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Kryszkowski W, Boczek T. The G Protein-Coupled Glutamate Receptors as Novel Molecular Targets in Schizophrenia Treatment-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071475. [PMID: 33918323 PMCID: PMC8038150 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disease with an unknown etiology. The research into the neurobiology of this disease led to several models aimed at explaining the link between perturbations in brain function and the manifestation of psychotic symptoms. The glutamatergic hypothesis postulates that disrupted glutamate neurotransmission may mediate cognitive and psychosocial impairments by affecting the connections between the cortex and the thalamus. In this regard, the greatest attention has been given to ionotropic NMDA receptor hypofunction. However, converging data indicates metabotropic glutamate receptors as crucial for cognitive and psychomotor function. The distribution of these receptors in the brain regions related to schizophrenia and their regulatory role in glutamate release make them promising molecular targets for novel antipsychotics. This article reviews the progress in the research on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in schizophrenia etiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kryszkowski
- General Psychiatric Ward, Babinski Memorial Hospital in Lodz, 91229 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Mei X, Yang Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Chen Q, Qian X, Li X, Feng Z. Role of fragile X mental retardation protein in chronic pain. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806920928619. [PMID: 32496847 PMCID: PMC7273537 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920928619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain has detrimental effects on one's quality of life. However, its treatment options are very limited, and its underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. Recent research has suggested that fragile X mental retardation protein is involved in the development of chronic pain, making it a potential target for prevention and treatment. The current review of literature will examine the function of fragile X mental retardation protein and its associated pathways, through which we hope to gain insight into how fragile X mental retardation protein may contribute to nociceptive sensitization and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Mei
- Department of Pain Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital,
Zhejiang
University School of Medicine,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital,
Zhejiang
University School of Medicine,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinsong Zhao
- Department of Pain Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital,
Zhejiang
University School of Medicine,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience,
Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of
China, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, China
| | - QiLiang Chen
- Department of
Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Health Care,
Stanford
University, Stanford, CA,
USA
| | - Xiang Qian
- Department of
Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Health Care,
Stanford
University, Stanford, CA,
USA
| | - Xiangyao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience,
Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of
China, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiying Feng
- Department of Pain Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital,
Zhejiang
University School of Medicine,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Impaired GABA Neural Circuits Are Critical for Fragile X Syndrome. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:8423420. [PMID: 30402088 PMCID: PMC6192167 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8423420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inheritable neuropsychological disease caused by silence of the fmr1 gene and the deficiency of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Patients present neuronal alterations that lead to severe intellectual disability and altered sleep rhythms. However, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying FXS remain unclear. Previous studies have suggested that metabolic glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors/circuits are two counter-balanced factors involved in FXS pathophysiology. More and more studies demonstrated that attenuated GABAergic circuits in the absence of FMRP are critical for abnormal progression of FXS. Here, we reviewed the changes of GABA neural circuits that were attributed to intellectual-deficient FXS, from several aspects including deregulated GABA metabolism, decreased expressions of GABA receptor subunits, and impaired GABAergic neural circuits. Furthermore, the activities of GABA neural circuits are modulated by circadian rhythm of FMRP metabolism and reviewed the abnormal condition of FXS mice or patients.
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Fernández E, Li KW, Rajan N, De Rubeis S, Fiers M, Smit AB, Achsel T, Bagni C. FXR2P Exerts a Positive Translational Control and Is Required for the Activity-Dependent Increase of PSD95 Expression. J Neurosci 2015; 35:9402-8. [PMID: 26109663 PMCID: PMC6605191 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4800-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In brain, specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) associate with localized mRNAs and function as regulators of protein synthesis at synapses exerting an indirect control on neuronal activity. Thus, the Fragile X Mental Retardation protein (FMRP) regulates expression of the scaffolding postsynaptic density protein PSD95, but the mode of control appears to be different from other FMRP target mRNAs. Here, we show that the fragile X mental retardation-related protein 2 (FXR2P) cooperates with FMRP in binding to the 3'-UTR of mouse PSD95/Dlg4 mRNA. Absence of FXR2P leads to decreased translation of PSD95/Dlg4 mRNA in the hippocampus, implying a role for FXR2P as translation activator. Remarkably, mGluR-dependent increase of PSD95 synthesis is abolished in neurons lacking Fxr2. Together, these findings show a coordinated regulation of PSD95/Dlg4 mRNA by FMRP and FXR2P that ultimately affects its fine-tuning during synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Fernández
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | - Nicholas Rajan
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Fiers
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Bagni
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Wang H, Pati S, Pozzo-Miller L, Doering LC. Targeted pharmacological treatment of autism spectrum disorders: fragile X and Rett syndromes. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:55. [PMID: 25767435 PMCID: PMC4341567 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are genetically and clinically heterogeneous and lack effective medications to treat their core symptoms. Studies of syndromic ASDs caused by single gene mutations have provided insights into the pathophysiology of autism. Fragile X and Rett syndromes belong to the syndromic ASDs in which preclinical studies have identified rational targets for drug therapies focused on correcting underlying neural dysfunction. These preclinical discoveries are increasingly translating into exciting human clinical trials. Since there are significant molecular and neurobiological overlaps among ASDs, targeted treatments developed for fragile X and Rett syndromes may be helpful for autism of different etiologies. Here, we review the targeted pharmacological treatment of fragile X and Rett syndromes and discuss related issues in both preclinical studies and clinical trials of potential therapies for the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandipan Pati
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Laurie C Doering
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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