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He X, Xu Y, Huang D, Yu Z, Yu J, Xie L, Liu L, Yu Y, Chen C, Wan J, Zhang Y, Zheng J. P2X1 enhances leukemogenesis through PBX3-BCAT1 pathways. Leukemia 2023; 37:265-275. [PMID: 36418376 PMCID: PMC9898031 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
How bone marrow niches regulate leukemogenic activities of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) is unclear. The present study revealed that the metabolic niche component, ATP, efficiently induced ion influx in LICs through its ligand-gated ion channel, P2X1. P2X1 deletion impaired LIC self-renewal capacities and resulted in an approximately 8-fold decrease in functional LIC numbers in a murine acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model without affecting normal hematopoiesis. P2X1 phosphorylation at specific sites of S387 and T389 was essential for sustaining its promoting effects on leukemia development. ATP-P2X1-mediated signaling upregulated the PBX3 level to transactivate BCAT1 to maintain LIC fates. P2X1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of both human AML cell lines and primary cells. The P2X1 antagonist sufficiently suppressed AML cell proliferation. These results provided a unique perspective on how metabolic niche factor ATP fine-tunes LIC activities, which may benefit the development of strategies for targeting LICs or other cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao He
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yilu Xu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Dan Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jing Yu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Li Xie
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ligen Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ye Yu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198 China
| | - Chiqi Chen
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jiangbo Wan
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Junke Zheng
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Research Unit of Stress and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200127, China.
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2
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Stavrou A, Evans RJ, Schmid R. Identification of a distinct desensitisation gate in the ATP-gated P2X2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:190-195. [PMID: 31843194 PMCID: PMC7008354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
P2X receptors are trimeric ATP-gated ion channels. In response to ATP binding, conformational changes lead to opening of the channel and ion flow. Current flow can decline during continued ATP binding in a process called desensitisation. The rate and extent of desensitisation is affected by multiple factors, for instance the T18A mutation in P2X2 makes the ion channel fast desensitising. We have used this mutation to investigate whether the gate restricting ion flow is different in the desensitised and the closed state, by combining molecular modelling and cysteine modification using MTSET (2-(Trimethylammonium)ethyl methanethiosulfonate). Homology modelling of the P2X2 receptor and negative space imaging of the channel suggested a movement of the restriction gate with residue T335 being solvent accessible in the desensitised, but not the closed state. This was confirmed experimentally by probing the accessibility of T335C in the P2X2 T18A/T335C (fast desensitisation) and T335C (slow desensitisation) mutants with MTSET which demonstrates that the barrier to ion flow is different in the closed and the desensitised states. To investigate the T18A induced switch in desensitisation we compared molecular dynamics simulations of the wild type and T18A P2X2 receptor which suggest that the differences in time course of desensitisation are due to structural destabilization of a hydrogen bond network of conserved residues in the proximity of T18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Stavrou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard J Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ralf Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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Zhou LJ, Chen M, Puthiyakunnon S, He C, Xia J, He CY, Deng SQ, Peng HJ. Toxoplasma gondii ROP18 inhibits human glioblastoma cell apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway by targeting host cell P2X1. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:284. [PMID: 31164145 PMCID: PMC6547611 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis plays a critical role in the embryonic development, homeostasis of immune system and host defense against intracellular microbial pathogens. Infection by the obligate intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii can both inhibit and induce host cell apoptosis; however, the parasitic factors involved remain unclear. The T. gondii virulence factor ROP18 (TgROP18) has been reported to regulate host cell apoptosis; nevertheless, results for this regulation have been rarely reported or have provided contradictory findings. Human purinergic receptor 1 (P2X1) is an ATP-gated ion channel that responds to ATP stimulation and functions in cell apoptosis mediation. The precise roles of TgROP18 in T. gondii pathogenesis, and the relationship between