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Singh M, Singh A, Yadav N, Yadav DK. Current perspectives of ubiquitination and SUMOylation in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993194. [PMID: 36212351 PMCID: PMC9533872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) is a critical and rapid mechanism to regulate all the major cellular processes through the modification of diverse protein substrates. Substrate-specific covalent attachment of ubiquitin and Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier (SUMO) with the target proteins, known as ubiquitination and SUMOylation, respectively, are crucial PTMs that regulate almost every process in the cell by modulating the stability and fidelity of the proteins. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation play a very significant role to provide tolerance to the plants in adverse environmental conditions by activating/deactivating the pre-existing proteins to a great extent. We reviewed the importance of ubiquitination and SUMOylation in plants, implicating its prospects in various abiotic stress regulations. An exhaustive study of molecular mechanisms of ubiquitination and SUMOylation of plant proteins and their role will contribute to the understanding of physiology underlying mitigation of the abiotic stresses and survival in plants. It will be helpful to strategize the improvement of crops for abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ananya Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Neelam Yadav
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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Li Y, Huang F, Tao Y, Zhou Y, Bai A, Yu Z, Xiao D, Zhang C, Liu T, Hou X, Li Y. BcGR1.1, a Cytoplasmic Localized Glutathione Reductase, Enhanced Tolerance to Copper Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:389. [PMID: 35204271 PMCID: PMC8869148 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is a mineral element, which is necessary for the normal growth and development of plants, but high levels of copper will seriously damage plants. Studies have shown that AtGR1 improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis to aluminum and cadmium stress. However, the role of GR in the copper stress response of plants is still unclear. Here, we identified four genes (named BcGR1.1, BcGR1.2, BcGR2.1 and BcGR2.2, respectively) encoding glutathione reductase (GR) in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. chinensis), which could be divided into two types based on the subcellular localization. Among them, BcGR1.1, which belonged to the cytoplasmic localization type, was significantly upregulated under copper stress. Compared to WT (the wild type), Arabidopsis thaliana heterologously overexpressed BcGR1.1 had longer roots, higher fresh weight, higher GSH levels and GSH/GSSG (oxidized form of GSH) ratio, and accumulated more superoxide dismutase and peroxidase under copper stress. However, in the AsA-GSH cycle under copper stress, the contents of AsA and AsA/DHA were significantly downregulated, and the contents of DHA and T-AsA (total AsA) were upregulated, in the BcGR1.1-overexpressing Arabidopsis. Therefore, BcGR1.1 could improve the scavenging ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activity of GR, antioxidant enzymes and the utilization of AsA, and then enhance the copper stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of the P. R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (F.H.); (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (A.B.); (Z.Y.); (D.X.); (C.Z.); (T.L.); (X.H.)
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Wu J, Hu J, Wang L, Zhao L, Ma F. Responses of Phragmites australis to copper stress: A combined analysis of plant morphology, physiology and proteomics. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:351-362. [PMID: 32810882 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Few relevant research attempts have been made to determine heavy metal resistance mechanisms of rhizomatous perennial plants. Thus, it is pertinent to investigate the physiological and biochemical changes in Phragmites australis under metal-stressed conditions to facilitate the development of strategies to enhance copper (Cu) tolerance. We measured parameters related to plant growth and development, metal translocation and physiological responses of P. australis subjected to Cu stress. In addition, the differentially expressed proteins (DEP) were evaluated using the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) system. A large amount of copper accumulates in the roots of P.australis, but the growth parameters were not sensitive to Cu. However, the high concentration of Cu reduced the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and the expression of important photosynthesis proteins PsbD, PsbO and PsaA were all down-regulated, so photosynthesis was inhibited. In contrast, the content of ascorbic acid and proline both increased with the increase of copper stress. P.australis fixed a large amount of Cu in its roots, limiting the migration of Cu to other parts of the plant. Moreover, Cu stress can affect photosynthesis by inhibiting the activity of PSI, PSII and LHCII. In addition, P.australis synthesizes ascorbic acid through the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway, and synthesizes proline through the ornithine pathway. Ascorbic acid and proline can increase Cu tolerance and protect photosynthesis. These results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the tolerance and repair mechanisms of plants in response to heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - J Hu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - F Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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An Insight into the Factors Influencing Specificity of the SUMO System in Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121788. [PMID: 33348543 PMCID: PMC7767294 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sessile nature, plants are constantly subjected to various environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and pathogen infections. