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Bogen O, Araldi D, Sucher A, Kober K, Ohara PT, Levine JD. Isolectin B4 (IB4)-conjugated streptavidin for the selective knockdown of proteins in IB4-positive (+) nociceptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.18.572242. [PMID: 38260446 PMCID: PMC10802253 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In vivo analysis of protein function in nociceptor subpopulations using antisense oligonucleotides and short interfering RNAs is limited by their non-selective cellular uptake. To address the need for selective transfection methods, we covalently linked isolectin B4 (IB4) to streptavidin and analyzed whether it could be used to study protein function in IB4(+)-nociceptors. Rats treated intrathecally with IB4-conjugated streptavidin complexed with biotinylated antisense oligonucleotides for protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) mRNA were found to have: a) less PKCε in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), b) reduced PKCε expression in IB4(+) but not IB4(-) DRG neurons, and c) fewer transcripts of the PKCε gene in the DRG. This knockdown in PKCε expression in IB4(+) DRG neurons is sufficient to reverse hyperalgesic priming, a rodent model of chronic pain that is dependent on PKCε in IB4(+)-nociceptors. These results establish that IB4-streptavidin can be used to study protein function in a defined subpopulation of nociceptive C-fiber afferents.
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Bogen O, Araldi D, Sucher A, Kober K, Ohara PT, Levine JD. Isolectin B4 (IB4)-conjugated streptavidin for the selective knockdown of proteins in IB4-positive (+) nociceptors. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241230419. [PMID: 38246917 PMCID: PMC10851726 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241230419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In vivo analysis of protein function in nociceptor subpopulations using antisense oligonucleotides and short interfering RNAs is limited by their non-selective cellular uptake. To address the need for selective transfection methods, we covalently linked isolectin B4 (IB4) to streptavidin and analyzed whether it could be used to study protein function in IB4(+)-nociceptors. Rats treated intrathecally with IB4-conjugated streptavidin complexed with biotinylated antisense oligonucleotides for protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) mRNA were found to have: (a) less PKCε in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), (b) reduced PKCε expression in IB4(+) but not IB4(-) DRG neurons, and (c) fewer transcripts of the PKCε gene in the DRG. This knockdown in PKCε expression in IB4(+) DRG neurons is sufficient to reverse hyperalgesic priming, a rodent model of chronic pain that is dependent on PKCε in IB4(+)-nociceptors. These results establish that IB4-streptavidin can be used to study protein function in a defined subpopulation of nociceptive C-fiber afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bogen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dionéia Araldi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anatol Sucher
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kord Kober
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter T Ohara
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Glial-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression of TREK2 in rat primary sensory neurons leading to attenuation of axotomy-induced neuropathic pain. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114190. [PMID: 35907583 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
TREK2 is a member of the 2-pore domain family of K+ channels (K2P) preferentially expressed by unmyelinated, slow-conducting and non-peptidergic isolectin B4-binding (IB4+) primary sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). IB4+ neurons depend on the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFL's) to maintain their phenotype. In our previous work, we demonstrated that 7 days after spinal nerve axotomy (SNA) of the L5 DRG, TREK2 moves away from the cell membrane resulting in a more depolarised resting membrane potential (Em). Given that axotomy deprives DRG neurons from peripherally-derived GFL's, we hypothesized that they might control the expression of TREK2. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, western blotting, in vivo pharmacological manipulation and behavioral tests we examined the ability of the GFL's (GDNF, neurturin and artemin) and their selective receptors (GFRα1, GFRα2 and GFRα3) to regulate the expression and function of TREK2 in the DRG. We found that TREK2 correlated strongly with the three receptors normally and ipsilaterally for all GFR's after SNA. GDNF, but not NGF, neurturin or artemin up-regulated the expression of TREK2 in cultured DRG neurons. In vivo continuous, subcutaneous administration of GDNF restored the subcellular distribution of TREK2 ipsilaterally and reversed mechanical and cold allodynia 7 days after SNA. This is the first demonstration that GDNF controls the expression of a K2P channel in nociceptors. As TREK2 controls the Em of C-nociceptors affecting their excitability, our finding has therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Dusan M, Jastrow C, Alyce MM, Yingkai W, Shashikanth M, Andelain E, Christine BM, Stuart BM, Oliver BG, Michael MZ, Nicolas VH, Damien KJ, Rainer HV. Differentiation of the 50B11 dorsal ganglion cells into NGF and GDNF responsive nociceptor subtypes. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920970368. [PMID: 33307981 PMCID: PMC7745567 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920970368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron-derived 50B11 cell line is a promising sensory neuron model expressing markers characteristic of NGF and GDNF-dependent C-fibre nociceptors. Whether these cells have the capacity to develop into distinct nociceptive subtypes based on NGF- or GDNF-dependence has not been investigated. Here we show that by augmenting forskolin (FSK) and growth factor supplementation with NGF or GDNF, 50B11 cultures can be driven to acquire differential functional responses to common nociceptive agonists capsaicin and ATP respectively. In addition, to previous studies, we also demonstrate that a differentiated neuronal phenotype can be maintained for up to 7 days. Western blot analysis of nociceptive marker proteins further demonstrates that the 50B11 cells partially recapitulate the functional phenotypes of classical NGF-dependent (peptidergic) and GDNF-dependent (non-peptidergic) neuronal subtypes described in DRGs. Further, 50B11 cells differentiated with NGF/FSK, but not GDNF/FSK, show sensitization to acute prostaglandin E2 treatment. Finally, RNA-Seq analysis confirms that differentiation with NGF/FSK or GDNF/FSK produces two 50B11 cell subtypes with distinct transcriptome expression profiles. Gene ontology comparison of the two subtypes of differentiated 50B11 cells to rodent DRG neurons studies shows significant overlap in matching or partially matching categories. This transcriptomic analysis will aid future suitability assessment of the 50B11 cells as a high-throughput nociceptor model for a broad range of experimental applications. In conclusion, this study shows that the 50B11 cell line is capable of partially recapitulating features of two distinct types of embryonic NGF and GDNF-dependent nociceptor-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matusica Dusan