TgROP18 and host P2X1 in host cell apoptosis are yet to be revealed. Methods Apoptosis rates were determined by flow cytometry (FCM) and TUNEL assay. The interaction between TgROP18 and the host P2X1 was measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. Calcium influx and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were determined by FCM after JC-1 staining. The translocation of cytochrome C (Cyt C), Bax and Bcl2 proteins, expression of the apoptotic proteins PARP and caspase activation were detected by western blotting. Results The apoptosis rates of glial or immune cells (human SF268, mouse RAW264.7 and human THP-1 cells) infected by any T. gondii strain (RH-type I, ME49-type II and VEG-type III) were significantly inhibited compared with their uninfected controls. TgROP18 inhibited ATP-induced apoptosis of SF268 with P2X1 expression, but had no effect on RAW264.7 or THP-1 cells without detectable P2X1 expression. It was further identified that TgROP18 interacted with P2X1, and overexpression of ROP18 in COS7 cells significantly inhibited cell apoptosis mediated by P2X1. Moreover, TgROP18 also inhibited P2X1-mediated Ca2+ influx, translocation of cytochrome C from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and ATP-triggered caspase activation. Conclusions Toxoplasma gondii infection inhibits ATP-induced host cell apoptosis, regardless of strain virulence and host cell lines. TgROP18 targets the purinergic receptor P2X1 of the SF268 human neural cells and inhibits ATP-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, suggesting a sensor role for the host proapoptotic protein P2X1 in this process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3529-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Santhosh Puthiyakunnon
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng-Qun Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Juan Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Beart PM. Synaptic signalling and its interface with neuropathologies: snapshots from the past, present and future. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:76-90. [PMID: 27144305 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This 'Past to Future' Review as part of the 60th anniversary year of the Journal of Neurochemistry focuses on synaptic transmission and associated signalling, and seeks to identify seminal progress in neurochemistry over the last 10 years which has advanced our understanding of neuronal communication in brain. The approach adopted analyses neurotransmitters on a case by case basis (i.e. amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, neuropeptides, ATP/purines and gasotransmitters) to highlight novel findings that have changed the way we view each type of transmitter, to explore commonalities and interactions, and to note how new insights have changed the way we view the biology of degenerative, psychiatric and behavioural conditions. Across all transmitter systems there was remarkable growth in the identification of targets likely to provide therapeutic benefit and which undoubtedly was driven by the elucidation of circuit function and new vistas of synaptic signalling. There has been an increasing trend to relate signalling to disease, notably for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and related conditions, and which has occurred for each transmitter family. Forebrain circuitry and tonic excitatory control have been the centre of great attention yielding novel findings that will impact upon cognitive, emotional and addictive behaviours. Other impressive insights focus on gasotransmitters integrating activity as volume transmitters. Exciting developments in how serotonin, cholinergic, l-glutamate, galanin and adenosine receptors and their associated signalling can be beneficially targeted should underpin the development of new therapies. Clearly integrated, multifaceted neurochemistry has changed the way we view synaptic signalling and its relevance to pathobiology. Highlighted are important advances in synaptic signalling over the last decade in the Journal of Neurochemistry. Across all transmitter systems elucidation of circuit function, and notably molecular insights, have underpinned remarkable growth in the identification of targets likely to provide therapeutic benefit in neuropathologies. Another commonality was wide interest in forebrain circuitry and its tonic excitatory control. Increasingly observations relate to signalling in disease and behavioural conditions. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Franco M, Bautista-Pérez R, Pérez-Méndez O. Purinergic receptors in tubulointerstitial inflammatory cells: a pathophysiological mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:75-87. [PMID: 25683649 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that both the tubulointerstitial inflammatory cells and the activation of purinergic receptors integrate common mechanisms that result in salt-sensitive hypertension. The basis of this hypothesis is that renal endothelial cells release ATP in response to shear stress in the setting of hypertension. It has been demonstrated that the over-expression and activation of the P2X7, P2Y12 and P2X1 receptors favour the elevation of blood pressure induced by high-salt intake. In addition, the release of interleukins and inflammatory mediators in the tubulointerstitial