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), like SUMOylation, play a vital role in the regulation of plant responses to their environment. The process of SUMOylation typically involves an enzymatic cascade containing the activation, (E1), conjugation (E2), and ligation (E3) of SUMO to a target protein. Additionally, it also requires a class of SUMO proteases that generate mature SUMO from its precursor and cleave it off the target protein, a process termed deSUMOylation. It is now clear that SUMOylation in plants is key to a plethora of adaptive responses. How this is achieved with an extremely limited set of machinery components is still unclear. One possibility is that novel SUMO components are yet to be discovered. However, current knowledge indicates that only a small set of enzymes seem to be responsible for the modification of a large number of SUMO substrates. It is yet unknown where the specificity lies within the SUMO system. Although this seems to be a crucial question in the field of SUMOylation studies, not much is known about the factors that provide specificity. In this review, we highlight the role of the localisation of SUMO components as an important factor that can play a vital role in contributing to the specificity within the process. This will introduce a new facet to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying such a dynamic process.
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Qu GP, Li H, Lin XL, Kong X, Hu ZL, Jin YH, Liu Y, Song HL, Kim DH, Lin R, Li J, Jin JB. Reversible SUMOylation of FHY1 Regulates Phytochrome A Signaling in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:879-893. [PMID: 32298785 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In response to far-red light (FR), FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) transports the photoactivated phytochrome A (phyA), the primary FR photoreceptor, into the nucleus, where it initiates FR signaling in plants. Light promotes the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of FHY1, which desensitizes FR signaling, but the underlying regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that reversible SUMOylation of FHY1 tightly regulates this process. Lysine K32 (K32) and K103 are major SUMOylation sites of FHY1. We found that FR exposure promotes the SUMOylation of FHY1, which accelerates its degradation. Furthermore, we discovered that ARABIDOPSIS SUMO PROTEASE 1 (ASP1) interacts with FHY1 in the nucleus under FR and facilitates its deSUMOylation. FHY1 was strongly SUMOylated and its protein level was decreased in the asp1-1 loss-of-function mutant compared with that in the wild type under FR. Consistently, asp1-1 seedlings exhibited a decreased sensitivity to FR, suggesting that ASP1 plays an important role in the maintenance of proper FHY1 levels under FR. Genetic analysis further revealed that ASP1 regulates FR signaling through an FHY1- and phyA-dependent pathway. Interestingly, We found that continuous FR inhibits ASP1 accumulation, perhaps contributing to the desensitization of FR signaling. Taken together, these results indicate that FR-induced SUMOylation and ASP1-dependent deSUMOylation of FHY1 represent a key regulatory mechanism that fine-tunes FR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Ping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangxiong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zi-Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yin Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang-Lin Song
- Yanbian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Yanji 133001, China
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, South Korea
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Transcriptome analysis of drought-tolerant sorghum genotype SC56 in response to water stress reveals an oxidative stress defense strategy. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3291-3303. [PMID: 32303956 PMCID: PMC7239807 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drought tolerance is a crucial trait for crops to curtail the yield loss inflicted by water stress, yet genetic improvement efforts are challenged by the complexity of this character. The adaptation of sorghum to abiotic stress, its genotypic variability, and relatively small genome make this species well-suited to dissect the molecular basis of drought tolerance. The use of differential transcriptome analysis provides a snapshot of the bioprocesses underlying drought response as well as genes that might be determinants of the drought tolerance trait. RNA sequencing data were analyzed via gene ontology enrichment to compare the transcriptome profiles of two sorghum lines, the drought-tolerant SC56 and the drought-sensitive Tx7000. SC56 outperformed Tx7000 in wet conditions by upregulating processes driving growth and guaranteeing homeostasis. The drought tolerance of SC56 seems to be an intrinsic trait occurring through overexpressing stress tolerance genes in wet conditions, notably genes acting in defense against oxidative stress (SOD1, SOD2, VTC1, MDAR1, MSRB2, and ABC1K1). Similarly to wet conditions, under drought, SC56 enhanced its transmembrane transport and maintained growth-promoting mechanisms. Under drought, SC56 also upregulated stress tolerance genes that heighten the antioxidant capacity (SOD1, RCI3, VTE1, UCP1, FD1, and FD2), regulatory factors (CIPK1 and CRK7), and repressors of premature senescence (SAUL1). The differential expression analysis uncovered biological processes which upregulation enables SC56 to be a better accumulator of biomass and connects the drought tolerance trait to key stress tolerance genes, making this genotype a judicious choice for isolation of tolerance genes.
