in terms of development and growth. Here, we have summarized bri1 alleles in Arabidopsis and its orthologs present in various plants including monocots and dicots. We have discussed the possible mechanism responsible for the specific allele. Finally, we have briefly debated the importance of these alleles in the research field and the agronomically valuable traits they offer to improve plant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zada
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Minghui Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Bungala LTDC, Park C, Dique JEL, Sathasivam R, Shin SY, Park SU. Ethylene: A Modulator of the Phytohormone-Mediated Insect Herbivory Network in Plants. INSECTS 2024; 15:404. [PMID: 38921119 PMCID: PMC11203721 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved to establish insect herbivory defences by modulating their metabolism, growth, and development. Precise networks of phytohormones are essential to induce those herbivory defences. Gaseous phytohormone ET plays an important role in forming herbivory defences. Its role in insect herbivory is not fully understood, but previous studies have shown that it can both positively and negatively regulate herbivory. This review presents recent findings on crosstalk between ET and other phytohormones in herbivory responses. Additionally, the use of exogenous ETH treatment to induce ET in response to herbivory is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Tarcisio da Cristina Bungala
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (L.T.d.C.B.); (C.P.); (R.S.)
- Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Central Regional Center, Highway N° 6, Chimoio P.O. Box 42, Mozambique;
| | - Chanung Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (L.T.d.C.B.); (C.P.); (R.S.)
| | - José Eulário Lampi Dique
- Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Central Regional Center, Highway N° 6, Chimoio P.O. Box 42, Mozambique;
- Department of Biology, Natural Science Institute, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, Brazil
| | - Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (L.T.d.C.B.); (C.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Su Young Shin
- Using Technology Development Department, Bio-Resources Research Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (L.T.d.C.B.); (C.P.); (R.S.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Hu J, Huang J, Xu H, Wang Y, Li C, Wen P, You X, Zhang X, Pan G, Li Q, Zhang H, He J, Wu H, Jiang L, Wang H, Liu Y, Wan J. Rice stripe virus suppresses jasmonic acid-mediated resistance by hijacking brassinosteroid signaling pathway in rice. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008801. [PMID: 32866183 PMCID: PMC7485985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most destructive viral diseases affecting rice production. However, so far, only one RSV resistance gene has been cloned, the molecular mechanisms underlying host-RSV interaction are still poorly understood. Here, we show that increasing levels or signaling of brassinosteroids (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) can significantly enhance the resistance against RSV. On the contrary, plants impaired in BR or JA signaling are more susceptible to RSV. Moreover, the enhancement of RSV resistance conferred by BR is impaired in OsMYC2 (a key positive regulator of JA response) knockout plants, suggesting that BR-mediated RSV resistance requires active JA pathway. In addition, we found that RSV infection suppresses the endogenous BR levels to increase the accumulation of OsGSK2, a key negative regulator of BR signaling. OsGSK2 physically interacts with OsMYC2, resulting in the degradation of OsMYC2 by phosphorylation and reduces JA-mediated defense to facilitate virus infection. These findings not only reveal a novel molecular mechanism mediating the crosstalk between BR and JA in response to virus infection and deepen our understanding about the interaction of virus and plants, but also suggest new effective means of breeding RSV resistant crops using genetic engineering. Brassinosteroids (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) play critical roles in responding to various stresses. However, the roles of BR and JA, particularly, the crosstalk between these two phytohormones in viral resistance is still very limited. In this work, we found that both BR and JA positively regulate RSV resistance, and JA pathway is necessary for BR-mediated RSV resistance in rice. RSV infection significantly inhibits the BR signaling pathway and increases the accumulation of OsGSK2. OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates OsMYC2, resulting in the degradation of OsMYC2 and suppression of the JA-mediated RSV resistance response to facilitate virus infection. These findings revealed the molecular mechanism of crosstalk between the BR and JA in response to virus infection and deepen our understanding about the mechanism of RSV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haosen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (JW)
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (JW)
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Peres ALGL, Soares JS, Tavares RG, Righetto G, Zullo MAT, Mandava NB, Menossi M. Brassinosteroids, the Sixth Class of Phytohormones: A Molecular View from the Discovery to Hormonal Interactions in Plant Development and Stress Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020331. [PMID: 30650539 PMCID: PMC6359644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones are natural chemical messengers that play critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors, maintaining plant homeostasis, and allowing adaptation to environmental changes. The discovery of a new class of phytohormones, the brassinosteroids (BRs), almost 40 years ago opened a new era for the studies of plant growth and development and introduced new perspectives in the regulation of agronomic traits through their use in agriculture. BRs are a group of hormones with significant growth regulatory activity that act independently and in conjunction with other phytohormones to control different BR-regulated activities. Genetic and molecular research has increased our understanding of how BRs and their cross-talk with other phytohormones control several physiological and developmental processes. The present article provides an overview of BRs' discovery as well as recent findings on their interactions with other phytohormones at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, in addition to clarifying how their network works to modulate plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura G L Peres
- Functional Genome Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - José Sérgio Soares
- Functional Genome Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Rafael G Tavares
- Center for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 400, Australia.