area appears to be related to the activation of these receptors. Renal vasoconstriction and tubulointerstitial injury develop as a result, which increase sodium reabsorption by epithelial cells. Consistent with these effects, the reduction of tubulointerstitial inflammation caused by immunosuppressants, such as mycophenolate mofetil, prevents the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Also, P2X7-receptor knockout mice develop minor renal injury when hypertension is induced via the administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate and a high-salt diet. In the setting of angiotensin II-induced hypertension, which is an early stage in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension, an acute blockade with the specific, non-selective P2 antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid prevented the renal vasoconstriction induced by angiotensin II. In addition, it normalized glomerular haemodynamics and restored sodium excretion to control values. These findings suggest that chronic administration of P2 purinergic antagonists may prevent the deleterious effects of purinergic receptors during the development of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Franco
- Renal Physiopathology Laboratory; Department of Nephrology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México City Mexico
| | - R. Bautista-Pérez
- Renal Physiopathology Laboratory; Department of Nephrology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México City Mexico
- Molecular Biology Department; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México City Mexico
| | - O. Pérez-Méndez
- Molecular Biology Department; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México City Mexico
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6
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Navarrete LC, Barrera NP, Huidobro-Toro JP. Vas deferens neuro-effector junction: from kymographic tracings to structural biology principles. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:8-28. [PMID: 24956963 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vas deferens is a simple bioassay widely used to study the physiology of sympathetic neurotransmission and the pharmacodynamics of adrenergic drugs. The role of ATP as a sympathetic co-transmitter has gained increasing attention and furthered our understanding of its role in sympathetic reflexes. In addition, new information has emerged on the mechanisms underlying the storage and release of ATP. Both noradrenaline and ATP concur to elicit the tissue smooth muscle contractions following sympathetic reflexes or electrical field stimulation of the sympathetic nerve terminals. ATP and adenosine (its metabolic byproduct) are powerful presynaptic regulators of co-transmitter actions. In addition, neuropeptide Y, the third member of the sympathetic triad, is an endogenous modulator. The peptide plus ATP and/or adenosine play a significant role as sympathetic modulators of transmitter's release. This review focuses on the physiological principles that govern sympathetic co-transmitter activity, with special interest in defining the motor role of ATP. In addition, we intended to review the recent structural biology findings related to the topology of the P2X1R based on the crystallized P2X4 receptor from Danio rerio, or the crystallized adenosine A2A receptor as a member of the G protein coupled family of receptors as prototype neuro modulators. This review also covers structural elements of ectonucleotidases, since some members are found in the vas deferens neuro-effector junction. The allosteric principles that apply to purinoceptors are also reviewed highlighting concepts derived from receptor theory at the light of the current available structural elements. Finally, we discuss clinical applications of these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Camilo Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas de Membrana y Señalización, Núcleo Milenio de Biología Estructural, NuBEs, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Nelson P Barrera
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas de Membrana y Señalización, Núcleo Milenio de Biología Estructural, NuBEs, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - J Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Laboratorio de Nucleótidos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile.
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Phosphosite mapping of HIP-55 protein in mammalian cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4903-14. [PMID: 24651461 PMCID: PMC3975430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1)-interacting protein of 55 kDa (HIP-55) protein was over-expressed in HEK293 cells, which was genetically attached with 6x His tag. The protein was purified by nickel-charged resin and was then subjected to tryptic digestion. The phosphorylated peptides within the HIP-55 protein were enriched by TiO2 affinity chromatography, followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Fourteen phosphorylation sites along the primary structure of HIP-55 protein were identified, most of which had not been previously reported. Our results indicate that bio-mass spectrometry coupled with manual interpretation can be used to successfully identify the phosphorylation modification in HIP-55 protein in HEK293 cells.