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Cui Y, Wang M, Yin X, Xu G, Song S, Li M, Liu K, Xia X. OsMSR3, a Small Heat Shock Protein, Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Copper Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6096. [PMID: 31816902 PMCID: PMC6929131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is a mineral element essential for the normal growth and development of plants; however, excessive levels can severely affect plant growth and development. Oryza sativa L. multiple stress-responsive gene 3 (OsMSR3) is a small, low-molecular-weight heat shock protein (HSP) gene. A previous study has shown that OsMSR3 expression improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis to cadmium stress. However, the role of OsMSR3 in the Cu stress response of plants remains unclear, and, thus, this study aimed to elucidate this phenomenon in Arabidopsis thaliana, to further understand the role of small HSPs (sHSPs) in heavy metal resistance in plants. Under Cu stress, transgenic A. thaliana expressing OsMSR3 showed higher tolerance to Cu, longer roots, higher survival rates, biomass, and relative water content, and accumulated more Cu, abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide, chlorophyll, carotenoid, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase than wild-type plants did. Moreover, OsMSR3 expression in A. thaliana increased the expression of antioxidant-related and ABA-responsive genes. Collectively, our findings suggest that OsMSR3 played an important role in regulating Cu tolerance in plants and improved their tolerance to Cu stress through enhanced activation of antioxidative defense mechanisms and positive regulation of ABA-responsive gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Manling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xuming Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Guoyun Xu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Shufeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Centre, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Mingjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xinjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (X.X.)
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Rosa MT, Abreu IA. Exploring the regulatory levels of SUMOylation to increase crop productivity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 49:43-51. [PMID: 31177030 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation is an essential post-translational modification that affects several cellular processes, from gene replication to stress response. Studies using the SUMO (de)conjugation machinery have provided evidence regarding its potential to improve crop performance and productivity under normal and adverse conditions. However, the pleiotropic effect of SUMOylation can be a disadvantage in both situations, especially when considering unpredictable environmental conditions caused by climate changes. Here, we discuss the pleiotropic effects caused by disrupting the SUMOylation machinery, and new strategies that may help to overcome pleiotropy. We propose exploring the several regulatory levels of SUMOylation recently revealed, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional regulation by alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications. These new findings may provide valuable tools to increase crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Tg Rosa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel A Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Morrell R, Sadanandom A. Dealing With Stress: A Review of Plant SUMO Proteases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1122. [PMID: 31620153 PMCID: PMC6759571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The SUMO system is a rapid dynamic post-translational mechanism employed by eukaryotic cells to respond to stress. Plant cells experience hyperSUMOylation of substrates in response to stresses such as heat, ethanol, and drought. Many SUMOylated proteins are located in the nucleus, SUMOylation altering many nuclear processes. The SUMO proteases play two key functions in the SUMO cycle by generating free SUMO; they have an important role in regulating the SUMO cycle, and by cleaving SUMO off SUMOylated proteins, they provide specificity to which proteins become SUMOylated. This review summarizes the broad literature of plant SUMO proteases describing their catalytic activity, domains and structure, evolution, localization, and response to stress and highlighting potential new areas of research in the future.