- Anatomy and Histology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Canlas Jastrow
- Anatomy and Histology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin M Alyce
- Human Physiology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Yingkai
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marri Shashikanth
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Erickson Andelain
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Barry M Christine
- Anatomy and Histology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brierley M Stuart
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Best G Oliver
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Z Michael
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Voelcker H Nicolas
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Keating J Damien
- Human Physiology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Haberberger V Rainer
- Anatomy and Histology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Haberberger RV, Barry C, Dominguez N, Matusica D. Human Dorsal Root Ganglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:271. [PMID: 31293388 PMCID: PMC6598622 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons with cell bodies situated in dorsal root ganglia convey information from external or internal sites of the body such as actual or potential harm, temperature or muscle length to the central nervous system. In recent years, large investigative efforts have worked toward an understanding of different types of DRG neurons at transcriptional, translational, and functional levels. These studies most commonly rely on data obtained from laboratory animals. Human DRG, however, have received far less investigative focus over the last 30 years. Nevertheless, knowledge about human sensory neurons is critical for a translational research approach and future therapeutic development. This review aims to summarize both historical and emerging information about the size and location of human DRG, and highlight advances in the understanding of the neurochemical characteristics of human DRG neurons, in particular nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Viktor Haberberger
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, Anatomy and Histology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Órama Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Barry
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, Anatomy and Histology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicholas Dominguez
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, Anatomy and Histology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dusan Matusica
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, Anatomy and Histology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Órama Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Bogen O, Bender O, Alvarez P, Kern M, Tomiuk S, Hucho F, Levine JD. Expression of a novel versican variant in dorsal root ganglia from spared nerve injury rats. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806919874557. [PMID: 31429356 PMCID: PMC6724496 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919874557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The size and modular structure of versican and its gene suggest the existence of multiple splice variants. We have identified, cloned, and sequenced a previously unknown exon located within the noncoding gene sequence downstream of exon 8. This exon, which we have named exon 8β, specifies two stop-codons. mRNAs of the versican gene with exon 8β are predicted to be constitutively degraded by nonsense-mediated RNA decay. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these transcripts become expressed in a model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bogen
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olaf Bender
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro Alvarez
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marie Kern
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ferdinand Hucho
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Jon D Levine, University of California San Francisco Medical Center at Parnassus, 533 Parnassu Ave, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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CD44 Signaling Mediates High Molecular Weight Hyaluronan-Induced Antihyperalgesia. J Neurosci 2017; 38:308-321. [PMID: 29175954 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2695-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied, in male Sprague Dawley rats, the role of the cognate hyaluronan receptor, CD44 signaling in the antihyperalgesia induced by high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH). Low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMWH) acts at both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptors to induce mechanical hyperalgesia that is prevented by intrathecal oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to CD44 mRNA, which also prevents hyperalgesia induced by a CD44 receptor agonist, A6. Ongoing LMWH and A6 hyperalgesia are reversed by HMWH. HMWH also reverses the hyperalgesia induced by diverse pronociceptive mediators, prostaglandin E2, epinephrine, TNFα, and interleukin-6, and the neuropathic pain induced by the cancer chemotherapy paclitaxel. Although CD44 antisense has no effect on the hyperalgesia induced by inflammatory mediators or paclitaxel, it eliminates the antihyperalgesic effect of HMWH. HMWH also reverses the hyperalgesia induced by activation of intracellular second messengers, PKA and PKCε, indicating that HMWH-induced antihyperalgesia, although dependent on CD44, is mediated by an intracellular signaling pathway rather than as a competitive receptor antagonist. Sensitization of cultured