| | - Germanna Righetto
- Functional Genome Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Marco A T Zullo
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Agronomic Institute, Campinas 13020-902, Brazil.
| | - N Bhushan Mandava
- Mandava Associates, LLC, 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 500, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Functional Genome Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
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Pan G, Liu Y, Ji L, Zhang X, He J, Huang J, Qiu Z, Liu D, Sun Z, Xu T, Liu L, Wang C, Jiang L, Cheng X, Wan J. Brassinosteroids mediate susceptibility to brown planthopper by integrating with the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4433-4442. [PMID: 29893903 PMCID: PMC6093477 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Improved knowledge of the interactions between plants and insects will facilitate better insect control in crops. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a vital role in plant growth, developmental processes, and responses to pathogen infection, but the role of BRs in interactions between plants and insects remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized a negative role of BRs in rice defense against brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) and examined its underlying mechanisms. We found that BPH infestation suppressed the BR pathway while successively activating the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways. In addition, BR-overproducing mutants and plants treated with 24-epibrassinolide (BL) showed increased susceptibility to BPH, whereas BR-deficient mutants were more resistant than the wild-type. BRs down-regulated the expression of genes related to the SA pathway and reduced SA content while genes related to the JA pathway were up-regulated and JA content increased after BPH infestation. Furthermore, BR-mediated suppression of the SA pathway was impaired both in JA-deficient and JA-insensitive mutants. Our results demonstrate that BRs promote the susceptibility of rice plants to BPH by modulating the SA and JA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Linshan Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Daoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Crop Science, the National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lortzing T, Firtzlaff V, Nguyen D, Rieu I, Stelzer S, Schad M, Kallarackal J, Steppuhn A. Transcriptomic responses of Solanum dulcamara to natural and simulated herbivory. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:e196-e211. [PMID: 28449359 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by diverse herbivores and respond with manifold defence responses. To study transcriptional and other early regulation events of these plant responses, herbivory is often simulated to standardize the temporal and spatial dynamics that vary tremendously for natural herbivory. Yet, to what extent such simulations of herbivory are able to elicit the same plant response as real herbivory remains largely undetermined. We examined the transcriptional response of a wild model plant to herbivory by lepidopteran larvae and to a commonly used herbivory simulation by applying the larvae's oral secretions to standardized wounds. We designed a microarray for Solanum dulcamara and showed that the transcriptional responses to real and to simulated herbivory by Spodoptera exigua overlapped moderately by about 40%. Interestingly, certain responses were mimicked better than others; 60% of the genes upregulated but not even a quarter of the genes downregulated by herbivory were similarly affected by application of oral secretions to wounds. While the regulation of genes involved in signalling, defence and water stress was mimicked well by the simulated herbivory, most of the genes related to photosynthesis, carbohydrate- and lipid metabolism were exclusively regulated by real herbivory. Thus, wounding and application of oral secretions decently mimics herbivory-induced defence responses but likely not the reallocation of primary metabolites induced by real herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Firtzlaff
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Stelzer
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bjornson M, Dandekar AM, Chory J, Dehesh K. Brassinosteroid's multi-modular interaction with the general stress network customizes stimulus-specific responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:165-177. [PMID: 27457993 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions is a universal feature of plant life, governed by fundamental mechanisms optimizing resource allocation. This balance is achieved in part through tightly regulated communication networks among growth and stress response signaling pathways. Understanding the communication modules between brassinosteroids (BRs), the ubiquitous hormones known to control growth and stress adaptation, and the general stress response (GSR), a rapid and transient transcriptional output in response to perturbations, provides an optimal platform to unravel new facet(s) of plant stress adaptation. Here, we explore communication facets of