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Pedley KF, Pandey AK, Ruck A, Lincoln LM, Whitham SA, Graham MA. Rpp1 Encodes a ULP1-NBS-LRR Protein That Controls Immunity to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:120-133. [PMID: 30303765 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0198-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of Asian soybean rust. Susceptible soybean plants infected by virulent isolates of P. pachyrhizi are characterized by tan-colored lesions and erumpent uredinia on the leaf surface. Germplasm screening and genetic analyses have led to the identification of seven loci, Rpp1 to Rpp7, that provide varying degrees of resistance to P. pachyrhizi (Rpp). Two genes, Rpp1 and Rpp1b, map to the same region on soybean chromosome 18. Rpp1 is unique among the Rpp genes in that it confers an immune response (IR) to avirulent P. pachyrhizi isolates. The IR is characterized by a lack of visible symptoms, whereas resistance provided by Rpp1b to Rpp7 results in red-brown foliar lesions. Rpp1 maps to a region spanning approximately 150 kb on chromosome 18 between markers Sct_187 and Sat_064 in L85-2378 (Rpp1), an isoline developed from Williams 82 and PI 200492 (Rpp1). To identify Rpp1, we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome library from soybean accession PI 200492. Sequencing of the Rpp1 locus identified three homologous nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) candidate resistance genes between Sct_187 and Sat_064. Each candidate gene is also predicted to encode an N-terminal ubiquitin-like protease 1 (ULP1) domain. Cosilencing of the Rpp1 candidates abrogated the immune response in the Rpp1 resistant soybean accession PI 200492, indicating that Rpp1 is a ULP1-NBS-LRR protein and plays a key role in the IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry F Pedley
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
- 3 Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Amy Ruck
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Lori M Lincoln
- 2 USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.; and
| | - Steven A Whitham
- 3 Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Michelle A Graham
- 2 USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.; and
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Rosa MTG, Almeida DM, Pires IS, da Rosa Farias D, Martins AG, da Maia LC, de Oliveira AC, Saibo NJM, Oliveira MM, Abreu IA. Insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the rice SUMOylation machinery and into the role of two rice SUMO proteases. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:349. [PMID: 30541427 PMCID: PMC6291987 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SUMOylation is an essential eukaryotic post-translation modification that, in plants, regulates numerous cellular processes, ranging from seed development to stress response. Using rice as a model crop plant, we searched for potential regulatory points that may influence the activity of the rice SUMOylation machinery genes. RESULTS We analyzed the presence of putative cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) within the promoter regions of the rice SUMOylation machinery genes and found CREs related to different cellular processes, including hormone signaling. We confirmed that the transcript levels of genes involved in target-SUMOylation, containing ABA- and GA-related CREs, are responsive to treatments with these hormones. Transcriptional analysis in Nipponbare (spp. japonica) and LC-93-4 (spp. indica), showed that the transcript levels of all studied genes are maintained in the two subspecies, under normal growth. OsSUMO3 is an exceptional case since it is expressed at low levels or is not detectable at all in LC-93-4 roots and shoots, respectively. We revealed post-transcriptional regulation by alternative splicing (AS) for all genes studied, except for SUMO coding genes, OsSIZ2, OsOTS3, and OsELS2. Some AS forms have the potential to alter protein domains and catalytic centers. We also performed the molecular and phenotypic characterization of T-DNA insertion lines of some of the genes under study. Knockouts of OsFUG1 and OsELS1 showed increased SUMOylation levels and non-overlapping phenotypes. The fug1 line showed a dwarf phenotype, and significant defects in fertility, seed weight, and panicle architecture, while the els1 line showed early flowering and decreased plant height. We suggest that OsELS1 is an ortholog of AtEsd4, which was also supported by our phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the rice SUMOylation machinery and discuss possible effects of the regulation of these genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. We also contribute to the characterization of two rice SUMO proteases, OsELS1 and OsFUG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida T. G. Rosa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diego M. Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- IBET, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France
| | - Inês S. Pires
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Frontiers Media SA, Avenue du Tribunal-Fédéral 34, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel da Rosa Farias
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Alice G. Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luciano Carlos da Maia
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - António Costa de Oliveira
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Nelson J. M. Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M. Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel A. Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- IBET, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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