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8
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Samways DSK, Li Z, Egan TM. Principles and properties of ion flow in P2X receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:6. [PMID: 24550775 PMCID: PMC3914235 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a family of trimeric ion channels that are gated by extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). These receptors have long been a subject of intense research interest by virtue of their vital role in mediating the rapid and direct effects of extracellular ATP on membrane potential and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, which in turn underpin the ability of ATP to regulate a diverse range of clinically significant physiological functions, including those associated with the cardiovascular, sensory, and immune systems. An important aspect of an ion channel's function is, of course, the means by which it transports ions across the biological membrane. A concerted effort by investigators over the last two decades has culminated in significant advances in our understanding of how P2X receptors conduct the inward flux of Na+ and Ca2+ in response to binding by ATP. However, this work has relied heavily on results from current recordings of P2X receptors altered by site-directed mutagenesis. In the absence of a 3-dimensional channel structure, this prior work provided only a vague and indirect appreciation of the relationship between structure, ion selectivity and flux. The recent publication of the crystal structures for both the closed and open channel conformations of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor has thus proved a significant boon, and has provided an important opportunity to overview the amassed functional data in the context of a working 3-dimensional model of a P2X receptor. In this paper, we will attempt to reconcile the existing functional data regarding ion permeation through P2X receptors with the available crystal structure data, highlighting areas of concordance and discordance as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Terrance M Egan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, The Center for Excellence in Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Gorini G, Adron Harris R, Dayne Mayfield R. Proteomic approaches and identification of novel therapeutic targets for alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:104-30. [PMID: 23900301 PMCID: PMC3857647 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that gene regulation is far more complex than previously believed and does not completely explain changes at the protein level. Therefore, the direct study of the proteome, considerably different in both complexity and dynamicity to the genome/transcriptome, has provided unique insights to an increasing number of researchers. During the past decade, extraordinary advances in proteomic techniques have changed the way we can analyze the composition, regulation, and function of protein complexes and pathways underlying altered neurobiological conditions. When combined with complementary approaches, these advances provide the contextual information for decoding large data sets into meaningful biologically adaptive processes. Neuroproteomics offers potential breakthroughs in the field of alcohol research by leading to a deeper understanding of how alcohol globally affects protein structure, function, interactions, and networks. The wealth of information gained from these advances can help pinpoint relevant biomarkers for early diagnosis and improved prognosis of alcoholism and identify future pharmacological targets for the treatment of this addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gorini
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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10
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Samways DSK. Applications for mass spectrometry in the study of ion channel structure and function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 806:237-61. [PMID: 24952185 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06068-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are intrinsic membrane proteins that form gated ion-permeable pores across biological membranes. Depending on the type, ion channels exhibit sensitivities to a diverse range of stimuli including changes in membrane potential, binding by diffusible ligands, changes in temperature and direct mechanical force. The purpose of these proteins is to facilitate the passive diffusion of ions down their respective electrochemical gradients into and out of the cell, and between intracellular compartments. In doing so, ion channels can affect transmembrane potentials and regulate the intracellular homeostasis of the important second messenger, Ca(2+). The ion channels of the plasma membrane are of particular clinical interest due to their regulation of cell excitability and cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, and the fact that they are most amenable to manipulation by exogenously applied drugs and toxins. A critical step in improving the pharmacopeia of chemicals available that influence the activity of ion channels is understanding how their three-dimensional structure imparts function. Here, progress has been slow relative to that for soluble protein structures in large part due to the limitations of applying conventional structure determination methods, such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and mass spectrometry, to membrane proteins. Although still an underutilized technique in the assessment of membrane protein structure, recent advances have pushed mass spectrometry to the fore as an important complementary approach to studying the structure and function of ion channels. In addition to revealing the subtle conformational changes in ion channel structure that accompany gating and permeation, mass spectrometry is already being used effectively for identifying tissue-specific posttranslational modifications and mRNA splice variants. Furthermore, the use of mass spectrometry for high-throughput proteomics analysis, which has proven so successful for soluble proteins, is already providing valuable insight into the functional interactions of ion channels within the context of the macromolecular-signaling complexes that they inhabit in vivo. In this chapter, the potential for mass spectrometry as a complementary approach to the study of ion channel structure and function will be reviewed with examples of its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien S K Samways
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA,
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