BR with GSR via in planta quantification of the GSR in Arabidopsis expressing luciferase driven by a functional GSR cis-element, the Rapid Stress Response Element (4xRSRE:LUC). We establish that application of exogenous BR suppresses microbe-associated molecular pattern-activated GSR, but enhances the wound-triggered GSR. The enhanced wound-activated GSR in BR-treated plants results in a greater wound-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea. A combination of molecular genetics using BR signaling mutants and application of an activator of BR signaling, bikinin, confirms these results and places the chief point of BR-GSR interaction downstream of potential membrane receptor circuitry. These results support a multi-modular interaction between BRs and stress signaling, instrumental in customizing stimulus-specific responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Larbat R, Paris C, Le Bot J, Adamowicz S. Phenolic characterization and variability in leaves, stems and roots of Micro-Tom and patio tomatoes, in response to nitrogen limitation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 224:62-73. [PMID: 24908507 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics are implicated in the defence strategies of many plant species rendering their concentration increase of putative practical interest in the field of crop protection. Little attention has been given to the nature, concentration and distribution of phenolics within vegetative organs of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L) as compared to fruits. In this study, we extensively characterized the phenolics in leaves, stems and roots of nine tomato cultivars using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) and assessed the impact of low nitrogen (LN) availability on their accumulation. Thirty-one phenolics from the four sub-classes, hydroxycinnamoyl esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolamides were identified, five of which had not previously been reported in these tomato organs. A higher diversity and concentration of phenolics was found in leaves than in stems and roots. The qualitative distribution of these compounds between plant organs was similar for the nine cultivars with the exception of Micro-Tom because of its significantly higher phenolic concentrations in leaves and stems as compared to roots. With few exceptions, the influence of the LN treatment on the three organs of all cultivars was to increase the concentrations of hydroxycinnamoyl esters, flavonoids and anthocyanins and to decrease those of phenolamides. This impact of LN was greater in roots than in leaves and stems. Nitrogen nutrition thus appears as a means of modulating the concentration and composition of organ phenolics and their distribution within the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larbat
- INRA UMR 1121 "Agronomie & Environnement" Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121 "Agronomie & Environnement" Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Cédric Paris
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Jacques Le Bot
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH (Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles), F-84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Stéphane Adamowicz
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH (Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles), F-84000 Avignon, France.
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Jiang J, Zhang C, Wang X. Ligand perception, activation, and early signaling of plant steroid receptor brassinosteroid insensitive 1. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:1198-211. [PMID: 23718739 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) belong to a large group of cell surface proteins involved in many aspects of plant development and environmental responses in both monocots and dicots. Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), a member of the LRR X subfamily, was first identified through several forward genetic screenings for mutants insensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs), which are a class of plant-specific steroid hormones. Since its identification, BRI1 and its homologs had been proved as receptors perceiving BRs and initiating BR signaling. The co-receptor BRI1-associated kinase 1 and its homologs, and other BRI1 interacting proteins such as its inhibitor BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (BKI1) were identified by genetic and biochemical approaches. The detailed mechanisms of BR perception by BRI1 and the activation of BRI1 receptor complex have also been elucidated. Moreover, several mechanisms for termination of the activated BRI1 signaling were also discovered. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances on the mechanism of BRI1 phosphorylation and activation, the regulation of its receptor complex, the structure basis of BRI1 ectodomain and BR recognition, its direct substrates, and the termination of the activated BRI1 receptor complex. [Figure: see text] Xuelu Wang (Corresponding author).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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