small-diameter DRG neurons by prostaglandin E2 is also prevented and reversed by HMWH. These results demonstrate the central role of CD44 signaling in HMWH-induced antihyperalgesia, and establish it as a therapeutic target against inflammatory and neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We demonstrate that hyaluronan (HA) with different molecular weights produces opposing nociceptive effects. While low molecular weight HA increases sensitivity to mechanical stimulation, high molecular weight HA reduces sensitization, attenuating inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia. Both pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects of HA are mediated by activation of signaling pathways downstream CD44, the cognate HA receptor, in nociceptors. These results contribute to our understanding of the role of the extracellular matrix in pain, and indicate CD44 as a potential therapeutic target to alleviate inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Haskins W, Benitez S, Mercado JM, Acosta CG. Cutaneous inflammation regulates THIK1 expression in small C-like nociceptor dorsal root ganglion neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
We have recently shown that repeated exposure of the peripheral terminal of the primary afferent nociceptor to the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist DAMGO ([D-Ala, N-Me-Phe, Gly-ol]-enkephalin acetate salt) induces a model of transition to chronic pain that we have termed type II hyperalgesic priming. Similar to type I hyperalgesic priming, there is a markedly prolonged response to subsequent administration of proalgesic cytokines, prototypically prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, type II hyperalgesic priming differs from type I in being rapidly induced, protein kinase A (PKA), rather than PKCε dependent, not reversed by a protein translation inhibitor, occurring in female as well as in male rats, and isolectin B4-negative neuron dependent. We report that, as with the repeated injection of a MOR agonist, the repeated administration of an agonist at the A1-adenosine receptor, also a Gi-protein coupled receptor, N-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), also produces priming similar to DAMGO-induced type II hyperalgesic priming. In this study, we demonstrate that priming induced by repeated exposure to this A1-adenosine receptor agonist shares the same mechanisms, as MOR-agonist induced priming. However, the prolongation of PGE2 hyperalgesia induced by repeated administration of CPA depends on G-protein αi subunit activation, differently from DAMGO-induced type II priming, in which it depends on the β/γ subunit. These data implicate a novel form of Gi-protein signaling pathway in the type II hyperalgesic priming induced by repeated administration of an agonist at A1-adenosine receptor to the peripheral terminal of the nociceptor.
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Ferrari LF, Araldi D, Bogen O, Levine JD. Extracellular matrix hyaluronan signals via its CD44 receptor in the increased responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. Neuroscience 2016; 324:390-8. [PMID: 26996509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose that the extracellular matrix (ECM) signals CD44, a hyaluronan receptor, to increase the responsiveness to mechanical stimulation in the rat hind paw. We report that intradermal injection of hyaluronidase induces mechanical hyperalgesia, that is inhibited by co-administration of a CD44 receptor antagonist, A5G27. The intradermal injection of low (LMWH) but not high (HMWH) molecular weight hyaluronan also induces mechanical hyperalgesia, an effect that was attenuated by pretreatment with HMWH or A5G27. Pretreatment with HMWH also attenuated the hyperalgesia induced by hyaluronidase. Similarly, intradermal injection of A6, a CD44 receptor agonist, produced hyperalgesia that was inhibited by HMWH and A5G27. Inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA) and Src, but not protein kinase C (PKC), significantly attenuated the hyperalgesia induced by both A6 and LMWH. Finally, to determine if CD44 receptor signaling is involved in a preclinical model of inflammatory pain, we evaluated the effect of A5G27 and HMWH on the mechanical hyperalgesia associated with the inflammation induced by carrageenan. Both A5G27 and HMWH attenuated carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Thus, while LMWH acts at its cognate receptor, CD44, to induce mechanical hyperalgesia, HMWH acts at the same receptor as an antagonist. That the local administration of HMWH or A5G27 inhibits carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia supports the suggestion that carrageenan produces changes in the ECM that contributes to inflammatory pain. These studies define a clinically relevant role for signaling by the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, in increased responsiveness to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Ferrari
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - D Araldi
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - O Bogen
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - J D Levine
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Conner LB, Alvarez P, Bogen O, Levine JD. Role of Kv4.3 in Vibration-Induced Muscle Pain in the Rat. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 17:444-50. [PMID: 26721612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We hypothesized that changes in the expression of voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) 4.3 contribute to the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by vibration injury, in a rodent model for hand-arm vibration syndrome in humans. Here we show that the exposure of the gastrocnemius muscle to vibration injury induces muscle hyperalgesia that is accompanied by a significant downregulation of Kv4.3 in affected sensory nerve fibers in dorsal root ganglia. We additionally show that the intrathecal administration of antisense oligonucleotides for Kv4.3 messenger RNA itself induces muscle hyperalgesia in the rat. Our results suggest that attenuation in the expression of Kv4.3 may contribute to neuropathic pain in people affected by hand-arm vibration syndrome. PERSPECTIVE Our findings establish Kv4.3 as a potential molecular target for the treatment of hand-arm vibration syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Conner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pedro Alvarez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Oliver Bogen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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